Search PBS Space Time

What are you looking for?

	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 14:26: ... photonic matter; various spin-based states from ferromagnets to quantum spin liquids to time crystals; come to think of it, let’s not review all the ... 17:24: ... a regular dipole magnetic field, for example by careful manipulation of spins in a crystal ... 14:26: ... photonic matter; various spin-based states from ferromagnets to quantum spin liquids to time crystals; come to think of it, let’s not review all the states ... 17:24: ... a regular dipole magnetic field, for example by careful manipulation of spins in a crystal ...
	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 12:37: Each electron is spin half, making them fermions, but two electrons have spin 1 - like a photon and that's for reasons we can’t get into. 13:28: ... for today - for example, quasiparticles appear in lattices of quantum spin, like are magnons - quanta of waves in that lattice, or skyrmions, which ... 12:37: Each electron is spin half, making them fermions, but two electrons have spin 1 - like a photon and that's for reasons we can’t get into. 13:28: ... sort of like knots - all very important for the emerging field of spintronics. ...
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 09:23: The magic numbers are all even, and that’s because nucleons pair up according to their quantum spin, just like electrons in their shells. 09:34: One spin up and one spin down results in a net zero spin. 09:37: ... sort of spin coupling means that even if we aren’t at a magic number of protons or ... 10:02: Having a rogue proton or neutron with an un-canceled spin seems to be bad for stability. 10:49: It seems there are more mysterious forces at work besides neutron-padding, nuclear-shell filling, and spin coupling. 09:37: ... sort of spin coupling means that even if we aren’t at a magic number of protons or neutrons, ... 10:49: It seems there are more mysterious forces at work besides neutron-padding, nuclear-shell filling, and spin coupling. 09:54: Pairs of up-down nucleons form these stable-little spin-zero partnerships in so-called nuclear pairing interactions.
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 06:42: ... electron transitions was between two states that had zero quantum spin, and which also resulted in  the creation of two ... 06:51: Spin is the quantum version of angular momentum. 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular momentum ... 02:36: ... subatomic to molecular scale, and the entangled property could be spin,  momentum, or any other quantum ...
	2022-10-19: The Equation That Explains (Nearly) Everything! 05:37: ... I mentioned allow the particles to have two different types of spins. They can either have an integer amount of spin, like 1, 2 or 3, or even ... 06:02: ... with half integer spin are called Fermions, and they are stuff, literally, they are what stuff ... 05:37: ... a half integer amount of spin, like ½, 3/2 or 5/2. It turns out that spin determines what might be the most fundamental nature of a particle - whether it ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 02:36: ... as well as the fact that the energy levels of electrons with opposite spins are separated slightly by their interaction with their own orbital ... 05:34: Those probabilities depend on many things,  like the particles’ positions and momenta, spins, charges, masses, etc. 02:36: ... as well as the fact that the energy levels of electrons with opposite spins are separated slightly by their interaction with their own orbital ... 05:34: Those probabilities depend on many things,  like the particles’ positions and momenta, spins, charges, masses, etc.
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 03:38: Well, slight correction: electron orbitals can contain two electrons, but that’s because those electrons can have a different spin state. 04:13: It can’t be spin, because with 3 particles and only two possible spin states two will always have the same spin. 03:38: Well, slight correction: electron orbitals can contain two electrons, but that’s because those electrons can have a different spin state. 04:13: It can’t be spin, because with 3 particles and only two possible spin states two will always have the same spin.
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 16:44: ... done with a pair of   electrons with undefined but opposite spins to each other. In the case of the gloves, their   states ... 18:44: ... under  superdeterminism, we could determine   the spin direction of an electron without  measuring it, only confirming it ... 16:44: ... gets randomly chosen at the moment of measurement. Now if the spin direction could only   be up or down, then it might be impossible ... 18:44: ... under  superdeterminism, we could determine   the spin direction of an electron without  measuring it, only confirming it ... 16:44: ... done with a pair of   electrons with undefined but opposite spins to each other. In the case of the gloves, their   states ...
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 00:26: Photons passing through two slits at once, electrons being spin up and down, cats being both alive and dead. 02:50: For example an electron can be spinning in two different directions simultaneously. 03:06: Let’s say we have a pair of electrons; each is in a superposition of spin states, say, with spin axis simultaneously up and down. 03:17: ... the electrons could also be entangled with each other so that their spins are guaranteed to be opposite to each other, even if they aren’t defined ... 03:49: Their spin direction is undefined; all we know is that they are opposite to each other. 03:54: We give one electron to Alice and one to Bob who then go back to their separate labs to measure the spin. 04:02: According to standard quantum mechanics, that spin is undefined until measurement. 04:12: Let's say Alice uses a vertical orientation - she’ll measure either spin up or spin down, with a 50-50 chance of each. 04:21: Say she measures spin up. 04:22: But that means we now know what Bob’s spin must be. It must be spin down, even before he measures it. 04:29: If Bob then chooses to measure using the same vertical orientation he’ll definitely measure spin down. 04:51: ... between their choices of measurement axis and the other’s measured spin. ... 05:44: We can imagine the same scenario in the case where the electrons do know their own spin all along. 05:51: In that case the spins are set at the beginning - still opposite to each other, but defined, even if Alice and Bob don’t know what they are just yet. 06:10: When the two compare results, they will see correlations between the spin measurements because the original spin directions were correlated. 06:36: ... - the Bell inequality that is true in the case that the electron spins are set from the beginning and contained within the electron - but false ... 08:56: Now let’s look at the case where the electrons start out with defined spins. 09:01: ... no surprise that Alice and Bob observe opposite spins because we can see that both electron’s spins were determined by a ... 12:46: Now, this experiment used the polarization direction of photons rather than the spin direction of electrons, but it’s the same deal. 03:06: Let’s say we have a pair of electrons; each is in a superposition of spin states, say, with spin axis simultaneously up and down. 03:49: Their spin direction is undefined; all we know is that they are opposite to each other. 12:46: Now, this experiment used the polarization direction of photons rather than the spin direction of electrons, but it’s the same deal. 06:10: When the two compare results, they will see correlations between the spin measurements because the original spin directions were correlated. 03:06: Let’s say we have a pair of electrons; each is in a superposition of spin states, say, with spin axis simultaneously up and down. 02:50: For example an electron can be spinning in two different directions simultaneously. 03:17: ... the electrons could also be entangled with each other so that their spins are guaranteed to be opposite to each other, even if they aren’t defined ... 05:51: In that case the spins are set at the beginning - still opposite to each other, but defined, even if Alice and Bob don’t know what they are just yet. 06:36: ... - the Bell inequality that is true in the case that the electron spins are set from the beginning and contained within the electron - but false ... 08:56: Now let’s look at the case where the electrons start out with defined spins. 09:01: ... no surprise that Alice and Bob observe opposite spins because we can see that both electron’s spins were determined by a ...
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 06:55: ... spin.  If we build the device with positions that   are spinning the wrong way then, I dunno,  maybe we create a black hole that ... 07:38: ... put aside quantum spin for a minute to  define this rule. Say you have an electron ... 00:00: ... through a process of elimination.  The aliens describe two sets of spin-1/2  particles, each with 3 generations - these   must be the ... 06:55: ... and left-handed   versions of all particles with quantum spin.  If we build the device with positions that   are spinning the ... 10:41: ... between left and right handed chirality for particles with quantum spin,   and in our universe P-symmetry is broken in  much more obvious ways ... 06:55: ... spin.  If we build the device with positions that   are spinning the wrong way then, I dunno,  maybe we create a black hole that ...
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 18:50: ... that can be observed about a black hole from its exterior are mass, spin, and ...
	2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality? 04:56: ... point of view, think of it as  a particle’s orientation - a spin axis that   can point either up or down. But really the  ... 05:38: ... spin  to all point up relative to our apparatus.   The spin contains one bit of information, one possible answer when we ask ... 05:53: ... what if we asked the  electron spin a different question “are you pointing   left or right?” We ... 07:23: ... When we prepared our electrons to be spin-up,   that spin was relative to a chosen direction - the  vertical in this case. ... 04:56: ... point of view, think of it as  a particle’s orientation - a spin axis that   can point either up or down. But really the  ... 05:53: ... of being deflected left or right - its undefined  left-right spin chooses randomly between the two   because it contains no information ... 07:23: ... this case. But we could also prepare   an electron to have a spin direction that’s  defined relative to another particle’s spin.   ... 05:38: ... say we prepare an electron’s spin  to all point up relative to our apparatus.   The spin contains ... 05:53: ... between the two   because it contains no information about its spin  in that direction. And following that measurement,   the ... 08:49: ... respect to a   certain type of question that you ask of it. Spin  direction in the last example. This idea leads us   naturally ... 04:56: ... seems to give a meaningful  “physical” answer. Consider quantum spin.   From a physical point of view, think of it as  a particle’s ... 07:23: ... a spin direction that’s  defined relative to another particle’s spin.   For example, a pair of electrons could be  prepared that have ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 07:43: ... another experiment. If we measure the spin of one member of a pair of entangled particles - the choice of the ...
	2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe? 16:55: Just like it makes no sense to distinguish electrons with up or down spin as different particles. 17:49: The answer is that chirality isn’t as simple as a projection of spin onto the momentum vector. 17:54: That spin projection is actually called helicity, and it does change depending on your reference frame.
	2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental? 02:23: For example electrons have this thing called spin - a quantum analogy to angular momentum. 02:30: ... Spin can take on discrete values; in the electrons  it can be +1/2 or ... 02:43: And spin is conserved - flip an electron’s spin and the difference has to be transferred by a photon. 02:49: ... that they may be differentiated by a property  analogous to spin, governed  by analogous ... 03:02: ... of matter:   Isospin, a contraction of isotopic or isobaric spin, depending on who you ... 05:13: ... same way that isospin followed the same mathematics as regular quantum spin, this new property seemed to obey the math for our old friend electric ... 09:32: ... - but it's the thing that's going to connect all of this back to quantum spin, which is sort of where we ... 09:41: One consequence of quantum spin is this thing called chirality, which is sort of the projection of spin in the direction that a particle is moving. 09:52: ... can have right-handed chirality if their spin is clockwise relative to their momentum vector and left-handed chirality ... 10:39: Only left-handed particles have it, and so it has an intimate connection to the quantum spin. 02:23: For example electrons have this thing called spin - a quantum analogy to angular momentum. 02:30: ... the electrons  it can be +1/2 or -1/2, loosely corresponding to the spin axis being aligned or anti-aligned with your measurement device, which we’ll ... 03:02: ... of matter:   Isospin, a contraction of isotopic or isobaric spin, depending on who you ... 02:49: ... that they may be differentiated by a property  analogous to spin, governed  by analogous ...
	2021-12-10: 2021 End of Year AMA! 00:02: ... bucketness or cupness is relative uh kenny hewton asks is the bucket spinning or not spinning referencing um the classic isaac newton thought ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 02:56: The no-hair theorem says that there’s no information beyond charge, mass and spin that’s observable above the event horizon.
	2021-11-10: What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong? 06:35: ... of rotation and their luminosity - the brighter they are the faster they spin. ...
	2021-11-02: Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? 13:16: Well it turns out that this equation is just the Lagrangian for a spin-½ quantum field.
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 10:40: In 2020, a paper was published in the journal Nature that used the swiveling axis of a particle’s quantum spin as the clock hand. 10:48: ... in which a particle’s dipole magnetic field, which is defined by its spin axis, precesses like a top in an external magnetic ... 11:20: ... those ones, their spins were altered by the magnetic field of the laser, and the longer they ... 11:38: They were just trying to verify whether using spins as an internal clock would work at all, and they were successful. 11:45: The spins were altered by pretty much the same amount that theory predicted they would be. 10:48: ... in which a particle’s dipole magnetic field, which is defined by its spin axis, precesses like a top in an external magnetic ... 11:50: ... are still relevant for the faster-than-light Hartman effect, because the spin-based clocks that they were working with should still show the effect under ... 11:20: ... those ones, their spins were altered by the magnetic field of the laser, and the longer they ... 11:38: They were just trying to verify whether using spins as an internal clock would work at all, and they were successful. 11:45: The spins were altered by pretty much the same amount that theory predicted they would be. 11:20: ... the laser, and the longer they spent inside the barrier, the more their spins changed. ...
	2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist 01:51: ... - where were push electrons around in a circle In both cases - electron spin or or a circular electric current there’s a sense of electric charge in ... 14:55: ... week we talked about how quantum spin leads to the universe as we know it - for example all the structure of ... 15:16: ... at the same energy but different quantum states by allowing for opposite spin ... 15:39: ... points out that we don’t need to keep talking about spin as this incomprehensible quantum property that has no intuitive analogy ... 15:55: We actually did mention this result in our episode on what is spin. 16:16: Still, it would be nice to have a physical picture of spin that doesn’t involve me taking off my belt. 17:12: Tom Rostrom asks whether any of this spin statistics stuff explains why USB plugs need to be turned 540° to return to the correct orientation? 17:28: USB plugs have spin 2/3s - a 360 degree rotation gets you 2/3 of the way around. 14:55: ... week we talked about how quantum spin leads to the universe as we know it - for example all the structure of solids, ... 15:16: ... at the same energy but different quantum states by allowing for opposite spin orientations. ... 17:12: Tom Rostrom asks whether any of this spin statistics stuff explains why USB plugs need to be turned 540° to return to the correct orientation? 18:01: Or maybe you could just use USBC - they’re spin-2 bosons like gravitons, so easily understood with a basic theory of quantum gravity.
	2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible 00:26: ... now we’ve established that quantum spin is very weird. We talked all about that recently - how electrons have ... 01:13: ... with spin-½ - or more generally any half-integer spin - 3/2, 5/2, etc. are called fermions, and include all the particles that ... 02:18: ... - there is no observable change when you swap two electrons. Combining spin behavior and indistinguishability gives us something called the spin ... 04:43: ... to be indistinguishable which is one of the critical ingredients of the spin statistics ... 13:03: ... is the pauli exclusion principle. That is, particles with half integer spin have antisymmetric wavefunctions (the belt trick relation), and ... 13:25: ... full spin statistics theorem has a lot more to it. One part of it is a rather more ... 14:58: ... you for interacting with us lowly, fermionic life-forms - our heads are spinning in gratitude for your ... 01:13: ... with spin-½ - or more generally any half-integer spin - 3/2, 5/2, etc. are called fermions, and include all the particles that ... 02:18: ... - there is no observable change when you swap two electrons. Combining spin behavior and indistinguishability gives us something called the spin statistics ... 04:43: ... to be indistinguishable which is one of the critical ingredients of the spin statistics ... 13:25: ... full spin statistics theorem has a lot more to it. One part of it is a rather more rigorous ... 02:18: ... spin behavior and indistinguishability gives us something called the spin statistics theorem, which sounds complicated but I’m going to derive it with just some basic ... 04:43: ... to be indistinguishable which is one of the critical ingredients of the spin statistics theorem. ... 13:25: ... full spin statistics theorem has a lot more to it. One part of it is a rather more rigorous ... 01:13: ... to the neutrinos. The other spin behavior is to have integer spin - spin-1 for example is the much more sensible case of a single 360 degrees ... 14:58: ... you for interacting with us lowly, fermionic life-forms - our heads are spinning in gratitude for your ... 02:59: ... we get to my belt, let me remind you about spinors. We talked all about it in the recent episode - but for now just know ... 03:19: ... environment. Crazily the bands disentangle every 720 degrees. So a spinor’s rotational weirdness is not necessarily all that “quantum” - it’s a ... 03:46: ... the twists are gone. So the system under these sorts of rotations is a spinor because a 720 twist is topologically equivalent to no twist - simple ... 04:43: ... can think both ends of the belt as spinor particles like electrons, and in that case we can do another experiment. ... 05:44: ... call these things spinors. For these same objects - spinors - a 360 degree rotation is the same ... 06:49: ... spinor wavefunction of the electron can “wave” through space, but it includes ... 07:22: ... so summarizing again: Electrons are spinors and so require a 720 degree rotation to be returned to their initial ... 13:03: ... together with what we saw from the belt-trick previously about spinors having anti-symmetric wavefunctions, is the pauli exclusion principle. ... 13:25: ... more to it. One part of it is a rather more rigorous explanation of why spinors must have anti-symmetric wavefunctions that doesn’t involve ... 14:00: ... out great. So it’s a proof by contradiction: particles described by spinors have to have an anti-symmetric wavefunction and so must obey the Pauli ... 04:43: ... can think both ends of the belt as spinor particles like electrons, and in that case we can do another experiment. What ... 06:49: ... is a 720 degree rotation. In that case a 360 degree rotation puts a spinor perfectly out of phase compared to its starting point. So a 360 rotation ... 02:59: ... we get to my belt, let me remind you about spinors. We talked all about it in the recent episode - but for now just know ... 03:19: ... environment. Crazily the bands disentangle every 720 degrees. So a spinor’s rotational weirdness is not necessarily all that “quantum” - it’s a ... 04:43: ... - equivalent to a 360 degree rotation of one end. So it seems that for spinors, a 360 degree rotation is equivalent to the particles switching places. ... 05:44: ... call these things spinors. For these same objects - spinors - a 360 degree rotation is the same ... 07:22: ... so summarizing again: Electrons are spinors and so require a 720 degree rotation to be returned to their initial ... 13:03: ... together with what we saw from the belt-trick previously about spinors having anti-symmetric wavefunctions, is the pauli exclusion principle. ... 13:25: ... more to it. One part of it is a rather more rigorous explanation of why spinors must have anti-symmetric wavefunctions that doesn’t involve ... 14:00: ... out great. So it’s a proof by contradiction: particles described by spinors have to have an anti-symmetric wavefunction and so must obey the Pauli ... 05:44: ... call these things spinors. For these same objects - spinors - a 360 degree rotation is the same thing as swapping places with a second ... 03:19: ... environment. Crazily the bands disentangle every 720 degrees. So a spinor’s rotational weirdness is not necessarily all that “quantum” - it’s a natural ... 07:22: ... And that’s the last piece of the puzzle we need to get to the spin-statistics theorem, and the Pauli exclusion principle. Now all we need is to do is ... 00:26: ... 720 degrees - to get it back to its starting position. They are, we say, spin-½ - because one normal rotation only gets you halfway around. That ... 01:13: ... with spin-½ - or more generally any half-integer spin - 3/2, 5/2, etc. are called ... 13:25: ... - which is the quantum equation of motion for electrons and other spin-½ ... 00:26: ... 720 degrees - to get it back to its starting position. They are, we say, spin-½ - because one normal rotation only gets you halfway around. That ... 01:13: ... with spin-½ - or more generally any half-integer spin - 3/2, 5/2, etc. are called ... 13:25: ... - which is the quantum equation of motion for electrons and other spin-½ particles. ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 11:29: ... in a particular way to form Cooper pairs,  which act as spin-0 or spin-1 particles.   Some of our fermions effectively become ...
	2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse 07:14: ... The normal linear observables are things like position, momentum, spin - the physical stuff that makes up our world. Extra observables would be ... 09:57: ... a pair of magnets - a north and south pole - that deflect particles with spin and charge. It measures the direction of spin by whether the particles ... 11:11: ... go back through the Stern-Gerlach device and other you measures the spin once again. If you chose to rotate your electron from down to up, other ... 14:02: ... that a white dwarf could potentially gain a lot of angular momentum or spin by absorbing material from another star, hence perhaps explaining that ... 15:35: ... this tells me that yes, you can greatly spin up a white dwarf by feeding it the envelope of its binary partner. But ... 15:46: ... its outer layers. The question is the can you absorb just enough gas to spin up the white dwarf while still allowing the partner star to explode? ... 07:14: ... The normal linear observables are things like position, momentum, spin - the physical stuff that makes up our world. Extra observables would be ... 09:57: ... wavefunction. Polchinski lays out the steps very clearly: you send a spin half particle like an electron through a Stern-Gerlach device and then you ... 11:11: ... do that by making a choice: either you leave the electron with spin-down, or you rotate it to spin-up. After that, both you’s send their version ... 09:57: ... … you. In the other world, other you will measure spin up - we’ll call spin-up you “other you”. So now you will now try to send a message to other ... 11:11: ... either you leave the electron with spin-down, or you rotate it to spin-up. After that, both you’s send their version of the electron to some ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 00:47: ... dwarf that, at first glance, looked suspicious - a bit too massive and spinning a bit too fast. That spin was seen in its rapid but periodic flickering ... 01:31: ... confirmed that it’s 1) definitely a white dwarf, and 2) definitely spinning way too fast to make ... 02:13: ... formed. But something is off with Zee - particularly with how fast it’s spinning. Now we do expect white dwarfs to rotate. After all, stars rotate and so ... 09:51: ... less and we get a bigger, much weirder white dwarf. That star would be spinning really really fast because it doesn’t just have the angular momentum ... 15:19: ... levels. Now we’ll actually be coming back to this when we get into the spin statistic ... 00:47: ... dwarf that, at first glance, looked suspicious - a bit too massive and spinning a bit too fast. That spin was seen in its rapid but periodic flickering ... 01:31: ... confirmed that it’s 1) definitely a white dwarf, and 2) definitely spinning way too fast to make ... 02:13: ... formed. But something is off with Zee - particularly with how fast it’s spinning. Now we do expect white dwarfs to rotate. After all, stars rotate and so ... 09:51: ... less and we get a bigger, much weirder white dwarf. That star would be spinning really really fast because it doesn’t just have the angular momentum ... 02:13: ... how any star could be rotating fast enough to produce a white dwarf that spins every 7 ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 00:02: As far as the north magnetic pole, where the needle starts spinning wildly? 02:43: ... the electric current in an electromagnet, or the aligned electron spins in a ferromagnet, then that current will want to loop around the ... 13:47: ... we’re covering comments from our episode on the weirdness of quantum spin, and then our episode that tried to answer the question where exactly are ... 14:06: On the spin episode. 14:30: In ferromagnets, the “moving” charges are the electron spins. 14:06: On the spin episode. 15:28: ... that for every measurement of a spin-1/2 state we get 2 worlds, but for every measurement of photon number we get ... 00:02: As far as the north magnetic pole, where the needle starts spinning wildly? 02:43: ... the electric current in an electromagnet, or the aligned electron spins in a ferromagnet, then that current will want to loop around the ... 14:30: In ferromagnets, the “moving” charges are the electron spins.
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 00:00: ... that everyone agrees that no one understands. I’m talking about quantum spin. Let’s find out how chasing this elusive little behavior of the electron ... 00:22: ... courses - the physics professor sits on a swivel stool and holds a spinning bicycle wheel. They flip the wheel over and suddenly begin to rotate on ... 00:47: ... iron, causing the electrons in the iron’s outer shells to align their spins. Those electrons are acting like tiny bicycle wheels, and their shifted ... 01:26: ... explanation makes sense if we imagine  electrons like spinning bicycle wheels - or spinning anything. Which might sound fine because ... 03:48: ... for that to make sense, we really need to think of electrons as balls of spinning charge - but that has huge problems. For example, in order to produce ... 04:40: ... so electrons aren’t spinning, but somehow  they act like they have angular momentum. And this is ... 07:02: ... momentum is fundamentally quantum.   The direction of this "spin" property is quantized - it can only take on specific values. And that ... 07:30: ... is far deeper  than that. To understand why we need to see how spin is described in quantum mechanics. It  was again Pauli who had the ... 08:28: ... we’ve discussed  before. Dirac wasn’t even trying to incorporate spin, but the only way the equation could be derived was by using ... 10:22: To get some insight into what spin really is,   think not about angular momentum,  but regular or linear momentum. 11:26: Some physicists think that spin is  more physical than this. Han Ohanian,   author of one of the most used quantum textbooks. 11:34: ... that you can derive the right values of the  electron spin angular momentum and magnetic moment by looking at the energy and ... 11:57: However you explain it, we have an excellent  working definition of how spin works. 12:02: ... say that particles described by spinors have spin quantum numbers that are half-integers - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The electron ... 12:13: ... it. We call these particles fermions. Particles that have integer  spin - 0, 1, 2, etc. are called bosons, and include the force-carrying ... 13:00: ... fundamental behavior? Well this  is all part of what we call the spin statistics theorem - which we’ll come back to in an episode very ... 13:30: ... aren’t spinning - they’re doing something far more interesting. The thing we call spin ... 12:13: ... it. We call these particles fermions. Particles that have integer  spin - 0, 1, 2, etc. are called bosons, and include the force-carrying ... 11:34: ... that you can derive the right values of the  electron spin angular momentum and magnetic moment by looking at the energy and charge  ... 11:26: Some physicists think that spin is  more physical than this. Han Ohanian,   author of one of the most used quantum textbooks. 07:30: ... But the  equation as Schrodinger first conceived it did not include spin. Pauli managed to fix this by forcing the wavefunction to have two components - ... 07:02: ... momentum is fundamentally quantum.   The direction of this "spin" property is quantized - it can only take on specific values. And that direction ... 12:02: ... say that particles described by spinors have spin quantum numbers that are half-integers - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The electron itself ... 13:00: ... fundamental behavior? Well this  is all part of what we call the spin statistics theorem - which we’ll come back to in an episode very ... 11:57: However you explain it, we have an excellent  working definition of how spin works. 12:02: ... that are half-integers - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The electron itself has spin ½ - so does the proton and ... 02:25: ... Einstein and de-Haas in 1915. It wasn’t the first indication of the spin-like properties of electrons. That came from looking  at the specific ... 00:22: ... courses - the physics professor sits on a swivel stool and holds a spinning bicycle wheel. They flip the wheel over and suddenly begin to rotate on ... 01:26: ... explanation makes sense if we imagine  electrons like spinning bicycle wheels - or spinning anything. Which might sound fine because ... 03:48: ... for that to make sense, we really need to think of electrons as balls of spinning charge - but that has huge problems. For example, in order to produce ... 04:40: ... so electrons aren’t spinning, but somehow  they act like they have angular momentum. And this is ... 13:30: ... aren’t spinning - they’re doing something far more interesting. The thing we call spin ... 00:22: ... courses - the physics professor sits on a swivel stool and holds a spinning bicycle wheel. They flip the wheel over and suddenly begin to rotate on ... 01:26: ... explanation makes sense if we imagine  electrons like spinning bicycle wheels - or spinning anything. Which might sound fine because electrons ... 00:22: ... courses - the physics professor sits on a swivel stool and holds a spinning bicycle wheel. They flip the wheel over and suddenly begin to rotate on the  ... 01:26: ... explanation makes sense if we imagine  electrons like spinning bicycle wheels - or spinning anything. Which might sound fine because electrons do have ... 03:48: ... for that to make sense, we really need to think of electrons as balls of spinning charge - but that has huge problems. For example, in order to produce the ... 00:47: ... to violate conservation of angular momentum because there was nothing spinning  to start with. Except there was - or at least there sort of was. The ... 03:48: ... in order to produce the observed magnetic moment they’d need to be spinning  faster than the speed of light. This was first pointed out by the ... 08:28: ... spin, but the only way the equation could be derived was by using spinors. ... 08:50: ... spinors are exceptionally weird and cool,  and really deserve their own ... 09:59: ... two brings it back to normal. To get a little more technical - the spinor wavefunction has  a phase that changes with orientation angle - and ... 11:44: ... the quantum field surrounding  the Dirac spinor aka the electron,   imply that even if the electron is point ... 12:02: ... say that particles described by spinors have spin quantum numbers that are half-integers - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The ... 12:13: ... particles like the photon, gluons, etc. These are not described by spinors but instead by vectors, and behave  more intuitively - a 360 degree ... 13:30: ... maybe to the structure of reality itself through these things we call spinors - strange little knots in the subatomic fabric of ... 11:44: ... the quantum field surrounding  the Dirac spinor aka the electron,   imply that even if the electron is point like, ... 09:59: ... two brings it back to normal. To get a little more technical - the spinor wavefunction has  a phase that changes with orientation angle - and a 360 ... 09:20: Here’s an example of spinor-like behavior. If I rotate this mug without letting go my arm gets a twist. A second rotation untwists me. 07:30: ... The wavefunction became a very strange mathematical object called a spinor,  which had been invented just a decade ... 08:28: ... spin, but the only way the equation could be derived was by using spinors. ... 08:50: ... spinors are exceptionally weird and cool,  and really deserve their own ... 12:02: ... say that particles described by spinors have spin quantum numbers that are half-integers - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The ... 12:13: ... particles like the photon, gluons, etc. These are not described by spinors but instead by vectors, and behave  more intuitively - a 360 degree ... 13:30: ... maybe to the structure of reality itself through these things we call spinors - strange little knots in the subatomic fabric of ... 00:47: ... iron, causing the electrons in the iron’s outer shells to align their spins. Those electrons are acting like tiny bicycle wheels, and their shifted ...
	2021-06-23: How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy 07:14: ... superposition states - like a   particle simultaneously having spin up and spin down as revealed in the Stern-Gerlach ...
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 12:24: That said, as Simone Spinozi wittily queries: Aren't aliens also a natural phenomena?
	2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting! 03:01: Let's start by talking about quantum spin. 03:09: Every particle with electric charge also has quantum spin. 03:15: ... particles with quantum spin do generate a magnetic field, same as if you send an electric charge ... 04:00: An electron also has a dipole field and a dipole moment which depends on the electron spin charge and mass. 07:23: They have the same exact charge, interact with the same forces, and have the same quantum spin. 04:00: An electron also has a dipole field and a dipole moment which depends on the electron spin charge and mass. 03:15: ... charge around a looped wire, or have electrical currency in Earth's spinning ...
	2021-02-17: Gravitational Wave Background Discovered? 00:00: ... and supernovae have been exploding and stellar remnants have been spinning and probably at or before the instant of the big bang insanely energetic ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 05:00: An electron, for example, can be thought of as a spinning charge, and magnetic fields can cause that spin to flip direction. 05:08: ... and their magnetic fields come from countless electrons with aligned spins. ... 06:29: The entangled properties are the quantum spins of the two valence electrons in two separate radical molecules. 06:35: ... are four possible combinations for the spins: the first is the so-called singlet state, where the spins are pointing ... 06:58: ... other three states are when the electrons have the same spin direction - either both up, both down, or a quantum superposition of ... 07:10: ... you have just one radical, its valence electron spin tends to stay fixed until disturbed by its environment. And Earth's ... 07:21: But in a radical pair spin states will oscillate between the singlet and triplet states. 07:41: ... system will spend more time in the triplet state - with both electron spins aligned in the same direction, and less in the singlet state where they ... 07:53: ... by Earth's magnetic field, and how does the simple slipping of electron spins go on to give the bird ... 08:36: But there’s the key - those byproducts are sensitive to the spin state of the valence electrons at the time of the reaction. 08:43: ... during the short lifespan of the radical pair, its valence spin state can be modified if the bird changes the orientation of its head ... 10:40: ... spin-spin interactions - rather than true entangled states - their spin state wouldn’t be sensitive enough to detect Earth’s ... 06:58: ... other three states are when the electrons have the same spin direction - either both up, both down, or a quantum superposition of both at the ... 08:36: But there’s the key - those byproducts are sensitive to the spin state of the valence electrons at the time of the reaction. 08:43: ... during the short lifespan of the radical pair, its valence spin state can be modified if the bird changes the orientation of its head relative ... 10:40: ... spin-spin interactions - rather than true entangled states - their spin state wouldn’t be sensitive enough to detect Earth’s ... 07:21: But in a radical pair spin states will oscillate between the singlet and triplet states. 05:00: An electron, for example, can be thought of as a spinning charge, and magnetic fields can cause that spin to flip direction. 05:08: ... and their magnetic fields come from countless electrons with aligned spins. ... 06:29: The entangled properties are the quantum spins of the two valence electrons in two separate radical molecules. 06:35: ... are four possible combinations for the spins: the first is the so-called singlet state, where the spins are pointing ... 07:41: ... system will spend more time in the triplet state - with both electron spins aligned in the same direction, and less in the singlet state where they ... 07:53: ... by Earth's magnetic field, and how does the simple slipping of electron spins go on to give the bird ... 07:41: ... system will spend more time in the triplet state - with both electron spins aligned in the same direction, and less in the singlet state where they have ... 10:40: ... electrons were just interacting due to their magnetic fields - so-called spin-spin interactions - rather than true entangled states - their spin state ...
	2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces 11:06: Spinning vectors and magnetic materials.
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... of the coupled partial differential equations are the same 10 as the spin 10 unified theory okay so the idea is you have a coincidence you ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... stuff you know here we are almost 80 billion of us on this little spinning ball in space who've actually amazingly after 13.8 billion years of ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 00:22: ... anti-particle identical in every way, but with the opposite charge and spin. An electron has a positron; a proton, an anti-proton; and so on. And ... 02:12: ... time reversal, where all particles have their direction of motion and spins exactly ... 05:19: ... exact same properties as its matter counterpart, besides the charge and spin thing — it must have the same mass, the same quantum energy levels, and ... 02:12: ... time reversal, where all particles have their direction of motion and spins exactly ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 02:22: According to the so-called no-hair theorem, black holes can have only three properties - mass, electric charge, and spin. 03:34: As the spin of a Kerr black hole increases, the spacetime waterfall is beaten back, and so the inner horizon grows. 03:51: Instead, there’s a smooth run of normal - albeit rapidly spinning space all the way down to the singularity ring. 04:43: ... we call an extremal black hole - a black hole with the maximum amount of spin or charge while still having an event ... 05:07: More mass means more inward gravity, and so the black hole can hold more spin and charge before going extremal. 05:20: Just add enough spin or charge to an existing black hole. 06:52: So why shouldn’t it be possible to add a little more spin or charge to produce true naked singularities? 08:23: Therefore just on the verge of becoming extremal, the black hole can’t gain spin from accretion anymore. 08:43: An alternative is to throw in something that’s actually spinning itself - so it has intrinsic angular momentum. 08:55: ... colliding black holes and various other methods for estimate black hole spin has not yet reveals a single black hole with a spin high enough to be ... 03:51: Instead, there’s a smooth run of normal - albeit rapidly spinning space all the way down to the singularity ring. 08:43: An alternative is to throw in something that’s actually spinning itself - so it has intrinsic angular momentum. 03:51: Instead, there’s a smooth run of normal - albeit rapidly spinning space all the way down to the singularity ring.
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 07:41: ... vortices are fantastic laboratories for spinning black holes in particular. Now we’ve looked deeply into rotating, or ... 08:42: ... Water pours in from two sides, creating a slow rotation that eventually spins into a carefully shaped funnel, forming a ... 07:41: ... vortices are fantastic laboratories for spinning black holes in particular. Now we’ve looked deeply into rotating, or ... 08:42: ... Water pours in from two sides, creating a slow rotation that eventually spins into a carefully shaped funnel, forming a ...
	2020-05-18: Mapping the Multiverse 01:28: Add a little spin or charge and things get even weirder. 01:47: It describes the way spacetime warps and flows in the vicinity of a spinning mass. 06:43: But those that approach the disk experience an overwhelming anti-gravitational force from the spinning singularity. 02:04: Think of the worst spinny amusement park rides, or an astronaut high-g training machine - you'd feel yourself flung outwards by centrifugal force. 01:47: It describes the way spacetime warps and flows in the vicinity of a spinning mass. 06:43: But those that approach the disk experience an overwhelming anti-gravitational force from the spinning singularity. 01:47: It describes the way spacetime warps and flows in the vicinity of a spinning mass. 06:43: But those that approach the disk experience an overwhelming anti-gravitational force from the spinning singularity. 02:04: Think of the worst spinny amusement park rides, or an astronaut high-g training machine - you'd feel yourself flung outwards by centrifugal force.
	2020-03-31: What’s On The Other Side Of A Black Hole? 12:02: ... other quantum state. The key word here is "maximal". As an example, the spin of a newly created electron-positron pair are perfectly correlated as ...
	2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time 01:01: ... black hole has no rotation. But all real, astrophysical black holes are spinning. ... 01:35: According to the no-hair theorem, black holes can have three and only three properties: mass, electric charge, and spin. 01:44: ... charges. But essentially all real black holes will be rotating. The spin of a black hole comes from the combined angular momentum of everything ... 02:26: ... black holes might not have MUCH spin - because angular momentum can cancel out if objects fall in with ... 02:36: ... the importance of spin in black holes, it took nearly half a century before Einstein’s ... 05:14: ... in the gravitational field - is dragged in the direction of the object’s spin. Gravity Probe B measured the Earth’s frame dragging and it was exactly ... 05:49: ... As long as you’re traveling in the same direction as the black hole spin. If you’re orbiting in the opposite direction, there are no stable orbits ... 07:33: ... everything - even light - must move in the direction of the black hole’s spin. ... 08:37: ... spherical - it’s squished at the poles, like the rotating Earth. More spin equals more squished. The ergosphere has a similar shape - but also dips ... 09:37: ... from the rotational energy in the ergosphere, slowing the black hole’s spin. To get a little more technical - it works because the weird space-time ... 10:51: ... the black hole in an accretion disk. The flow of space in the ergosphere spins up the magnetic field into a gigantic particle accelerator. Charged ... 02:26: ... black holes might not have MUCH spin - because angular momentum can cancel out if objects fall in with ... 08:37: ... spherical - it’s squished at the poles, like the rotating Earth. More spin equals more squished. The ergosphere has a similar shape - but also dips at the ... 05:14: ... in the gravitational field - is dragged in the direction of the object’s spin. Gravity Probe B measured the Earth’s frame dragging and it was exactly as ... 01:01: ... black hole has no rotation. But all real, astrophysical black holes are spinning. ... 02:26: ... angular momentum can cancel out if objects fall in with different spins or in different directions. But some rotation is always ... 10:51: ... the black hole in an accretion disk. The flow of space in the ergosphere spins up the magnetic field into a gigantic particle accelerator. Charged ...
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 02:56: ... quantum particles have a property called quantum spin. That spin has an axis that points in some direction, analogous to the ... 03:12: ... vertically and you might see that the spin axis is pointing up or down, measure horizontally and it’ll be pointing ... 03:37: ... the value for quantum spin depends on how you choose to measure it - it depends on your ... 04:28: ... photon decays into an electron and a positron. These particles both have spin values of 1/2, but the original photon had spin 0. So the axes of the ... 05:32: ... crazy thing is if I measure the spin of one particle - say the electron - my choice of measurement basis ... 06:24: ... think about exactly what’s happening when I try to measure the spin of one of those entangled particles. I’ll try to do that in the most ... 07:02: But we can try to measure the spin state by placing a detection apparatus on one path. 07:15: ... of those two states doesn’t matter as long as it doesn’t change the spin or sap energy from the electron. One possibility would be that the spin ... 07:37: ... to just look at the atom to learn the electron’s path, and so learn its spin. But what happens after the electron passes through our device. Does its ... 08:44: ... could prove that by measuring the spin of the positrion, which would instantaneously influence the combined ... 09:19: See, the entangled atom now holds information about the electron’s left-right spin. 09:28: ... here - suffice to say that it's possible to recover the horizontal spin information, even if it’s more straightforward to recover the vertical ... 04:28: ... particles both have spin values of 1/2, but the original photon had spin 0. So the axes of the new spins have to be in opposite directions in order ... 02:56: ... direction, analogous to the axis of a rotating ball. To measure that spin axis you have to choose what angle you want to measure it at - say, ... 03:12: ... vertically and you might see that the spin axis is pointing up or down, measure horizontally and it’ll be pointing left ... 07:37: ... But what happens after the electron passes through our device. Does its spin count as being measured? Does the positron’s spin immediately become defined? ... 03:37: ... the value for quantum spin depends on how you choose to measure it - it depends on your “measurement ... 04:28: ... etc. The only thing we know is there’s this correlation - whatever spin direction gets measured for one particle, the other particle has to be opposite in ... 03:37: ... spin direction in one basis can be expressed as a superposition of two spin directions in another basis. For example, spin-up is equivalently a particular ... 06:24: ... of magnets designed to deflect the electron based on its up or down spin. Spin-up electrons are deflected upwards, spin-down electrons are deflected down. ... 07:02: But we can try to measure the spin state by placing a detection apparatus on one path. 06:24: ... useful - electrons passing through will still be in a superposition of spin states - both up and down, as though they traveled both paths through the ... 04:28: ... photon decays into an electron and a positron. These particles both have spin values of 1/2, but the original photon had spin 0. So the axes of the new spins ... 03:37: ... a particular combination of spin-left and spin-right. Same with spin-down. Spin becomes defined in each new basis when you try to measure it in ... 05:32: ... become defined in that basis and only that basis - in this case with spin-down. There’s a sense that causal influence is transferred potentially faster ... 06:24: ... based on its up or down spin. Spin-up electrons are deflected upwards, spin-down electrons are deflected down. Then both types are deflected back to ... 03:37: ... a particular combination of spin-left and spin-right. Same with spin-down. Spin becomes defined in each new basis when you try to measure it in that ... 03:12: ... there’s zero spin in that direction, as you’d expect for a classical spinning object. Instead the electron will randomly shift ot having left or right ... 03:37: ... spin-up is equivalently a particular combination of spin-left and spin-right. Same with spin-down. Spin becomes defined in each new basis when you try ... 04:28: ... of 1/2, but the original photon had spin 0. So the axes of the new spins have to be in opposite directions in order to cancel out and conserve ... 03:37: ... as a superposition of two spin directions in another basis. For example, spin-up is equivalently a particular combination of spin-left and spin-right. ... 05:32: ... positron. If I measure the electron in the vertical basis and get, say, spin-up, the positron will become defined in that basis and only that basis - in ... 06:24: ... magnets designed to deflect the electron based on its up or down spin. Spin-up electrons are deflected upwards, spin-down electrons are deflected down. ...
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 06:54: ... hypothetical axion particle would have no electric charge, no quantum spin, be extreme ly light - a tiny fraction of the mass of the already tiny ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 07:12: ... of energy and momentum, the behavior of quantum properties like spin, and the assumption of a family of particles that can be involved in the ... 08:57: ... him to explain the peculiar relationship between the mass and the spin of ...
	2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes 08:27: ... Yang and co. also predict a particular distribution of black hole spins - again to be tested with more LIGO ...
	2019-12-09: The Doomsday Argument 12:16: ... or not doom is coming soon or late, here’s a positive spin on the whole doomsday argument: the chances of us being in the final ...
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 05:59: ... solid iron inner core spins suspended in a molten metal outer core, and this motion generates a ... 13:32: Dig into spin networks and spin foam if you want a headache too. 05:59: ... solid iron inner core spins suspended in a molten metal outer core, and this motion generates a ...
	2019-10-21: Is Time Travel Impossible? 08:51: The maelstrom of spinning spacetime may generate closed timelike curves deep down below the event horizon.
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 08:20: ... thing that also represents a quantum of angular momentum - or spin. ... 09:04: ... Wheeler-deWitt equation by representing spatial metrics using Ashketar's spin ... 15:26: I talked about the maximum rate of spin of a back hole, and so Lucas rightly asks how fast is that maximum rate? 09:04: ... Wheeler-deWitt equation by representing spatial metrics using Ashketar's spin connections. ... 08:39: Ashketar rewrote general relativity in terms of these spin-connections - now known as Ashketar variables. 10:15: 3-D space can be sort of woven from these loops into something called a spin-network - which is a concept too abstract for even this episode. 08:20: ... one in which you parallel transport not a vector but something called a spinor - a vector-like thing that also represents a quantum of angular momentum ...
	2019-10-07: Black Hole Harmonics 06:10: ... what parameters went into the signal – in particular black hole mass and spin, so you know if you got the right answer when you try to predict these ... 07:12: Similarly, the overtone structure of a black hole ringdown can identify the fundamental properties of that black hole – namely its mass and spin. 07:22: ... researchers found that they could pinpoint the mass and spin of the simulated black holes with much greater precision than if they’d ... 08:50: ... also get a spin for the final black hole – a so-called dimensionless spin magnitude of ... 09:13: ... the mass and spin derived from the ringdown are consistent with the estimate that was ... 09:44: General relativity predicts that black holes should be completely defined by three properties – their mass, spin, and electric charge. 10:08: ... black holes are also expected to have no electric charge, so mass and spin should define everything – including the nature of the oscillations ... 10:34: The oscillations are consistent with a black hole purely defined by its mass and spin. 09:13: ... the mass and spin derived from the ringdown are consistent with the estimate that was previously ... 08:50: ... also get a spin for the final black hole – a so-called dimensionless spin magnitude of .69 – where the spin magnitude can vary between 0– not spinning at ...
	2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars? 16:42: ... more complex fields like vector fields and spinor fields can do the job too - and some inflationary models use them, ...
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 08:30: In fact, HOW can it flip? – surely the direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction Earth is spinning. 10:29: For those who don’t trust computer simulations – how about building our own giant spinning ball of molten metal? 08:30: In fact, HOW can it flip? – surely the direction of the magnetic field depends on the direction Earth is spinning. 10:29: For those who don’t trust computer simulations – how about building our own giant spinning ball of molten metal?
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 09:07: ... a photon and a matter particle – say, an electron whose up or down spin direction can be entangled with the polarization state of a ... 09:27: ... in a cloud of caesium atoms, a kind of quantum atomic disk drive, or the spin-state of a single electron in a nitrogen atom embedded in diamond ...
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 17:49: ... region in the middle of the accretion disk that depends on black hole spin It's one way we'll be able to measure that spin But this definitely ...
	2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages 05:45: ... this is just the tl;dr. When the electron in cold hydrogen gas flips its spin direction it either absorbs or emits a radio photon with a wavelength of ...
	2019-05-09: Why Quantum Computing Requires Quantum Cryptography 11:04: ... is correlated between the two – for example, electrons with opposite spin axes or photons with 90-degree ... 11:18: Our choice of measurement direction will set the diection of those spin or polarizations axes. 11:25: ... or basis on which to measure one of those particles – say up-down for spin or rectilinear for polarization - and the other also becomes “measured” ... 11:04: ... is correlated between the two – for example, electrons with opposite spin axes or photons with 90-degree ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 06:53: Measuring the radius of the photon sphere potentially gives you both black hole mass and spin. 07:05: That disk terminates at a few times the Schwarzschild radius – again depending on black hole spin. 09:19: ... team simulated a wide range of parameters like black hole mass and spin rate, while they were able to nail down the rotational axis rotation ... 09:51: The black hole is indeed spinning – almost as fast as it can spin. 09:19: ... team simulated a wide range of parameters like black hole mass and spin rate, while they were able to nail down the rotational axis rotation based on ... 09:51: The black hole is indeed spinning – almost as fast as it can spin.
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... mass of their visible stars alone they should throw themselves to pieces spinning that quickly that is unless a gravitational force of unseen origin was ...
	2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger? 16:28: That said, Virgin Orbit - a spin-off of Virgin Galactic has air-launch rocket that is expected to put satellites in orbit this year.
	2019-01-30: Perpetual Motion From Negative Mass? 03:48: ... this is also what quantum field theory predicts: fields with even spin have to work in the opposite way to fields with odd ... 04:00: ... time to get into why this is the case, or what the spin of a field even means, but the gravitational field is spin 2 – even - so ... 04:13: Electromagnetism is spin 1 - odd - so attraction and repulsion are flipped compared to gravity. 04:00: ... or what the spin of a field even means, but the gravitational field is spin 2 – even - so like masses should attract and opposite should ...
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 00:42: ... universe the same decay should be in the opposite direction so with that spin axis which is fundamentally different physical behavior. So, what does ... 02:02: ... counterparts but now the decay electrons travel upwards with the nuclear spin and away from the detector such a clock wouldn't tick at all taken to ... 03:02: ... but also theoretically required. Starting with Julian Schwinger's "Spin statistics theorem" in 1951 it became increasingly clear that quantum ... 10:54: ... converting matter to antimatter - you're just reversing all momentum and spin. Essentially you're taking all particles in the universe and pointing ... 00:42: ... universe the same decay should be in the opposite direction so with that spin axis which is fundamentally different physical behavior. So, what does this ... 10:54: ... converting matter to antimatter - you're just reversing all momentum and spin. Essentially you're taking all particles in the universe and pointing them back in ... 03:02: ... but also theoretically required. Starting with Julian Schwinger's "Spin statistics theorem" in 1951 it became increasingly clear that quantum field theory ...
	2019-01-09: Are Dark Matter And Dark Energy The Same? 01:18: So, dark matter: the galaxies are spinning too fast. 06:32: Those simulations showed that galaxies do indeed spin more quickly when surrounded by negative mass particles. 06:50: This confines the galaxy from the outside so it can spin faster than if it were held together by its gravity alone. 01:18: So, dark matter: the galaxies are spinning too fast.
	2018-12-20: Why String Theory is Wrong 16:28: ... us of filming that episode in a mirror universe apparently balls were spinning clockwise when I said counter clockwise left became right and vice-versa ...
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... in the reflection but what if we try something else let's put some spin on the ball say clockwise spin the reflected ball is still spinning ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 09:54: Certainly a working probe shouldn't be spinning end over end.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 05:18: ... their real counterparts-- in particular, quantum numbers like charge and spin, but they don't need to obey Einstein's relationship between energy mass ...
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 07:24: And those modes, in turn, define particle properties like electric charge and spin. 03:03: And one of those modes appeared to be a massless spin-2 particle. 03:08: But the only hypothetical massless spin-2 particle is the graviton, the conjectured quantum particle of the gravitational field. 03:03: And one of those modes appeared to be a massless spin-2 particle. 03:08: But the only hypothetical massless spin-2 particle is the graviton, the conjectured quantum particle of the gravitational field.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 07:16: For example, a simple quantum system would be a group of electrons with spins pointing up or down, corresponding to a single bit the information each. 07:25: ... the spin of an electron is a change to an orthogonal state, but it can also be ... 07:35: This sort of quantum spin array is exactly the system used in most quantum computers. 07:16: For example, a simple quantum system would be a group of electrons with spins pointing up or down, corresponding to a single bit the information each.
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 14:25: As they lose spin, angular momentum, they become more spherical.
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 04:21: ... includes position, but also other degrees of freedom, like momentum, spin direction, et ...
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 02:08: From the point of view of the outside universe, black holes can only have three properties-- mass, spin, and electric charge. 04:59: We can easily measure its mass, spin, and electric charge, and according to the no-hair theorem that's all there is to know. 06:29: There's also the Penrose process in which you can extract rotational energy of a spinning black hole.
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 14:59: That's the classical theory, which is wrong-- and also suggested that electrons should spin faster than light. 15:43: All they have is their quantum wave function, which tells the probability of the particle's location, momentum, spin, direction, et cetera. 14:59: That's the classical theory, which is wrong-- and also suggested that electrons should spin faster than light.
	2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction 04:02: Nonetheless, electrons do have a sort of intrinsic, angular momentum, a fundamental quantum spin that is as intrinsic as mass and charge. 04:12: Despite not being the same as classical rotation, this quantum spin does grant electrons a dipole magnetic field. 05:42: This equation is the origin of quantum electrodynamics and the first to correctly capture the notion of quantum spin. 05:49: It describes electrons as weird, four component objects with quantum spin magnitudes of half. 10:54: Electron spin axes are always slightly misaligned with an external magnetic field, due to quantum uncertainty in the spin direction. 05:49: It describes electrons as weird, four component objects with quantum spin magnitudes of half.
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 07:54: ... spin roughly, 11 days doing science during each orbital cycle, while spending ...
	2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy 06:32: ... for all possible combinations of all properties-- position, momentum, spin, vibration, really any degree of freedom that the system can ...
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 03:46: Helicity is just the direction of a particle's spin relative to its direction of motion.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 08:40: And so if the black hole is spinning or racing past you, you'll see that magnetic field. 08:52: In Einstein's general relativity, a spinning mass drags the fabric of space time around with it in a phenomenon known as frame dragging. 09:19: ... material with angular momentum falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this ... 09:30: Its angular momentum is remembered in the frame dragging as though the entire black hole was spinning. 08:40: And so if the black hole is spinning or racing past you, you'll see that magnetic field. 08:52: In Einstein's general relativity, a spinning mass drags the fabric of space time around with it in a phenomenon known as frame dragging. 09:19: ... material with angular momentum falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this ... 09:30: Its angular momentum is remembered in the frame dragging as though the entire black hole was spinning. 08:52: In Einstein's general relativity, a spinning mass drags the fabric of space time around with it in a phenomenon known as frame dragging. 09:19: ... material with angular momentum falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this flow of ...
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 01:31: ... or absorbed, when the ground state electron and hydrogen flips its spin ... 01:47: ... the early universe, the rate of hydrogen spin flip was in equilibrium with the CMB, meaning that for every CMB photon ... 01:57: We say that the electron spin temperature was coupled to the CMB temperature. 02:20: ... light from those stars shifted the equilibrium so that the electron spin temperature became connected to the temperature of the gas, instead of ... 01:31: ... or absorbed, when the ground state electron and hydrogen flips its spin direction. ... 01:47: ... the early universe, the rate of hydrogen spin flip was in equilibrium with the CMB, meaning that for every CMB photon that ... 01:57: We say that the electron spin temperature was coupled to the CMB temperature. 02:20: ... light from those stars shifted the equilibrium so that the electron spin temperature became connected to the temperature of the gas, instead of the ...
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 13:26: Any particle with integer spin is a boson. 13:29: All those with half-integer spin are fermions. 13:47: Protons and neutrons, which combine three quarks, all have spins of half. 13:53: But in a helium-4 nucleus, the protons pair up and have opposite spins, so they cancel out, same with the neutrons and the electrons. 14:02: The result is zero spin, which is an integer. 13:32: ... while the force-carrying particles like photons, gluons, et cetera, are spin-1 ... 13:47: Protons and neutrons, which combine three quarks, all have spins of half. 13:53: But in a helium-4 nucleus, the protons pair up and have opposite spins, so they cancel out, same with the neutrons and the electrons.
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 04:00: Helium 4 has a total spin of 0, which makes it a boson so a particle with integer spin. 04:07: Now bosons are able to occupy the same quantum state as each other unlike the half-integer spin fermions, which cannot.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 05:13: And these electrons have spins pointing in opposite directions. 05:17: Now, quantum spin gives electrons what we call a magnetic moment. 05:38: ... magnetic fields produced by an electron's spin and by its orbital motion actually interact with each other in an effect ... 06:02: So when electrons jump between orbitals, the energy they absorb or emit depends on their spin alignment. 05:38: ... its orbital motion actually interact with each other in an effect called spin orbit ... 05:13: And these electrons have spins pointing in opposite directions.
	2017-08-30: White Holes 02:45: ... describes a black hole-- the simplest black possible, one without spin, without charge, or without change, an eternal black that doesn't grow or ...
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 02:09: Any object moving over a spinning surface will appear to follow a curved path relative to an observer moving with that surface. 13:59: Well, my barber just shaves half-integer spin off the sides. 02:09: Any object moving over a spinning surface will appear to follow a curved path relative to an observer moving with that surface.
	2017-07-07: Feynman's Infinite Quantum Paths 07:51: ... work and help from others, like figuring out how to add particles with spin, the path integral approach is both mathematically equivalent to and more ...
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 09:40: ... the tiny difference in atomic electron energy levels due to electron spins-- spins interacting with magnetic fields in the so-called hyperfine ... 14:02: ... emission line energies in hydrogen due to not accounting for electron spin. ... 14:18: However, the Klein Gordon equation is actually the exactly right description for particles with no spin. 09:40: ... the tiny difference in atomic electron energy levels due to electron spins-- spins interacting with magnetic fields in the so-called hyperfine ...
	2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity 02:33: Yet, we now know that many elementary particles have an internal property called spin. 02:42: But spin does result in a sort of quantum angular momentum. 02:47: For example, an electron's spin causes them to align themselves with magnetic fields, just like a rotating electric charge would. 02:55: The axis of spin can point in different directions; for example, up or down. 03:00: The discovery of quantum spin starts with an Austrian physicist named Wolfgang Pauli. 04:05: ... physicists soon figured out that this new quantum state represented spin and the up and down degrees of freedom were the direction of pointing of ... 04:20: Now, it's OK to ignore spin in the old Schrodinger equation and get approximate answers. 04:26: But when a magnetic field is present, spin direction becomes very important. 09:48: ... two extra components correspond to the up and down spins of the electron's anti-matter counterpart, two spin directions for the ... 04:26: But when a magnetic field is present, spin direction becomes very important. 09:48: ... to the up and down spins of the electron's anti-matter counterpart, two spin directions for the electron, two for the positron, a four component ... 03:00: The discovery of quantum spin starts with an Austrian physicist named Wolfgang Pauli. 04:16: We now call these two component wave functions, spinors. 05:27: Instead of having a two-component spinor, up and down, as in Pauli's theory, he needed four components. 09:48: ... spin directions for the electron, two for the positron, a four component spinor. ... 04:16: We now call these two component wave functions, spinors. 09:48: ... two extra components correspond to the up and down spins of the electron's anti-matter counterpart, two spin directions for the ...
	2017-04-05: Telescopes on the Moon 06:41: It spins a six meter dish of mercury at 8.5 revolutions per minute, creating the cheapest telescope of that size ever constructed. 11:24: One possibility could be in a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole, so one with electric charge, but no spin. 06:41: It spins a six meter dish of mercury at 8.5 revolutions per minute, creating the cheapest telescope of that size ever constructed.
	2017-03-29: How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole 12:02: The systems that were tested use electron spins, which pull on each other to cause a cascading flow of flipping spins the cycles back and forth. 12:28: Colin Brown asks if the spin flip oscillation is only dependent on the electromagnetic field oscillation. 12:02: The systems that were tested use electron spins, which pull on each other to cause a cascading flow of flipping spins the cycles back and forth.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons. 04:13: Spins in nearby atoms like to line up with each other due to interacting magnetic fields. 04:28: So you prepare a string of ions where the line spins. 04:32: Now cause those spins to flip back and forth using a laser. 04:54: Causing spins to flip in a laser isn't particularly exciting. 05:01: But the paper proposes that if you let go of the electrons, their spin oscillations should continue. 05:19: ... addition, other researchers theorized that spins should not oscillate at the same period as the laser, but at an integer ... 05:29: So two, three, four, et cetera spin oscillations for every EM field oscillation in the laser. 06:30: If the connections between the spins of the ions become too strong, then a wormhole forms and sends your graduate students back to the Paleocene era. 07:08: They used microwaves to generate oscillations in the spins of nitrogen impurities inside a diamond. 07:18: Both spin systems developed periods that were integer multiples of the drivers. 08:34: ... to building a quantum computing memory element is to use electron spins, which can represent the ones and zeros of a classical computer in the ... 08:51: ... motion from heat to scramble a carefully prepared array of entangled spin alignments, completely messing up your ... 05:01: But the paper proposes that if you let go of the electrons, their spin oscillations should continue. 05:29: So two, three, four, et cetera spin oscillations for every EM field oscillation in the laser. 07:18: Both spin systems developed periods that were integer multiples of the drivers. 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons. 04:43: The spin-flip oscillation will be determined by the period of the laser. 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal. 09:00: Time crystals with their resilient spin-flip cycle could be the next step in building stable quantum memory. 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal. 04:43: The spin-flip oscillation will be determined by the period of the laser. 04:13: Spins in nearby atoms like to line up with each other due to interacting magnetic fields. 04:28: So you prepare a string of ions where the line spins. 04:32: Now cause those spins to flip back and forth using a laser. 04:54: Causing spins to flip in a laser isn't particularly exciting. 05:19: ... addition, other researchers theorized that spins should not oscillate at the same period as the laser, but at an integer ... 06:30: If the connections between the spins of the ions become too strong, then a wormhole forms and sends your graduate students back to the Paleocene era. 07:08: They used microwaves to generate oscillations in the spins of nitrogen impurities inside a diamond. 08:34: ... to building a quantum computing memory element is to use electron spins, which can represent the ones and zeros of a classical computer in the ...
	2017-02-22: The Eye of Sauron Reveals a Forming Solar System! 02:51: Conservation of angular momentum has the central star spinning rapidly.
	2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon? 11:13: We'll also come back to what happens if we set the black hole spinning or add some electric charge.
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 09:07: The entire wave function knows the location, velocity, and spin of each particle. 14:30: Well, to create and sustain a magnetic field, you need some charge that's moving or spinning in some way.
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 02:16: The remaining neutron star is millions of Kelvin in temperature, and may be spinning thousands of times per second. 02:28: These jets may sweep across the Earth due to the spinning-top-like procession of the neutron star.
	2016-11-02: Quantum Vortices and Superconductivity + Drake Equation Challenge Answers 01:33: ... extremely low temperatures, the spins of a material's particles tend to line up, but you get these little ... 01:53: Vortices are essentially holes in the spin distribution, and so define the topology of the material. 02:11: ... superconductors and superfluids, and providing new ways to move charge, spin, and even information around ... 01:53: Vortices are essentially holes in the spin distribution, and so define the topology of the material. 01:33: ... you get these little twists at certain points: a vortex around which the spin flips. ...
	2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars 09:36: Black holes exhibit only three properties-- mass, electric charge, and spin.
	2016-09-29: Life on Europa? 09:57: ... variable theory versus pure quantum mechanics is if you measure the spins of both particles with the same measurement ... 10:10: In that case, the pure quantum, no-hidden-variable prediction is that you'll always measure opposite spins. 10:17: ... the local hidden variable theory, you'd expect to sometimes measure spins in the same direction, depending on the relationship of the chosen ... 10:29: ... instead, you measure one spin in one direction and the other at 90 degrees, then the pure quantum ... 10:54: ... the first was measured, so it aligns itself according to its original spin, which probably won't lead to an even 50/50 ... 08:15: However, in its 2016 budget, Congress threw a spinner in the works-- well, sort of. 09:57: ... variable theory versus pure quantum mechanics is if you measure the spins of both particles with the same measurement ... 10:10: In that case, the pure quantum, no-hidden-variable prediction is that you'll always measure opposite spins. 10:17: ... the local hidden variable theory, you'd expect to sometimes measure spins in the same direction, depending on the relationship of the chosen ...
	2016-09-21: Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate 04:45: When spontaneously created from a photon, these particles will always be spinning in opposite directions to each other. 04:53: However, until measured, we can't know which direction either is spinning. 05:04: Measurement of the spin of one of these particles tells us the spin of the other, no matter how large the distance between them. 05:15: In the case of quantum spin, that measurement effect is especially weird. 05:20: We define spin direction according to the spin axis. 05:26: But to measure spin direction, we need to choose an axis to align our measuring device. 05:31: We always find that the observed quantum spin aligns itself with our chosen measurement axis. 05:38: If we choose to measure vertically, the spin will turn out to be up or down. 05:51: But how does this affect the spin of its entangled partner? 06:00: ... was right, imagine the response of each particle to all possible spin measurements is encoded in each particle at the moment of their creation ... 06:20: When we later measure the spins of both particles, there will be a correlation in the results because the particles were once connected. 06:43: In that case, measurement of one particle spin should cause the entire wave function to collapse, to take on defined values. 06:51: Both particles should then manifest opposite spins along whichever axis we choose for one of the particles. 06:59: That should lead to a correlation between our choice of measurement axis for the first particle and the spin direction then measured for the second. 07:57: Instead of looking at the entangled spins of an electron positron pair, he used photon pairs with entangled polarizations. 05:31: We always find that the observed quantum spin aligns itself with our chosen measurement axis. 05:20: We define spin direction according to the spin axis. 05:26: But to measure spin direction, we need to choose an axis to align our measuring device. 06:59: That should lead to a correlation between our choice of measurement axis for the first particle and the spin direction then measured for the second. 06:00: ... was right, imagine the response of each particle to all possible spin measurements is encoded in each particle at the moment of their creation as hidden ... 04:45: When spontaneously created from a photon, these particles will always be spinning in opposite directions to each other. 04:53: However, until measured, we can't know which direction either is spinning. 06:20: When we later measure the spins of both particles, there will be a correlation in the results because the particles were once connected. 06:51: Both particles should then manifest opposite spins along whichever axis we choose for one of the particles. 07:57: Instead of looking at the entangled spins of an electron positron pair, he used photon pairs with entangled polarizations.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 02:06: That transition meant a difference in energy, but also a difference in some of the quantum stuff, spin parity and isospin. 02:14: And the easiest way to explain this is if a spin-1 gauge boson was created. 02:27: Yes, a new spin-1 gauge boson. 02:14: And the easiest way to explain this is if a spin-1 gauge boson was created. 02:27: Yes, a new spin-1 gauge boson. 02:14: And the easiest way to explain this is if a spin-1 gauge boson was created. 02:27: Yes, a new spin-1 gauge boson.
	2016-08-24: Should We Build a Dyson Sphere? 07:22: ... material, or by extracting angular momentum from the black hole's spin. ...
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 05:52: In fact, several quantum properties, like momentum, energy, and spin, all display similar waviness in different situations.
	2016-07-06: Juno to Reveal Jupiter's Violent Past 02:39: ... own Milankovitch cycles, periodic changes in Earth's orbit and spin, are largely driven by Jupiter's influence and give us our cycles of ...
	2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing 11:28: The idea is that a physical system doesn't have the familiar classical properties like position, momentum, spin, et cetera, until it is observed.
	2016-05-25: Is an Ice Age Coming? 04:11: Our spin axis is now tilted at 23 1/2 degrees relative to the axis of our orbit.
	2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe 12:29: A couple of you asked about the shape of a black hole and its accretion disk based on the spin of the black hole. 12:47: Yet that doesn't have much to do with the spin of the black hole itself. 13:00: Although the magnetic field of a spinning black hole can also play a part here. 13:05: However, the shape of the event horizon of the black hole itself does depend on spin. 13:00: Although the magnetic field of a spinning black hole can also play a part here.
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 07:51: In the case of the Earth, how flat does it get due to its spin? 08:56: They also start out spinning very slowly, but that spin speeds up as they collapse, just like a spinning ice skater. 09:28: The cloud can still collapse in the down direction, and it does so, ending up as a spinning disk when it finds itself in equilibrium. 08:56: They also start out spinning very slowly, but that spin speeds up as they collapse, just like a spinning ice skater. 09:28: The cloud can still collapse in the down direction, and it does so, ending up as a spinning disk when it finds itself in equilibrium. 08:56: They also start out spinning very slowly, but that spin speeds up as they collapse, just like a spinning ice skater.
	2016-02-11: LIGO's First Detection of Gravitational Waves! 06:24: And potentially, even the actual spin of neutron stars.
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 01:23: ... size, it's molten interior has solidified long ago, grinding its once spinning iron core to a halt and essentially turning off its magnetic ...
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 02:35: ... has this type of intrinsic quantum spin that we call chirality, and this can either be clockwise or ... 02:48: Now, that spin constantly flips back and forth. 03:23: It has spin, but the spin never flips. 03:59: To understand how this works, we need to come back to this spin flip thing. 04:43: It's an open question why the universe cares which direction you're spinning. 02:48: Now, that spin constantly flips back and forth. 03:59: To understand how this works, we need to come back to this spin flip thing. 04:43: It's an open question why the universe cares which direction you're spinning.
	2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole 10:24: The black hole retains mass, electric charge, and spin.
	2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!? 00:48: There's the dragging of spacetime by spinning masses. 02:03: But two objects orbiting each other, or an asymmetrically spinning or exploding thing, does. 00:48: There's the dragging of spacetime by spinning masses. 02:03: But two objects orbiting each other, or an asymmetrically spinning or exploding thing, does. 00:48: There's the dragging of spacetime by spinning masses.
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 00:18: The Milky Way galaxy is spinning so fast that it should be scattering its stars into the void. 03:20: Remember when I said that the Milky Way spinning too fast? 00:18: The Milky Way galaxy is spinning so fast that it should be scattering its stars into the void. 03:20: Remember when I said that the Milky Way spinning too fast?
	2015-07-08: The Leap Second Explained 02:09: Earth is spinning down, yeah, but not that quickly.
	2015-06-24: The Calendar, Australia & White Christmas 00:48: The reason for this discrepancy is that the spinning Earth is basically a giant gyroscope. 00:53: See, Earth bulges slightly at the equator due to centrifugal effects from its own spin. 01:14: But instead, it causes the spin axis to precess, like a top. 04:40: ... is also slowly spinning down due to its interactions with the moon, so that the mean solar day ... 01:14: But instead, it causes the spin axis to precess, like a top. 00:48: The reason for this discrepancy is that the spinning Earth is basically a giant gyroscope. 04:40: ... is also slowly spinning down due to its interactions with the moon, so that the mean solar day ... 00:48: The reason for this discrepancy is that the spinning Earth is basically a giant gyroscope.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 09:11: ... on the next episode of "Space Time." Last week we talked about NASA spinoffs. ... 09:25: ... mentioned some things, to set the record straight, that are not NASA spinoffs-- microwave ovens, Tang, Velcro, cordless power tools, the space pen, MRI ... 09:36: But you did mention some NASA spinoffs that we missed. 09:11: ... on the next episode of "Space Time." Last week we talked about NASA spinoffs. ... 09:25: ... mentioned some things, to set the record straight, that are not NASA spinoffs-- microwave ovens, Tang, Velcro, cordless power tools, the space pen, MRI ... 09:36: But you did mention some NASA spinoffs that we missed. 09:25: ... mentioned some things, to set the record straight, that are not NASA spinoffs-- microwave ovens, Tang, Velcro, cordless power tools, the space pen, MRI machines-- ...
	2015-05-13: 9 NASA Technologies Shaping YOUR Future 00:02: If you were born in the US after the mid 1990s, you most likely ingested a spinoff of NASA technology. 00:15: NASA spinoffs are everywhere. 01:35: So what's a spinoff? 01:43: Another spinoff? 03:23: So that's right, the NASA spinoff in this case is earthquake proof buildings. 05:42: So I think you can see the spinoff coming-- goggles for firefighters that can see through walls of smoke and flame, which is super bad ass. 06:14: The spinoff? 06:29: If you want to learn more, NASA Spinoffs actually has it own YouTube channel, magazine, and Twitter account, all linked in the description. 06:37: Let us know your favorite spinoff, or let us know any good ones we missed down in the comments. 05:42: So I think you can see the spinoff coming-- goggles for firefighters that can see through walls of smoke and flame, which is super bad ass. 00:15: NASA spinoffs are everywhere. 06:29: If you want to learn more, NASA Spinoffs actually has it own YouTube channel, magazine, and Twitter account, all linked in the description.
	2015-05-06: Should the First Mars Mission Be All Women? 09:04: ... in your neck because there's less gravity there compressing your spine. ...
	2015-04-29: What's the Most Realistic Artificial Gravity in Sci-Fi? 01:54: In there, it doesn't look like anything is spinning. 03:39: Say you and a friend are on a merry-go-round that spins counterclockwise as viewed from above. 07:12: ... instead, one about 8 kilometers long and half a kilometer in radius spinning around its longitudinal ... 01:54: In there, it doesn't look like anything is spinning. 07:12: ... instead, one about 8 kilometers long and half a kilometer in radius spinning around its longitudinal ... 03:39: Say you and a friend are on a merry-go-round that spins counterclockwise as viewed from above.
	2015-04-08: Could You Fart Your Way to the Moon? 07:44: ... the moon to orbit around the planet at the same rate that the planet spins on its axis, which I agree is not something that should happen if the ...
	2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained 06:16: ... isn't wrong, but wasn't we were going for, is to take the already spinning flywheel, just one of them, and slow down its ... 06:29: ... as you do from actually rotating a gyroscope without changing its spin. ... 06:16: ... isn't wrong, but wasn't we were going for, is to take the already spinning flywheel, just one of them, and slow down its ...
	2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space? 01:45: So how do you torque the ship to get it spinning and then stop it after a full 360? 01:50: Because in case it isn't obvious, once you get the ship spinning, it won't stop on its own. 01:56: ... any rigid spinning object, like a planet, will continue to spin at exactly the same rate, ... 02:09: ... hand would point if you curl your fingers in the sense of the object's spin. ... 03:23: By rotating the flywheel quickly, I end up transferring its angular momentum to myself, so I start spinning. 03:36: Imagine the ship has been pre-loaded with an already-spinning flywheel, like the spinning bike wheel you see on the screen. 03:42: That flywheel is spinning clockwise, as seen from the rear of the ship, or counterclockwise as seen from the nose. 05:19: If you want to feel this physics in action, just get a bike wheel with some pegs, clamps to add mass, a spinning chair, and a couple of friends. 05:33: ... you'd flip them mechanics or with magnets, or how fast they'd have to spin in the first place to store up enough angular momentum for the barrel ... 05:50: ... assuming you can spin a massive enough flywheel fast enough, without it breaking apart, and ... 01:45: So how do you torque the ship to get it spinning and then stop it after a full 360? 01:50: Because in case it isn't obvious, once you get the ship spinning, it won't stop on its own. 01:56: ... any rigid spinning object, like a planet, will continue to spin at exactly the same rate, ... 03:23: By rotating the flywheel quickly, I end up transferring its angular momentum to myself, so I start spinning. 03:36: Imagine the ship has been pre-loaded with an already-spinning flywheel, like the spinning bike wheel you see on the screen. 03:42: That flywheel is spinning clockwise, as seen from the rear of the ship, or counterclockwise as seen from the nose. 05:19: If you want to feel this physics in action, just get a bike wheel with some pegs, clamps to add mass, a spinning chair, and a couple of friends. 03:36: Imagine the ship has been pre-loaded with an already-spinning flywheel, like the spinning bike wheel you see on the screen. 05:19: If you want to feel this physics in action, just get a bike wheel with some pegs, clamps to add mass, a spinning chair, and a couple of friends. 03:42: That flywheel is spinning clockwise, as seen from the rear of the ship, or counterclockwise as seen from the nose. 01:56: ... any rigid spinning object, like a planet, will continue to spin at exactly the same rate, along the ...
	2015-02-11: What Planet Is Super Mario World? 02:06: ... had Mario do regular jumps in place, not the spin jumps, and I used to some tape to mark where the top of his hat was at ...

121 result(s) shown.

Help · About · Index