Search PBS Space Time

What are you looking for?

	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 07:21: You can think of sound as a coherent beam of phonons, like a laser, while heat is a random buzz of phonons. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat. 10:22: Very low temperature means few random, noisy phonons. 07:21: You can think of sound as a coherent beam of phonons, like a laser, while heat is a random buzz of phonons. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat. 10:22: Very low temperature means few random, noisy phonons.
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 18:11: While you can trust much of what I say, there are a few areas where you should not entirely rely on some random astrophysicist on YouTube.
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 17:35: ... that all other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent(past, present and future) ...
	2022-11-09: What If Humanity Is Among The First Spacefaring Civilizations? 19:08: ... Martinez asks if there’s a problem using a random number generator to decide measurement direction, considering that true ...
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 09:33: Aspect found a way to randomize measurement direction without moving the polarizers at all. The trick was to use a type of transducer. 11:00: But what if the random number  generator wasn’t really random? 11:05: ... all, signals could have travelled to both the calcium atom and the random number generator from some common influence, causing them to ... 11:16: ... the particles are not only correlated with each other, but also with the random number generator or the physicist choosing the measurement ... 11:05: ... all, signals could have travelled to both the calcium atom and the random number generator from some common influence, causing them to conspire to ... 11:16: ... the particles are not only correlated with each other, but also with the random number generator or the physicist choosing the measurement ... 11:05: ... all, signals could have travelled to both the calcium atom and the random number generator from some common influence, causing them to conspire to violate ... 11:16: ... the particles are not only correlated with each other, but also with the random number generator or the physicist choosing the measurement direction,   so ... 11:00: But what if the random number  generator wasn’t really random? 09:33: Aspect found a way to randomize measurement direction without moving the polarizers at all. The trick was to use a type of transducer. 09:54: ... electrical switch - a switch that could be turned on and off quickly and randomly in the tiny interval between the creation of the photon and their ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 08:41: Many physicists believe that these constants  were set more or less randomly at the beginning of the universe. 12:17: ... about it this way - if the constants of nature were set randomly at the big bang, and were set independently to each other -  then ... 08:41: Many physicists believe that these constants  were set more or less randomly at the beginning of the universe. 12:17: ... about it this way - if the constants of nature were set randomly at the big bang, and were set independently to each other -  then ...
	2022-08-17: What If Dark Energy is a New Quantum Field? 00:36: ... vacuum of space has a constant energy density. Empty space buzzes with random activity that we sometimes describe as virtual particles popping into ...
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 10:18: ... method   in which you do your calculation based on  randomized selections from some ... 10:43: ... the end of our interaction.   But these can’t be totally random because some of these paths are still more likely than ... 16:44: ... then it might be impossible to tell the difference - whether the randomization   happens when you put the electrons or gloves in a box, or if it ... 10:18: ... method   in which you do your calculation based on  randomized selections from some ... 10:43: ... we randomly choose a selection of  field configurations of a pixelated ... 16:44: ... gloves, put them in separate sealed boxes and give one to a friend randomly. When you look in   your box and see that it’s the left glove ... 10:43: ... we randomly choose a selection of  field configurations of a pixelated ... 16:44: ... gloves, put them in separate sealed boxes and give one to a friend randomly. When you look in   your box and see that it’s the left glove ... 10:43: ... we randomly choose a selection of  field configurations of a pixelated ... 16:44: ... at the same time - and that means the actual   direction gets randomly chosen at the moment of measurement. Now if the spin direction could ...
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 10:06: It assumes that Alice and Bob can choose with absolute freedom, or that if they choose randomly, that their random number generator is perfect. 12:35: ... “random” color of individual photons of that light was used in place of a random ... 10:06: It assumes that Alice and Bob can choose with absolute freedom, or that if they choose randomly, that their random number generator is perfect. 12:35: ... color of individual photons of that light was used in place of a random number generator to decide the measurement orientation in the Bell ... 10:06: It assumes that Alice and Bob can choose with absolute freedom, or that if they choose randomly, that their random number generator is perfect. 12:35: ... color of individual photons of that light was used in place of a random number generator to decide the measurement orientation in the Bell ... 10:06: It assumes that Alice and Bob can choose with absolute freedom, or that if they choose randomly, that their random number generator is perfect.
	2022-06-15: Can Wormholes Solve The Black Hole Information Paradox? 04:44: ... the no-hair theorem,   Hawking radiation should be completely random. It should contain no information about anything   besides the ...
	2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality? 05:53: ... deflected left or right - its undefined  left-right spin chooses randomly between the two   because it contains no information about its ...
	2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy 02:19: ... envelopes - an elongated   spheroid of stars that all orbit randomly at  different angles. All of this is surrounded by the   ...
	2022-04-27: How the Higgs Mechanism Give Things Mass 05:38: ... them move randomly, but as the system cools down  this random thermal motion gets overpowered by the   magnetic interaction ... 11:02: ... of  this little hill, but then quickly roll down in   a random direction. The new state of the field  would not be symmetric to ... 05:38: ... them move randomly, but as the system cools down  this random thermal motion gets overpowered by the   magnetic interaction and they ... 06:43: ... but if the  ball starts at the top of the hill it will   randomly roll down into one valley.  Now the current state of the ... 05:38: ... These magnets have high temperature which makes   them move randomly, but as the system cools down  this random thermal motion gets ... 06:43: ... but if the  ball starts at the top of the hill it will   randomly roll down into one valley.  Now the current state of the ... 12:26: ... states.   The universe will just have  chosen one state randomly.   But the field can also oscillate along the base of  the valley in ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 01:59: ... have a cat in a closed box that is either killed or not killed by a random quantum process. For a scientist running the experiment, the cat is in a ... 05:56: ... we add a pair of detectors we see that each photon randomly arrives in detector 1 or detector 2, revealing whether it was ... 08:42: ... with. Instead, she answers the quest ions as they come, maybe completely randomly, maybe according to some secret pattern. Every answer narrows the space ... 05:56: ... we add a pair of detectors we see that each photon randomly arrives in detector 1 or detector 2, revealing whether it was ... 08:42: ... with. Instead, she answers the quest ions as they come, maybe completely randomly, maybe according to some secret pattern. Every answer narrows the space ... 05:56: ... we add a pair of detectors we see that each photon randomly arrives in detector 1 or detector 2, revealing whether it was transmitted ...
	2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe? 00:25: ... the cosmos until Nicolaus Copernicus shoved us from our pedestal onto a random rocky planet orbiting an ordinary star in the outskirts of an ... 07:27: Now imagine that 2-D dweller points at a random direction. 08:27: ... you can still point at the Big Bang by pointing in a random direction, because the line traced from you finger also ends up at the ... 07:27: Now imagine that 2-D dweller points at a random direction. 08:27: ... you can still point at the Big Bang by pointing in a random direction, because the line traced from you finger also ends up at the beginning of ... 00:25: ... the cosmos until Nicolaus Copernicus shoved us from our pedestal onto a random rocky planet orbiting an ordinary star in the outskirts of an unremarkable ...
	2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe? 04:51: ... jiggle would send the ball,   or the Higgs, rolling down in a random direction.  And that’s what happened. Here and there ... 05:59: ... field formed strings. Remember   that the vacuum decayed in a random  direction towards this circular valley.   That means we can ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 06:22: ... of this non-linear action as a rare and random hit that the wave function takes at a particular location. That hit ... 18:37: ... its original formulation Hawking radiation is supposed to be completely random - information free - and so that when a black hole evaporates all the ... 06:22: ... of this non-linear action as a rare and random hit that the wave function takes at a particular location. That hit causes ... 08:02: ... In CSL, physicists imagined that the localizing mechanism was a randomly jiggling field, like the frenetic Brownian motion of pollen grains ... 09:25: ... in the Schrödinger equation, causing the wave function to rapidly and randomly choose to make the object appear either “here” or “there,” but not ... 11:09: ... For example, the models imply that a quantum wave function will be randomly tossed about and jostled by gravity or some other collapsing field. If ... 08:02: ... In CSL, physicists imagined that the localizing mechanism was a randomly jiggling field, like the frenetic Brownian motion of pollen grains ... 09:25: ... in the Schrödinger equation, causing the wave function to rapidly and randomly choose to make the object appear either “here” or “there,” but not ... 11:09: ... For example, the models imply that a quantum wave function will be randomly tossed about and jostled by gravity or some other collapsing field. If ... 09:25: ... in the Schrödinger equation, causing the wave function to rapidly and randomly choose to make the object appear either “here” or “there,” but not ... 08:02: ... In CSL, physicists imagined that the localizing mechanism was a randomly jiggling field, like the frenetic Brownian motion of pollen grains floating on ... 11:09: ... For example, the models imply that a quantum wave function will be randomly tossed about and jostled by gravity or some other collapsing field. If the ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 03:17: ... previously, but the TL;DW is that Hawking radiation should be completely random, and so leaks away the black hole’s mass without any of the information ...
	2021-11-02: Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? 08:39: ... with some being more probable than others. The particle then appears to randomly select a position from that ...
	2021-10-20: Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics? 12:30: ... particles even travel at all or do   their wave functions just randomly tunnel every  which way so that their apparent path is ...
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 10:10: ... only a very small probability  that a bubble of true vacuum will randomly form   that’s large enough to actually continue  growing. ...
	2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse 17:57: ... Asimov attribution first appeared in fortune, a random quote generator program in UNIX - so a totally reliable source. I got ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 06:29: The light gets polarized - which means the direction of its electric and magnetic fields pick up a preferred direction rather than being random.
	2021-07-13: Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds? 05:42: ... causes this random selection is not the Schrodinger equation - it’s something extra, and ... 04:04: ... measurements appear to be randomly selected based on the current state of the wavefunction - more likely ... 05:22: ... only the outcome that was measured - and that value is selected randomly, but weighted by the pre-measurement ... 04:04: ... measurements appear to be randomly selected based on the current state of the wavefunction - more likely ... 05:22: ... only the outcome that was measured - and that value is selected randomly, but weighted by the pre-measurement ... 04:04: ... measurements appear to be randomly selected based on the current state of the wavefunction - more likely where the ...
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 06:10: ... maximum, but most  deflected somewhere in between due to all the random orientations. But that's not what’s  observed. Instead, the atoms ... 15:09: ... Randomaited asks the following: If entropy only increased over time, which implies ... 05:37: ... field should be deflected by less. So a stream of silver atoms with randomly aligned magnetic  moments is sent through the magnetic ...
	2021-06-23: How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy 07:44: ... state.   Rather it changes the quantum state in a  random way - now 100% heads or 100% tails,   but the information ...
	2021-06-16: Can Space Be Infinitely Divided? 02:38: ... number comes out pretty small - around 10^-35 m. But why is this random-seeming   combination of constants so important? Well, it represents the ...
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 09:05: Less flickering due to random phase shifts means that we can see real signals due to much weaker gravitational waves.
	2021-04-21: The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities 18:08: ... number of worlds where the freezing of cryptochrome quantum states randomly failed in all avian ...
	2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting! 09:14: There's roughly a one in 10,000 chance that random fluctuations could lead to that degree of difference just by chance. 09:25: For five-sigma, there's only one in 3.5 million chance of random noise resulting in the same signal. 10:35: It really was just a random statistical fluctuation. 09:14: There's roughly a one in 10,000 chance that random fluctuations could lead to that degree of difference just by chance. 09:25: For five-sigma, there's only one in 3.5 million chance of random noise resulting in the same signal. 10:35: It really was just a random statistical fluctuation. 11:00: The chance of randomly getting a 4.2 fluctuation is just a little over one in a 100,000.
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 02:41: Copenhagen describes transitions in quantum states as fundamentally random - the dice are rolled, and the system transitions instantaneously. 04:34: It was a reaction against one of the central tenants of Copenhagen - that subatomic phenomena are fundamentally random, or probabilistic. 06:46: If the electron then falls back to level 1 it should emit an identical photon in a random direction. 08:02: And the downward jumps when the electron decayed out of level 3 appeared to occur at completely random times. 08:16: ... the jump appeared random, there was no way to tell whether it was instantaneous, or whether the ... 09:55: But what about the randomness of the event? 09:57: Well, the spacing between events did appear to be random, as Bohr thought. 10:19: ... driven by an underlying deterministic mechanism, rather than fundamental randomness. ... 12:06: ... and perhaps even whether the quantum world is built upon fundamentally random processes, or is driven by rigidly deterministic mechanic of space ... 02:41: Copenhagen describes transitions in quantum states as fundamentally random - the dice are rolled, and the system transitions instantaneously. 06:46: If the electron then falls back to level 1 it should emit an identical photon in a random direction. 12:06: ... and perhaps even whether the quantum world is built upon fundamentally random processes, or is driven by rigidly deterministic mechanic of space ... 08:02: And the downward jumps when the electron decayed out of level 3 appeared to occur at completely random times. 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to another, without ... 09:55: But what about the randomness of the event? 10:19: ... driven by an underlying deterministic mechanism, rather than fundamental randomness. ...
	2020-12-08: Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future? 06:45: ... pass through in exactly the right way to erase their tracks, seemingly random quantum jiggling ejects these embedded clumps, and so on, until we’re ... 12:23: ... of matter and energy in the early universe does appear to have been random - which we normally associate with high ... 13:18: Ryan Christopherson asks whether the random nature of quantum mechanics isn’t a larger hurdle to the reversibility of time than entropy. 13:33: ... answer is that yes, IF quantum mechanics is fundamentally random, and IF the wavefunction collapse is a random rather than deterministic ... 13:47: ... personally don’t hold with random collapse interpretations, and at any rate invoking random collapse ... 12:23: ... of matter and energy in the early universe does appear to have been random - which we normally associate with high ... 13:47: ... personally don’t hold with random collapse interpretations, and at any rate invoking random collapse doesn’t tell ... 13:18: Ryan Christopherson asks whether the random nature of quantum mechanics isn’t a larger hurdle to the reversibility of time than entropy. 06:45: ... pass through in exactly the right way to erase their tracks, seemingly random quantum jiggling ejects these embedded clumps, and so on, until we’re left with ...
	2020-11-18: The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It 03:53: ... shared out and it would stay shared out. It’s very unlikely that through random collisions, half the electrons would get all the energy and the other ... 04:13: ... distributed the energy in a system is. Higher entropy means more random. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that entropy must increase ... 05:10: ... particles in one spot in the available space. Let’s give those particles random velocities and see what happens in the following time steps.Even though ... 05:43: ... this look like going backwards in time? Uh, exactly the same actually. Random velocity directions will tend to spread this cluster apart in both time ... 06:57: ... decrease very occasionally and, typically, on very small scales due to random alignments of particle trajectories or however else energy is moving ... 07:17: ... particles across our universe - in the form of galaxies - we don’t see random motion. We see galaxies racing away from each other, which means they ... 08:11: ... in time to this original “special” slice, at which velocities are all random, and keep tracing out the other side then you should see entropy ... 11:16: ... as the universe evolves. But we can think of that initial event as a random number generator whose gigantic store of random numbers are then used ... 06:57: ... decrease very occasionally and, typically, on very small scales due to random alignments of particle trajectories or however else energy is moving around. ... 03:53: ... shared out and it would stay shared out. It’s very unlikely that through random collisions, half the electrons would get all the energy and the other half end up ... 05:10: ... in the following time steps.Even though the velocities pointed in random directions, the cluster will inevitably disperse. Entropy increases as energy ... 07:17: ... particles across our universe - in the form of galaxies - we don’t see random motion. We see galaxies racing away from each other, which means they were once ... 11:16: ... as the universe evolves. But we can think of that initial event as a random number generator whose gigantic store of random numbers are then used by, like, ... 05:10: ... particles in one spot in the available space. Let’s give those particles random velocities and see what happens in the following time steps.Even though the ... 05:43: ... this look like going backwards in time? Uh, exactly the same actually. Random velocity directions will tend to spread this cluster apart in both time ... 04:13: ... if you start from a situation where energy is not perfectly randomly spread out, then over time it’ll become more spread out. Entropy ...
	2020-11-11: Can Free Will be Saved in a Deterministic Universe? 02:26: ... the outcomes of quantum-scale events are fundamentally random or the outcomes of quantum events are perfectly determined by quantum ... 04:45: ... mechanistic process, whether that process is deterministic or random. ... 05:47: The Copenhagen interpretation insists that the apparent randomness of quantum events is really random. 06:08: ... idea of random processes driving our choices doesn't really sound like free will, so is ... 06:46: ... arises within our packet, within our brain, then either it itself is random or has its own causing thread whose origin is either in our brain and ... 08:16: ... go into making it, either in principle or in practice, because unknown random processes are at work, and/or perfect measurement is not possible for ... 09:24: By the way, there's also evidence to indicate that brain activity utilizes the random fluctuations of neuronal activity to make certain decisions. 09:33: In other words, a certain type of randomness may be a feature of the brain, an item in its mechanistic toolbox. 09:40: ... the all-knowing Laplace demon may be out of luck, especially if quantum randomness or quantum indeterminacy is magnified to brain-level ... 11:37: ... generating this phenomenon, which is founded in either deterministic or random processes, then the phenomenon is an ... 09:24: By the way, there's also evidence to indicate that brain activity utilizes the random fluctuations of neuronal activity to make certain decisions. 06:08: ... idea of random processes driving our choices doesn't really sound like free will, so is there any ... 08:16: ... go into making it, either in principle or in practice, because unknown random processes are at work, and/or perfect measurement is not possible for any entity ... 11:37: ... generating this phenomenon, which is founded in either deterministic or random processes, then the phenomenon is an ... 06:08: ... idea of random processes driving our choices doesn't really sound like free will, so is there any ... 06:32: ... bit of information being intentionally, say, a one or a zero rather than randomly a one or a ... 07:12: The only way for new information to come from a closed region is for it to be generated randomly within that region. 07:19: On the surface, the idea of randomly generating new streams of quantum information within a brain doesn't seem to help the cause of free will. 06:32: ... bit of information being intentionally, say, a one or a zero rather than randomly a one or a ... 07:12: The only way for new information to come from a closed region is for it to be generated randomly within that region. 07:19: On the surface, the idea of randomly generating new streams of quantum information within a brain doesn't seem to help the cause of free will. 02:26: ... quantum events are perfectly determined by quantum laws and the apparent randomness comes from our limited ... 05:47: The Copenhagen interpretation insists that the apparent randomness of quantum events is really random. 09:33: In other words, a certain type of randomness may be a feature of the brain, an item in its mechanistic toolbox. 09:40: ... the all-knowing Laplace demon may be out of luck, especially if quantum randomness or quantum indeterminacy is magnified to brain-level ...
	2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces 10:03: ... to rotate randomly so the overall magnetization of the material is random. ... 10:30: Even though the equations of motion say one direction is not preferred to the other, the ground state has randomly picked out a single direction. 10:03: ... the Curie temperature - thermal energy causes the particles to rotate randomly so the overall magnetization of the material is ... 10:30: Even though the equations of motion say one direction is not preferred to the other, the ground state has randomly picked out a single direction.
	2020-10-27: How The Penrose Singularity Theorem Predicts The End of Space Time 13:38: ... when a boltzmann brain is the simplest  explanation.” You’re just random particles   accidentally assembled from the void with ...
	2020-10-20: Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics? 05:17: The illusion of randomness is that we find ourselves in the one branch of the wave function, corresponding to the reality we perceive. 04:23: ... quantum mechanics but at the moment of measurement, a single reality is randomly selected from the distribution of possible ... 05:25: But we aren't randomly placed in that branch, we just are a part of that branch. 04:23: ... quantum mechanics but at the moment of measurement, a single reality is randomly selected from the distribution of possible ... 05:25: But we aren't randomly placed in that branch, we just are a part of that branch. 04:23: ... quantum mechanics but at the moment of measurement, a single reality is randomly selected from the distribution of possible ... 05:17: The illusion of randomness is that we find ourselves in the one branch of the wave function, corresponding to the reality we perceive.
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 14:22: ... although those atoms to reemit the absorbed energy, they do so in random directions AND potentially through a cascade of energy level drops that ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... brain there right there would be if everything just looked completely random you couldn't make any predictions anyway so why have a brain uh so ...
	2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient 04:40: ... away from us due to the expansion of the universe - they also have random motion as they’re tugged by the gravitational fields of nearby galaxies ...
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... and the radiation produced by black holes would be this totally random thermal glow okay of radiation which should contain none of the ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 09:54: A mini AGN phase is triggered either by an influx of gas or by a random massive star getting too close to the black hole.
	2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time 12:36: ... massively multiplayer online game, where players can battle others at random or play cooperative battle types, battling against bots or in a ...
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 16:29: ... an entropy fluctuation large enough to produce a new big bang? Could a random perfect alignment of all particle trajectories produce a big bang ... 03:12: ... you’d expect for a classical spinning object. Instead the electron will randomly shift ot having left or right ... 15:50: ... of "yourself". If by that you mean any given version of you chosen randomly from all possible future timelines - then yes, chances are that version ... 03:12: ... you’d expect for a classical spinning object. Instead the electron will randomly shift ot having left or right ... 15:50: ... of "yourself". If by that you mean any given version of you chosen randomly from all possible future timelines - then yes, chances are that version ... 03:12: ... you’d expect for a classical spinning object. Instead the electron will randomly shift ot having left or right ...
	2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat? 02:33: ... a totally random 50-50 chance of the radioactive decay over a certain period of time - ...
	2020-02-24: How Decoherence Splits The Quantum Multiverse 08:05: ... by those particles, and so the wavefunction leaving that slit picks up a random phase offset compared to the other ... 08:18: ... that emerging wavefunction can still interfere with itself - the random phase offset would just shift the pattern left or right for that ... 08:05: ... by those particles, and so the wavefunction leaving that slit picks up a random phase offset compared to the other ... 08:18: ... that emerging wavefunction can still interfere with itself - the random phase offset would just shift the pattern left or right for that ... 08:05: ... by those particles, and so the wavefunction leaving that slit picks up a random phase offset compared to the other ... 08:18: ... that emerging wavefunction can still interfere with itself - the random phase offset would just shift the pattern left or right for that ...
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 05:16: ... ended up very close to zero just by chance, but physicists hate using random chance to explain the precise refinement of a value - what they call ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 03:38: The properties of each region are effectively random - set in the beginning of the universe by quantum processes. 08:40: For example, you could argue that fundamental quantum randomness will cause even identical starting configurations to produce different results. 09:00: In fact, quantum randomness could allow different starting conditions to evolve into a universe that looks like this one. 03:38: The properties of each region are effectively random - set in the beginning of the universe by quantum processes. 01:15: ... heard the old thought experiment - if an infinite number of monkeys tap randomly on an infinite number of typewriters, eventually one of them will ... 01:30: The reasoning is simple enough: assume each monkey is tapping at all keys randomly. 11:31: Turns out monkeys don’t hit all keys randomly. 01:15: ... heard the old thought experiment - if an infinite number of monkeys tap randomly on an infinite number of typewriters, eventually one of them will ... 01:30: The reasoning is simple enough: assume each monkey is tapping at all keys randomly. 11:31: Turns out monkeys don’t hit all keys randomly. 08:40: For example, you could argue that fundamental quantum randomness will cause even identical starting configurations to produce different results. 09:00: In fact, quantum randomness could allow different starting conditions to evolve into a universe that looks like this one.
	2020-01-20: Solving the Three Body Problem 10:30: ... one instant and the next - but can be thought of as approximately random over long intervals. Such a pseudo-random system will, over time, ...
	2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes 04:50: ... of stellar mass black holes? The orbits of those black holes are mostly random, so the swarm forms a spheroid a few light years across. The accretion ...
	2019-12-17: Do Black Holes Create New Universes? 02:10: ... fundamental constants of the daughter universes are shifted slightly and randomly from their parent - mutations are ... 04:34: ... one thing: what if, when universes reproduces, the constants aren’t randomly reconfigured but rather change only slightly - analogous to a small ... 05:24: ... given universe may not be totally optimal because its constants varied randomly from its parent - in the same way that any given living organism isn’t ... 15:20: ... point is if any given individual assumes that we're randomly sample from all generations who thought about the doomsday argument then ... 15:41: Rather, it's that it's not at all clear that it's reasonable to count ourselves as "randomly selected" from all of the users of the doomsday argument. 02:10: ... fundamental constants of the daughter universes are shifted slightly and randomly from their parent - mutations are ... 04:34: ... one thing: what if, when universes reproduces, the constants aren’t randomly reconfigured but rather change only slightly - analogous to a small ... 05:24: ... given universe may not be totally optimal because its constants varied randomly from its parent - in the same way that any given living organism isn’t ... 15:20: ... point is if any given individual assumes that we're randomly sample from all generations who thought about the doomsday argument then ... 15:41: Rather, it's that it's not at all clear that it's reasonable to count ourselves as "randomly selected" from all of the users of the doomsday argument. 04:34: ... one thing: what if, when universes reproduces, the constants aren’t randomly reconfigured but rather change only slightly - analogous to a small number of genetic ... 15:20: ... point is if any given individual assumes that we're randomly sample from all generations who thought about the doomsday argument then ... 15:41: Rather, it's that it's not at all clear that it's reasonable to count ourselves as "randomly selected" from all of the users of the doomsday argument.
	2019-12-09: The Doomsday Argument 04:15: ... “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present ... 09:51: ... and doom-late are both thought of as existent, so that you can be randomly plucked from one - in the same way the two boxes ... 10:07: ... presumably only one is true and you weren’t randomly plucked from it - you just are what you are - a being with a mental ... 04:15: ... “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present ... 09:51: ... and doom-late are both thought of as existent, so that you can be randomly plucked from one - in the same way the two boxes ... 10:07: ... presumably only one is true and you weren’t randomly plucked from it - you just are what you are - a being with a mental ... 09:51: ... and doom-late are both thought of as existent, so that you can be randomly plucked from one - in the same way the two boxes ... 10:07: ... presumably only one is true and you weren’t randomly plucked from it - you just are what you are - a being with a mental experience ... 04:15: ... “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present and ...
	2019-12-02: Is The Universe Finite? 08:46: A random distribution of blobs ends up with slight clusterings. 09:19: ... a flat universe would look like a positively curved universe just due to random ... 08:46: A random distribution of blobs ends up with slight clusterings. 09:19: ... a flat universe would look like a positively curved universe just due to random uncertainties. ... 14:35: ... do you choose the sample of observers from which you consider yourself randomly ...
	2019-11-18: Can You Observe a Typical Universe? 07:25: There are more typical environments than non-typical ones, so pick a random environment and its probably typical. 09:08: ... the assumption that our universe resulted from a simple random fluctuation in an otherwise high-entropy cosmos, the anthropic principle ... 09:23: Apparently we aren’t, and so we can probably rule out a simple random entropy fluctuation as a sufficient explanation for our big bang. 07:25: There are more typical environments than non-typical ones, so pick a random environment and its probably typical. 09:08: ... the assumption that our universe resulted from a simple random fluctuation in an otherwise high-entropy cosmos, the anthropic principle predicts ... 10:08: ... that “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present ... 15:26: ... - perhaps the dials defining the fundamental constants were neither randomly set nor deliberately ... 10:08: ... that “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present ... 15:26: ... - perhaps the dials defining the fundamental constants were neither randomly set nor deliberately ... 10:08: ... that “All other things equal, an observer should reason as if they are randomly selected from the set of all actually existent observers (past, present and ... 15:26: ... - perhaps the dials defining the fundamental constants were neither randomly set nor deliberately ...
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 00:38: The anthropic principle tells us that we shouldn’t expect to find ourselves in some random corner of the multiverse - there’s an observer bias.
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 02:32: In fact these flips seem to be pretty random events. 07:13: Well, actually ANY weak field – even random bits of field – for example thermal fluctuations - are enough to initiate this runaway effect. 02:32: In fact these flips seem to be pretty random events. 08:50: ... magnetic field were switched off entirely, it would reestablish itself randomly, with the north and south magnetic poles aligned either one way or the ... 09:18: It then builds up again, choosing its direction randomly. 08:50: ... magnetic field were switched off entirely, it would reestablish itself randomly, with the north and south magnetic poles aligned either one way or the ... 09:18: It then builds up again, choosing its direction randomly.
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 04:02: The random nature of this version of inflaton decay means that many such bubbles should form, ie. multiple universes exist. 05:07: But it wouldn't end as a random process, it wouldn't require quantum tunneling to get started. 06:49: I mentioned that quantum fields fluctuate due to the intrinsic randomness of the quantum world. 04:02: The random nature of this version of inflaton decay means that many such bubbles should form, ie. multiple universes exist. 05:07: But it wouldn't end as a random process, it wouldn't require quantum tunneling to get started. 06:49: I mentioned that quantum fields fluctuate due to the intrinsic randomness of the quantum world.
	2019-08-06: What Caused the Big Bang? 08:29: ... if the inflaton field stays stuck. But quantum fields have a tendency to randomly fluctuate to different values, thanks to the Heisenberg uncertainty ...
	2019-07-18: Did Time Start at the Big Bang? 11:12: ... infinite time or The same amount of time could lead to all particles randomly converging back to the same spot Or maybe black holes birth new ...
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 00:08: ... between the Black Hole mass and the speed that stars are moving in their random orbits within galactic bulge the so called, Stellar Velocity ...
	2019-05-09: Why Quantum Computing Requires Quantum Cryptography 07:43: ... generates a random string of bits, 0’s and 1’s and encodes these bits using photons ... 08:07: ... i.e. Albert sent a 1 and Bob also gets a1, otherwise he will get a random result – Albert sends a 1 but Niels will get a 1 or 0 with equal ... 08:33: If Niels used a different basis he ignores the result because he knows it will be random. 09:06: That’s because Werner, like Niels, can only pick a random basis each time on which to project the photons. 09:14: ... photon state is unchanged, otherwise it will project the photon onto a random state, meaning Niels isn’t guaranteed to get the same answer as Albert, ... 12:18: Niels chooses a random set of bases to measure the particles he receives. 09:06: That’s because Werner, like Niels, can only pick a random basis each time on which to project the photons. 08:07: ... i.e. Albert sent a 1 and Bob also gets a1, otherwise he will get a random result – Albert sends a 1 but Niels will get a 1 or 0 with equal ... 12:18: Niels chooses a random set of bases to measure the particles he receives. 09:14: ... photon state is unchanged, otherwise it will project the photon onto a random state, meaning Niels isn’t guaranteed to get the same answer as Albert, even ... 07:43: ... generates a random string of bits, 0’s and 1’s and encodes these bits using photons polarized in a ... 07:58: These bits are then sent over an open channel to Niels who then randomly picks a basis of his own for each photon and projects onto that. 08:22: Over that same public channel they randomly pick a subset of those bits and Albert reveals which basis was used for those photons, and what she sent. 17:05: Randomly hearing that while walking down the street would creep me out too much. 07:43: ... these bits using photons polarized in a particular basis, and uses a randomly chosen basis, either rectilinear or diagonal, for each of the ... 07:58: These bits are then sent over an open channel to Niels who then randomly picks a basis of his own for each photon and projects onto that. 08:22: Over that same public channel they randomly pick a subset of those bits and Albert reveals which basis was used for those photons, and what she sent. 17:05: Randomly hearing that while walking down the street would creep me out too much. 07:43: ... these bits using photons polarized in a particular basis, and uses a randomly chosen basis, either rectilinear or diagonal, for each of the ... 17:05: Randomly hearing that while walking down the street would creep me out too much. 08:22: Over that same public channel they randomly pick a subset of those bits and Albert reveals which basis was used for those photons, and what she sent. 07:58: These bits are then sent over an open channel to Niels who then randomly picks a basis of his own for each photon and projects onto that. 05:48: ... for example, pass a randomly-polarized photon through a horizontal polarization filter like a polarized ...
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... okay to the face mollify shares with us they're tuning in to that video randomly was like Oh bleep I just walked into the final exam without ever going ...
	2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger? 09:34: Now there is a bit of variation in the relationship between UV and X-ray brightness – there’s random scatter. 13:36: ... few very distant quasars with good X-ray measurements, so maybe the random variations in the UV-to-X-ray ratio by chance to gave a false ... 09:34: Now there is a bit of variation in the relationship between UV and X-ray brightness – there’s random scatter. 13:36: ... few very distant quasars with good X-ray measurements, so maybe the random variations in the UV-to-X-ray ratio by chance to gave a false ...
	2019-03-13: Will You Travel to Space? 14:05: Now to remind you, the Brownian ratchet has this flywheel that turns a cog due to random motions of particles hitting the flywheel. 14:38: ... vibration. Even in a vacuum, that internal vibration is enough to randomize its rotational ... 14:05: Now to remind you, the Brownian ratchet has this flywheel that turns a cog due to random motions of particles hitting the flywheel. 14:38: ... vibration. Even in a vacuum, that internal vibration is enough to randomize its rotational ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 04:00: Individual gas particles are moving around with random – or Brownian motion. 06:55: Due to the intrinsic quantum randomness of all particles, as expressed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, everything moves.
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 00:08: ... early Universe became transparent for the first time It sounds like random static But that buzz contains an incredible wealth of hidden information ... 12:34: ... background It's an insane wealth of information f rom what looks like random minuscule fluctuations in this faint noisy buzz So next time you hear ... 00:08: ... early Universe became transparent for the first time It sounds like random static But that buzz contains an incredible wealth of hidden information It ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 03:51: ... teensy bit less there, These fluctuations probably were the remnants of random quantum fluctuations From when the universe was subatomic in ... 08:35: Collapse that web into galaxies over the age of the universe, and at first glance, it looks like a random smattering of galaxies on the sky. 09:18: With a galaxy redshift survey in hand, how do you find patterns in what looks like a random splattering of tens to hundreds of thousands of galaxies? 03:51: ... teensy bit less there, These fluctuations probably were the remnants of random quantum fluctuations From when the universe was subatomic in ... 08:35: Collapse that web into galaxies over the age of the universe, and at first glance, it looks like a random smattering of galaxies on the sky. 09:18: With a galaxy redshift survey in hand, how do you find patterns in what looks like a random splattering of tens to hundreds of thousands of galaxies?
	2019-01-30: Perpetual Motion From Negative Mass? 14:07: 6 randomly selected correct-slash-creative answers will receive their choice of any piece space time swag from our brand new merchandise store.
	2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology 10:13: ...that that level of difference could have happened through random errors.
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... a directed panspermia program gives you much better numbers than randomly scattering with the philic bacteria from asteroid impacts with a non ...
	2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space? 00:37: ... months although it's more likely to take years or centuries given the random nature of the journey those timescales are totally reasonable for the ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 08:26: And finally, what about the sheer unlikelihood of a random encounter with an interstellar space rock? 10:24: And that's a pretty typical speed for a random object orbiting in the Milky Way. 08:26: And finally, what about the sheer unlikelihood of a random encounter with an interstellar space rock? 10:24: And that's a pretty typical speed for a random object orbiting in the Milky Way.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 10:27: ... particles." The quantum state is not fluctuating on its own, but it will randomly collapse into one of these possibilities when something interacts with ...
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 10:58: We chose six correct enough responses at random listed below.
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 14:43: The actual amount of time it takes to decay is random, and there's a constant probability of it happening at every set interval.
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 04:12: ... which means energy tends to spread out evenly and particles tend to randomize, reducing our information about their microscopic ... 09:04: He showed that black holes radiate random particles exactly as though they have a peak glow for a particular temperature that depends on their mass. 04:12: ... which means energy tends to spread out evenly and particles tend to randomize, reducing our information about their microscopic ... 03:55: The higher the entropy, the more randomly distributed its particles and the more possible configurations lead to the same macroscopic state. 04:36: Now that's a high entropy based, super hot and full of randomly moving particles. 03:55: The higher the entropy, the more randomly distributed its particles and the more possible configurations lead to the same macroscopic state. 04:36: Now that's a high entropy based, super hot and full of randomly moving particles. 03:55: The higher the entropy, the more randomly distributed its particles and the more possible configurations lead to the same macroscopic state. 04:36: Now that's a high entropy based, super hot and full of randomly moving particles.
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 07:44: They slowly leak away their mass as a cool heat [INAUDIBLE] of random particles for the most part faint radio light. 17:01: The key is that our accepted models of reality are consistent in ways that random chance couldn't possibly allow. 07:44: They slowly leak away their mass as a cool heat [INAUDIBLE] of random particles for the most part faint radio light. 04:49: As stars randomly pass close to each other, planets are flung into the blackness. 16:20: ... says that sometimes it feels like we're trying to fit maths randomly to the observations when we come up with stuff like virtual particles ... 04:49: As stars randomly pass close to each other, planets are flung into the blackness. 16:20: ... says that sometimes it feels like we're trying to fit maths randomly to the observations when we come up with stuff like virtual particles ... 04:49: As stars randomly pass close to each other, planets are flung into the blackness.
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 09:23: 25 random participants will receive an awesome PBS DS t-shirt.
	2018-07-25: Reversing Entropy with Maxwell's Demon 00:15: Entropy is sometimes described as a measure of disorder or randomness. 00:50: But entropy is connected to disorder and randomness in a very real way. 02:04: Let's say we place 180 black stones on random vertices of our Go board. 07:34: From our point of view, the randomness of the particles decreases, but that randomness is transferred to the memory of the demon. 09:53: It can be interpreted as the amount of previously hidden information that can potentially be revealed by the observation of a random event. 02:04: Let's say we place 180 black stones on random vertices of our Go board. 00:15: Entropy is sometimes described as a measure of disorder or randomness. 00:50: But entropy is connected to disorder and randomness in a very real way. 07:34: From our point of view, the randomness of the particles decreases, but that randomness is transferred to the memory of the demon.
	2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy 05:18: So if you look at the system at some random point in time, it'll be in a completely random microstate chosen from all possible microstates. 05:38: Let's say you place 180 black stones at random. 05:18: So if you look at the system at some random point in time, it'll be in a completely random microstate chosen from all possible microstates.
	2018-07-11: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model 03:18: The position that we observe when we look at the particle is picked randomly from that distribution.
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 02:44: ... causes black holes to evaporate into a perfectly random buzz of radiation that contains none of the information about the ...
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 12:54: Peter K. asks how the universe can be deterministic given the fundamental probabilistic random nature of the quantum world. 13:02: Well, the key here is that that randomness arises at the level of observation. 12:54: Peter K. asks how the universe can be deterministic given the fundamental probabilistic random nature of the quantum world. 13:02: Well, the key here is that that randomness arises at the level of observation.
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 07:58: But all of this talk of quantum mechanics being deterministic seems a bit at odds with the idea of quantum randomness and the uncertainty principle. 08:12: That value seems to be chosen randomly based on the probability distribution encoded in the wave function. 07:58: But all of this talk of quantum mechanics being deterministic seems a bit at odds with the idea of quantum randomness and the uncertainty principle.
	2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) 01:07: The particles that make up any system all have some degree of random motion. 01:13: That random motion tends to drive the system towards the most common arrangement of particles. 01:18: Such a random disordered, unspecial arrangement is a high entropy state. 08:01: The most random possible form for energy is thermal radiation, and the lower the energy of its component photons, the higher the entropy. 08:58: Self-replication randomizes the environment, even if each new replicator is highly ordered. 10:10: ... the process of redistributing energy into the most random possible state, little eddies of order, like galaxies, stars, planets, ... 01:18: Such a random disordered, unspecial arrangement is a high entropy state. 01:07: The particles that make up any system all have some degree of random motion. 01:13: That random motion tends to drive the system towards the most common arrangement of particles. 08:58: Self-replication randomizes the environment, even if each new replicator is highly ordered. 06:20: These systems are doing their best to obey the second law of thermodynamics by redistributing their energy as evenly and randomly as they can.
	2017-12-13: The Origin of 'Oumuamua, Our First Interstellar Visitor 06:16: It may come from a vast population of random debris floating around in interstellar space.
	2017-11-29: Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer 09:17: So we randomly selected six correct answers as winners of the challenge.
	2017-08-30: White Holes 10:09: We actually did talk about a case where a random drop in entropy lead to something very much like a white hole in this episode.
	2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe 10:16: We randomly selected five correct answers.
	2017-08-02: Dark Flow 00:51: The random motion of galaxies-- what we call peculiar motion-- should also have no preferred direction.
	2017-07-26: The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams 11:34: We'll randomly choose five correct answers to win a "Spacetime" t-shirt, and that includes a choice from brand new t-shirt designs.
	2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity 13:01: There are smaller cooler regions that are consistent with random fluctuations.
	2017-06-07: Supervoids vs Colliding Universes! 02:22: We think that they came from random quantum fluctuations from the very first instant after the Big Bang. 03:06: Now, it's possible to explain the cold spot as just an unusually strong random fluctuation in the CMB. 02:22: We think that they came from random quantum fluctuations from the very first instant after the Big Bang.
	2017-05-17: Martian Evolution 02:40: ... a genetic trait is no longer useful, then random mutations will gradually destroy it, like sight and pigmentation for ...
	2017-05-03: Are We Living in an Ancestor Simulation? ft. Neil deGrasse Tyson 13:52: ... that the Boltzmann brain thought experiment fails because it assumes random particle motion, and that particle motion is actually ... 14:09: ... even in a perfectly deterministic universe, there's a pseudo randomness that arises due to massive complexity, say, in a room full of 10 to the ... 14:20: ... there's a pretty powerful emergent force, then even the pseudo random assembly of a Boltzmann brain is vastly more probable than the pseudo ... 13:52: ... that the Boltzmann brain thought experiment fails because it assumes random particle motion, and that particle motion is actually ... 08:01: ... an infinite multiverse, it should be vastly more common for particles to randomly assemble into a brain that is having exactly your current experience of ... 16:13: It's also possible to imagine this happening randomly, albeit with stunningly low probability. 08:01: ... an infinite multiverse, it should be vastly more common for particles to randomly assemble into a brain that is having exactly your current experience of ... 16:13: It's also possible to imagine this happening randomly, albeit with stunningly low probability. 08:01: ... an infinite multiverse, it should be vastly more common for particles to randomly assemble into a brain that is having exactly your current experience of the world ... 14:09: ... even in a perfectly deterministic universe, there's a pseudo randomness that arises due to massive complexity, say, in a room full of 10 to the ...
	2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain? 00:44: He showed that the laws of thermodynamics can be explained by thinking of gas as a collection of microscopic particles in constant, random motion. 02:39: In most of those random arrangements, the room is filled pretty evenly, and we can't tell those arrangements apart from each other. 03:18: Entropy increases because particle positions and velocities get randomized over time. 03:45: The larger the random dip in entropy, the less probable it is. 03:52: ... of gas will happen to all end up in one corner of the room, due to their random ... 09:37: And, in this case, there is no evidence that the Big Bang arose from a random fluctuation. 02:39: In most of those random arrangements, the room is filled pretty evenly, and we can't tell those arrangements apart from each other. 03:45: The larger the random dip in entropy, the less probable it is. 09:37: And, in this case, there is no evidence that the Big Bang arose from a random fluctuation. 00:44: He showed that the laws of thermodynamics can be explained by thinking of gas as a collection of microscopic particles in constant, random motion. 03:52: ... of gas will happen to all end up in one corner of the room, due to their random motion. ... 03:18: Entropy increases because particle positions and velocities get randomized over time. 00:10: You just came into being randomly out of the chaotic void. 02:32: The air molecules are moving randomly, and over time they pass through all possible arrangements that they could have. 02:54: ... of those possible distributions, all of the air molecules end up randomly bunched together in one corner or, I don't know, produce a density wave ... 04:42: However, there's one arrangement that those particles could randomly fall into that would be even less probable than all of the above. 04:50: All the particles in a region much larger than our universe could randomly end up in almost the exact same location. 08:10: ... experiment I do may be the randomly assembled delusion of a Boltzmann brain that happened to come into ... 00:10: You just came into being randomly out of the chaotic void. 02:32: The air molecules are moving randomly, and over time they pass through all possible arrangements that they could have. 02:54: ... of those possible distributions, all of the air molecules end up randomly bunched together in one corner or, I don't know, produce a density wave ... 04:42: However, there's one arrangement that those particles could randomly fall into that would be even less probable than all of the above. 04:50: All the particles in a region much larger than our universe could randomly end up in almost the exact same location. 08:10: ... experiment I do may be the randomly assembled delusion of a Boltzmann brain that happened to come into ... 02:54: ... of those possible distributions, all of the air molecules end up randomly bunched together in one corner or, I don't know, produce a density wave playing ... 04:42: However, there's one arrangement that those particles could randomly fall into that would be even less probable than all of the above.
	2017-03-22: Superluminal Time Travel + Time Warp Challenge Answer 10:43: If you see your name below, we randomly selected your correct answer to win a spacetime t-shirt. 11:20: It should only take about 10 minutes, and we'll be giving away PBS shirts to 25 randomly selected participants. 10:43: If you see your name below, we randomly selected your correct answer to win a spacetime t-shirt. 11:20: It should only take about 10 minutes, and we'll be giving away PBS shirts to 25 randomly selected participants. 10:43: If you see your name below, we randomly selected your correct answer to win a spacetime t-shirt. 11:20: It should only take about 10 minutes, and we'll be giving away PBS shirts to 25 randomly selected participants.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 02:16: Normal matter that is in what we call thermal equilibrium only has random internal motion. 02:26: But from one instant to the next, that buzz stays random. 04:19: Either direct alignment or opposite alignment are both a lower energy state than random alignment. 05:09: ... or continue oscillating at least for a while if the input EM field is randomized. ... 08:51: ... doesn't take much random motion from heat to scramble a carefully prepared array of entangled ... 04:19: Either direct alignment or opposite alignment are both a lower energy state than random alignment. 02:16: Normal matter that is in what we call thermal equilibrium only has random internal motion. 08:51: ... doesn't take much random motion from heat to scramble a carefully prepared array of entangled spin ... 05:09: ... or continue oscillating at least for a while if the input EM field is randomized. ...
	2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer 10:02: If you see your name below, we randomly selected you from the correct submissions.
	2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon? 15:57: In the Copenhagen interpretation, the uncertainty principle describes the intrinsic randomness of the quantum world.
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 02:36: ... were a measurement to be made, and that upon measurement fundamental randomness determines the properties of, say, the particle that would emerge from ... 03:07: Einstein famously hated the idea of fundamental randomness. 04:51: ... the choice of path isn't random-- if you know the exact particle position and velocity at any point, you ... 05:01: Apparent randomness arises because we can't ever have a perfect measurement of initial position, velocity, or other properties. 02:36: ... were a measurement to be made, and that upon measurement fundamental randomness determines the properties of, say, the particle that would emerge from ... 03:07: Einstein famously hated the idea of fundamental randomness. 05:01: Apparent randomness arises because we can't ever have a perfect measurement of initial position, velocity, or other properties. 02:36: ... were a measurement to be made, and that upon measurement fundamental randomness determines the properties of, say, the particle that would emerge from its wave ...
	2016-10-26: The Many Worlds of the Quantum Multiverse 04:45: The Copenhagen interpretation says that this selection happens in a fundamentally random way. 10:23: It explains the apparent randomness of quantum mechanics with a sort of observer bias.
	2016-09-14: Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination 07:36: ... random events that led to technological life dominating the Earth could have ...
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 04:41: That decision is made randomly by a beam splitter in the original experiment.
	2016-08-17: Quantum Eraser Lottery Challenge 03:57: This conscious choice should be no different to the random decision of the beam splitter. 03:11: ... section-- so C and D. That choice is made by these beam splitters, which randomly reflect 50% of photons and let 50% pass ...
	2016-08-03: Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson 10:57: AFastudiousCuber asks, how can something be "fundamentally" random? 11:15: ... function collapses, the properties of the resulting particle are picked randomly from that probability ...
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 09:25: ... that final choice of the experiment of the universe is fundamentally random within the constraints of the final wave ...
	2016-07-20: The Future of Gravitational Waves 01:54: It's calculated that LIGO would need to observe for over 200,000 years to see the same signal arise from random vibrations. 02:01: Or another way to put this is that there's a one in 20 billion chance that this signal was from random vibrations. 02:27: There's only a one in 10 billion chance of this one just being due to random noise. 07:40: We chose three random correct answers from both the main and extra credit questions-- names listed right here. 02:27: There's only a one in 10 billion chance of this one just being due to random noise. 01:54: It's calculated that LIGO would need to observe for over 200,000 years to see the same signal arise from random vibrations. 02:01: Or another way to put this is that there's a one in 20 billion chance that this signal was from random vibrations.
	2016-06-22: Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics 03:10: Heat is just the energy in the random motion of particles comprising an object.
	2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing 11:45: ... to become a set of physical properties, there needs to be a completely random sampling of its probability ...
	2016-06-08: New Fundamental Particle Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 02:28: And it could have been the natural result of random fluctuations. 12:40: If your name appears on screen below me, you got this right, and were randomly selected to receive a space time T-shirt.
	2016-05-11: The Cosmic Conspiracy of Dark Energy Challenge Question 06:07: I'll choose three correct answers at random for both the main and the extra credit questions to receive Space Time t-shirts.
	2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! 00:38: And it could happen pretty randomly over this sky.
	2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe 10:59: And random orientation orbits give you a spheroid. 11:08: Stars a small enough, compared to the distances between them, that they can be in these random orbits. 10:59: And random orientation orbits give you a spheroid.
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 10:52: You'll find the link to the survey in the description, and 25 participants will be chosen at random to win PBS Digital Studios t-shirts.
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 03:53: We'll randomly select three correct answers for each of the two questions.
	2016-02-17: Planet X Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 07:30: We chose three random entries from those to get brand new "SpaceTime" t-shirts. 02:20: Now, the alignment of those weird Kuiper Belt orbits is pretty unlikely to have happened randomly, a 0.007% chance, to be precise.
	2016-01-20: The Photon Clock Challenge 01:44: ... choose five random entries from the correct submissions to receive brand-new PBS Space Time ...
	2015-11-25: 100 Years of Relativity + Challenge Winners! 07:33: We chose five those correct answers at random to receive PBS Digital Studios t-shirts.
	2015-11-11: Challenge: Can you save Earth from a Killer Asteroid? 02:41: We'll select five random correct answers to receive PBS Digital Studios t-shirts, and I'll have the solution for you in a couple of weeks.
	2015-11-05: Why Haven't We Found Alien Life? 08:26: Was this a random lucky event that we just had to wait for? 09:00: Of course, maybe the emergence of intelligence is a random and unlikely event, and this one is the hardest to assess. 08:26: Was this a random lucky event that we just had to wait for?
	2015-08-27: Watch THIS! (New Host + Challenge Winners) 02:02: But a lot of you did submit algebraically correct complete solutions, from which we selected five randomly to win a T-shirt.
	2015-08-12: Challenge: Which Particle Wins This Race? 05:04: Five random people with correct answers and explanations will receive a T-shirt. 03:48: Now from among the correct answers, we will randomly select five people to receive a PBS Digital Studios T-shirt.
	2015-06-17: How to Signal Aliens 10:45: ... people who got it right with the correct answer and were among our five randomly selected ...
	2015-06-10: What Happens to a Helium Balloon in Freefall? 01:21: We'll be giving away t-shirts to some randomly chosen people from among those who submit correct answers with correct explanations.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 01:53: That's thermal energy, or equivalently, randomized kinetic energy on a more microscopic level.
	2015-04-29: What's the Most Realistic Artificial Gravity in Sci-Fi? 10:30: Does quantum mechanics bring back free will since it attaches some inherent randomness to the future.
	2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained 02:12: In fact, it's called a thermal spectrum because the light is generated by the random motions of particles in the material. 02:17: And those random motions are themselves a reflection of temperature. 02:12: In fact, it's called a thermal spectrum because the light is generated by the random motions of particles in the material. 02:17: And those random motions are themselves a reflection of temperature.

128 result(s) shown.

Help · About · Index