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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 19:18: ... by the maximum amount of fuel you can pour in before the outgoing radiation stalls the fuel ... 20:40: A retina detachment is a much rarer possibility, but not as rare as seeing Cherenkov radiation from neutrinos. 19:18: ... by the maximum amount of fuel you can pour in before the outgoing radiation stalls the fuel ...
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 04:47: This is Cherenkov radiation, and it’s ultimately how we detect the neutrinos. 05:11: In this way, IceCube sees the Cherenkov radiation from neutrinos generating both electrons and muons, but it’s the muons that are really useful. 12:01: ... can also look for neutrino Cherenkov radiation at radio wavelengths, which allows us to scan vast tracks of the ... 14:33: There’s a tiny chance that a neutrino passing through the vitreous fluid of your eye will interact with a nucleus and produce Cherenkov radiation. 14:44: We know that this Cherenkov is potentially visible based on reports of flashes by radiation therapy patients.
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 14:43: ... with a half life of only six hours we can greatly reduce the amount of radiation the patient will be exposed to, while also being able to get useful ...
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 04:18: If we were to find excess gamma radiation from high-density regions of our galaxy, then this might come from dark matter annihilations.
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 17:53: ... to describe fluctuation quantum fields, what does that mean for Hawking radiation? ... 18:07: After all, Hawking radiation is sometimes portrayed as a virtual particle-antiparticle pair being separated by a black hole event horizon. 18:28: Hawking’s original derived his radiation by calculating the disturbances on the quantum fields due to the appearance of an event horizon. 18:49: I suggest searching for hawking radiation in our channel’s search window of an unreasonably deep dive into all of that.
	2022-08-17: What If Dark Energy is a New Quantum Field? 10:55: ... field could be coupled to the quantum fields responsible for radiation and matter, and its behavior could be connected to the density of the ...
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 16:39: ... of the the naked   mole rat and the tardigrade to grant us radiation resistance for these long interstellar journeys.   So I knew about ...
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 11:04: That hazard is radiation. 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation. 11:24: ... shielded ship at any relativistic speed would be subjected to levels of radiation comparable to the core of a nuclear ... 11:42: ... a centimeter or two thick should be enough protection against this radiation at 20% c, as would be a shield of water a meter thick - perhaps the best ... 11:58: You also need an inner layer of lead or similar to block the secondary radiation. 12:17: But none of this helps against the other type of radiation - cosmic rays. 12:35: ... radiation dose from cosmic rays is lower than that of the interstellar gas - it’s ... 18:11: ... from the entangled particles that emerge from a black hole as Hawking radiation, could we in principle learn about the inside of the black hole, given ... 18:31: ... answer is yes - if hawking radiation really is entangled with the black hole then in principle we can learn ... 19:18: The answer is that we’ve never detected hawking radiation, but several lines of pretty sound reasoning indicate it must be real. 19:45: Check out our hawking radiation episode for a pretty details description. 12:17: But none of this helps against the other type of radiation - cosmic rays. 11:24: ... shielded ship at any relativistic speed would be subjected to levels of radiation comparable to the core of a nuclear ... 12:35: ... radiation dose from cosmic rays is lower than that of the interstellar gas - it’s not ... 19:45: Check out our hawking radiation episode for a pretty details description.
	2022-06-15: Can Wormholes Solve The Black Hole Information Paradox? 03:20: ... entangle a black hole. One way to think about Hawking   radiation is that the black hole is swallowing and emitting virtual ... 04:21: ... Von Neuman entropy of the radiation should increase over time as the internal information   ... 04:44: ... might wonder if the Hawking radiation itself can serve as an escape route for that ... 05:20: ... radiation   should rise over time as more  and more radiation is produced,   but then at some point the entropy starts ... 08:14: ... as its geometry changes with each  outgoing particle of Hawking radiation. ... 08:36: ... a proper calculation of the von Neuman   entropy of Hawking radiation, you need to consider all transitional states of the evaporating ... 11:13: ... you end up with a new equation for  the entropy of the Hawking radiation. ... 11:25: ... This results in a new equation for the entropy of the   radiation, which has been called the island  rule. This was actually not the ... 12:09: ... these imaginary transitional geometries   allow the radiation to leak quantum  information from the black hole ... 04:44: ... might wonder if the Hawking radiation itself can serve as an escape route for that information.   But according ... 04:21: ... Von Neuman entropy of the radiation should increase over time as the internal information   of the black hole ... 05:20: ... leaks out this way, then the  von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   should rise over time as more  and more radiation is ... 12:09: ... rule, the physicists found that the von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   exactly follows the Page curve. Somehow  these imaginary ...
	2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life? 08:01: ... would obliterate our ozone layer.   On the other hand, some radiation may be essential  - because genetic mutation drives ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 11:22: ... called the transplanckian problem, which is to do with how Hawking radiation seems to emerge from sub-Planck-wavelength radiation at the event ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 16:10: ... of you asked about the possibility of detecting Hawking radiation in the case that the universe is a black hole. Actually, we should ...
	2022-03-30: Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole? 10:48: ... Hawking once showed that if a black hole is leaking its mass via Hawking radiation in perfect equilibrium with the radiation that it absorbs - for example, ...
	2022-03-08: Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth? 06:37: ... of the star - just the right distance for the intensity of the star’s radiation to potentially allow water to exist in liquid ... 11:22: ... have powerful outbursts - flares - that blast high energy particles and radiation through the planetary ...
	2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe? 10:09: ... exist? Well let’s start   with these gravitational waves. That radiation  should be emitted in beams in the direction of   oscillation ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 11:09: ... and acceleration caused by this Brownian motion means it will emit radiation. Last year, scientists working in Trieste, Italy tried to measure this ... 18:15: ... question, but now it’s for black holes that shrink due to Hawking radiation. This is a lot more speculative. Some physicists think that the Hawking ... 18:37: ... hole, but in its formation, but in its original formulation Hawking radiation is supposed to be completely random - information free - and so that ... 11:09: ... Last year, scientists working in Trieste, Italy tried to measure this radiation effect. They put an 8-by-8 cm germanium crystal in a cryostat and carefully ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... the machine that would have detected the cosmic microwave background radiation before he was scooped by these two engineers of our labs but he was ...
	2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole? 02:08: ... stars reach us at about the same time the corresponding electromagnetic radiation from the ... 09:56: That’s ignoring the whole Hawking radiation, black hole evaporation thing.
	2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT 18:43: Such a beam has a lower entropy than isotropic thermal radiation, and so less energy is made available for the aliens.
	2021-12-20: What Happens If A Black Hole Hits Earth? 03:00: ... they'd have all evaporated by now by leaking away their mass in Hawking radiation. ... 06:02: ... like Cygnus X-1 or the supermassive black holes in quasars - from the radiation generated by the infalling, or accreting ... 06:35: ... there’s a limit to how much radiation a black hole can produce. That same radiation causes an outward pressure ... 06:56: ... brightness that the material around a black hole can radiate before radiation pressure cuts off the ... 06:02: ... like Cygnus X-1 or the supermassive black holes in quasars - from the radiation generated by the infalling, or accreting ... 06:56: ... brightness that the material around a black hole can radiate before radiation pressure cuts off the ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 03:13: Black holes evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. 03:17: ... talked about this previously, but the TL;DW is that Hawking radiation should be completely random, and so leaks away the black hole’s mass ... 04:32: A theory of quantum gravity would have really helped Stephen Hawking in deriving his eponymous radiation. 07:53: For instance, the profile of the radiation emitted by the strings precisely matched that of traditional Hawking radiation. 15:25: Earnest was also a part of the Apollo XI mission, working in the Air Force in Colorado tracking and predicting solar radiation bursts. 07:53: For instance, the profile of the radiation emitted by the strings precisely matched that of traditional Hawking radiation.
	2021-11-10: What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong? 10:44: Regular matter was kept from collapsing into  any structures by the pressure of the intense radiation of that era. 10:29: ... cosmic microwave background radiation  reveals a lumpiness that tells us how matter pulled itself together ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 01:02: ... of bad science fiction. An indestructium  craft to withstand the radiation and pressure,   and an anti-gravitational field to ... 02:00: ... field,   and their motion in those jets results in  the radiation that we observe as ...
	2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole 04:37: ... field of the black hole and the continuous blaze of high energy radiation from the inner accretion ... 06:11: Or being blasted out by the crazy radiation from the accretion disk? 06:56: And two: it’s being blasted out, riding the flow of radiation from the inner accretion disk. 08:47: ... trajectories, but then gets lifted off the accretion disk by the blazing radiation of the inner disk into a vortex and then is blasted ... 09:51: The intense radiation in this region strips almost all atoms of their electrons. 13:05: ... warp fields are supposed to blast an intense beam of radiation ahead of them when they come out of warp, which could potentially be ...
	2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse 16:27: ... into space with the matter, potentially leading to electromagnetic radiation. And that is exactly it. The supernova shock front is a mixture of high ... 16:58: ... by electrons spiraling in that magnetic field - what we call synchrotron radiation. Galactic magnetic fields have very clear bubble-like structures that ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 09:18: ... we expect them to slowly spiral together because they emit gravitational radiation that saps away their orbital energy. We’ve seen the result of this with ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 06:45: ... mapped polarization of the cosmic microwave background - the ubiquitous radiation left over from the big ...
	2021-06-16: Can Space Be Infinitely Divided? 01:16: ... mathematical description of   blackbody, or thermal radiation - by requiring that the energy of light in this heat-glow ...
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 15:32: ... asked whether a region dense in Planck relics would emit high-energy radiation as the relics merged and then Hawking-radiated again This is the sort of ...
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 01:01: He showed that black holes must radiate, and so slowly leak away their mass in what we now call Hawking radiation. 01:35: To understand Planck relics we need a quick review of Hawking radiation. 01:46: Hawking’s discovery of his black hole radiation was really ingenious. 02:23: Hawking even figured out what that radiation should look like: it should be thermal. 02:36: In the common pop-sci description of Hawking radiation you often hear about particle-antiparticle pairs appearing at the event horizon. 02:45: This is misleading; for one thing, the radiation doesn’t appear right above the event horizon. 03:08: ... such black holes the Hawking radiation is just photons - electromagnetic waves with kilometers-long ... 03:25: But as the black hole shrinks in mass and in size, its Hawking radiation also decreases in wavelength - but it increases in energy. 03:45: ... only have black holes, which one by one vanish in bright pops of Hawking radiation. ... 03:57: These days most physicists agree that Hawking radiation is a thing. 04:26: ... the black hole with a very distant zero-gravity region where the Hawking radiation is ... 05:13: In that motion they produce thermal radiation that includes every possible wavelength of light. 05:49: You no longer have a smooth, statistical spectrum to your thermal radiation - the black hole will leak its remaining mass in sudden, discrete steps. 06:05: In which case the Hawking radiation ceases, and the black hole becomes stable. 06:11: If it happens at all, it’ll be when the average energy of the Hawking radiation is close to the entire rest-mass energy of the remaining black hole. 09:02: ... that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was introduced with Hawking radiation - the black hole information ... 09:14: ... black holes radiate a perfect thermal spectrum then, by definition, that radiation has maximum entropy and contains no information about whatever fell into ... 05:49: You no longer have a smooth, statistical spectrum to your thermal radiation - the black hole will leak its remaining mass in sudden, discrete steps. 09:02: ... that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was introduced with Hawking radiation - the black hole information ... 06:05: In which case the Hawking radiation ceases, and the black hole becomes stable. 02:45: This is misleading; for one thing, the radiation doesn’t appear right above the event horizon.
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 09:34: And that introduces its own type of noise - radiation pressure noise as these photons transfer energy to the mirrors in the interferometer.
	2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens 06:27: ... same way that comets do due to outgassing - ices vaporizing in the Sun’s radiation acting like jets. In the case of comets, this also results in classic ... 08:28: ... into interstellar space by an impact. Pluto also has a red tinge due to radiation processing its surface methane into hydrocarbons. This also explains the ... 14:48: ... curvature in the warp bubble walls should produce something like Hawking radiation, which may obliterate anything trying to ride in a warp ... 06:27: ... same way that comets do due to outgassing - ices vaporizing in the Sun’s radiation acting like jets. In the case of comets, this also results in classic comet ... 08:28: ... into interstellar space by an impact. Pluto also has a red tinge due to radiation processing its surface methane into hydrocarbons. This also explains the ...
	2021-04-13: What If Dark Matter Is Just Black Holes? 06:06: We can rule these out because by now all of these would have evaporated as Hawking radiation.
	2021-02-17: Gravitational Wave Background Discovered? 00:00: ... when the jets sweep past the earth we see flashes of electromagnetic radiation and we call those flashing sources pulsars some flash every few seconds ...
	2021-01-26: Is Dark Matter Made of Particles? 00:23: ... around galaxies and clusters, in the clumpiness of the cosmic background radiation, and ... 10:33: ... been popping into existence constantly, borrowing energy from the crazy radiation of that ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 14:28: And then those black holes evaporate into radiation on a comparitifly short timescale.
	2020-12-15: The Supernova At The End of Time 07:35: ... even colder than that as the universe expands and the cosmic background radiation ... 09:13: But assuming protons are stable, we’ll reach a point where the universe consists of only iron stars and radiation. 09:33: And those black hole will evaporate rather quickly by comparison - leaking away as pure radiation in 10^60 years. 07:35: ... even colder than that as the universe expands and the cosmic background radiation disperses. ...
	2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other 04:38: ... particles spiral along the magnetic field lines they emit synchrotron radiation, and bright X-ray light is emitted as the gas hits the polar regions of ...
	2020-07-20: The Boundary Between Black Holes & Neutron Stars 13:34: ... hole shrank - but it would itslef be as hopelessly scrambled hawking radiation. ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 00:22: ... reverse too. Particle and anti-particle pairs can be created from pure radiation. In fact that’s how we think the first particles were created in the very ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 05:29: Normal black holes leak their mass away by emitting Hawking radiation. 05:33: That radiation cian be any type of elementary particle - but in the case of the most massive black holes, it’s mostly just photons. 05:40: That’s because the more massive the black hole the lower the temperature of the radiation. 05:45: In very massive black holes the Hawking radiation has trouble mustering the energy for anything but weak photons. 06:21: Hawking radiation is a direct result of there being an event horizon. 06:31: ... even if all particles in the universe decay, we may be left with only radiation and these naked, charged ... 05:33: That radiation cian be any type of elementary particle - but in the case of the most massive black holes, it’s mostly just photons.
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 01:54: ... black holes was started in 1972 by Bill Unruh - most known for his Unruh radiation, which we’ve talked about before. Now Bill Unruh did work with physical ... 03:26: ... flow resembles a black hole - right down to the emission of Hawking radiation. The details are a bit dense for YouTube, but I’ll link a lovely paper by ... 05:25: ... physicists can look for black hole-like behavior. For example, Hawking radiation. All the gory details of hawking radiation are in our previous episode, ... 06:33: ... in fact Hawking-like radiation has been observed in these analog black holes. Or at least, the ... 07:24: ... of energy and angular momentum seems to be sapped by this Hawking-like radiation. ... 09:19: ... useful as classical analogs are, Hawking radiation is ultimately a quantum mechanical effect. Deeper insights may require ... 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the existence, but also the temperature of ... 11:04: ... holes? Early arguments in the late ‘90s claimed that because Hawking radiation should appear for a variety of systems—you just need some sort of ... 11:55: ... acknowledge the experimental evidence of analog Hawking radiation in these other systems means something, and may be complementary ... 12:34: ... vortex may give us the next great insight into black holes, Hawking radiation, and the nature of the underlying, you guessed it, ... 06:33: ... This effect on the black hole is called the backreaction of the Hawking radiation - and actually, it’s somewhat contentious exactly what happens here. In ... 11:55: ... proxy. And some remain quite skeptical, claiming that analog Hawking radiation doesn’t even meet the standard of complementary ...
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 00:45: ... large size, and every black hole and particle has decayed into faint radiation .... that infinite stretch of space and time is identically the SAME ... 06:47: But with only light or other light-speed radiation there’s nothing internal to those universes that can tell them apart. 07:00: Well, it may be that in the extreme far future our universe will contain only radiation. 07:06: ... and their remnants will decay - black holes will evaporate by Hawking radiation, and particles of matter will decay into their lightest possible ... 08:08: Filled with only timeless radiation, it would possess no spacetime grid, so perhaps could be considered sizeless. 11:10: Only radiation - light and other massless particles - can cross over this conformal boundary from one aeon into the next. 11:18: ... radiation can pass between universes, conformal cyclic cosmology gives a natural ... 13:16: ... radiation can travel between universes, and if the end of the previous universe ... 00:45: ... large size, and every black hole and particle has decayed into faint radiation .... that infinite stretch of space and time is identically the SAME THING as ... 11:10: Only radiation - light and other massless particles - can cross over this conformal boundary from one aeon into the next.
	2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets? 07:26: ... and then swept into interplanetary or even interstellar space by the radiation from the ... 10:24: All of that said, radiation from stars is probably our best hope for obliterating space viruses. 08:53: ... space is deadly - it’s a freezing cold vacuum bathed in intense radiation.Virions are a bit like seeds or spores - dormant until they come into contact ...
	2020-05-18: Mapping the Multiverse 11:58: This would be okay-ish if the black hole was empty, but it’s not okay if there’s even the tiniest bit of matter or radiation. 15:19: ... 368 km/s relative to the rest-frame of the cosmic microwave background radiation - and that's as close as you can define to an absolute definition of ...
	2020-05-11: How Luminiferous Aether Led to Relativity 15:32: ... at the most distant point represented by the cosmic microwave background radiation? ...
	2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient 12:25: ... rate, and more all from the one source - the cosmic microwave background radiation - the oldest light we can see, released when the universe was a mere ... 12:59: ... would expand in the many billions of years following the release of that radiation and also how it had expanded before that time. There are other ... 12:25: ... rate, and more all from the one source - the cosmic microwave background radiation - the oldest light we can see, released when the universe was a mere ...
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... when Stephen Hawking realized that black holes must radiate and the radiation produced by black holes would be this totally random thermal glow okay ...
	2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel? 15:35: ... within a galaxy, the space between the stars is full of gas, radiation, cosmic rays, and dust. When I say "full", I mean it's everywhere - but ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 00:47: ... right on the edge of going supernova, and some of the most energetic radiation in the ... 11:16: ... by magnetic fields and are emitting what’s known as synchrotron radiation. ... 12:09: ... process, because our Earth’s atmosphere absorbs most of the gamma ray radiation that comes our ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 11:58: ... the internal physics, Steven Hawking's derivation of Hawking Radiation. ...
	2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes 05:58: ... gas saps their orbital energy much more quickly than by gravitational radiation alone. This means they can spiral together before being ripped apart by ... 08:50: ... then the event should invisible - it should emit no electromagnetic radiation. But it’s different in an accretion disk. A few things happen right after ... 09:21: ... they finally merge, they release a burst of gravitational radiation so powerful that it can carry away up to several percent of the original ... 09:53: ... together. All of this violent motion produces a flash of ultraviolet radiation - and those flashes may be visible to telescopes on Earth right after ...
	2019-12-02: Is The Universe Finite? 00:27: This is the cosmic microwave background radiation - the left-over heat-glow from the very early universe. 09:58: For example, the Planck CMB map required extremely careful subtraction of all other sources of microwave radiation. 00:27: This is the cosmic microwave background radiation - the left-over heat-glow from the very early universe.
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 09:04: ... space and whose oscillations produce the familiar particles of matter or radiation, were expected to have a so-called zero-point ...
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 05:59: ... a powerful magnetic field that protects Earth from dangerous space radiation and solar ...
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 11:20: ... some other successes, for example, the theory seems to predict Hawking radiation and black hole entropy consistent with Hawking and Bekenstein’s ...
	2019-10-07: Black Hole Harmonics 01:08: ... that black holes also merge – and in the process produce gravitational radiation that we’ve only just managed to detect with the miraculous work of the ...
	2019-09-23: Is Pluto a Planet? 15:56: ... much smaller than a planet and so presumably easier to protect from radiation and asteroids than the entire surface of ... 17:24: A couple of meters of Martian rock above your head is plenty to protect against space radiation and micrometeorites.
	2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars? 00:44: But those settlements will need to be cocooned - shielded against the deadly cold, the intense radiation and the fatal lack of atmospheric pressure. 02:15: And of course Earth’s atmosphere protects us from harmful cosmic rays and the most dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. 14:48: Now, without a real atmosphere, space radiation is gonna be a problem for our worldhouse, as is the constant bombardment of micro-meteors.
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 00:00: Earth’s magnetic field protects us from deadly space radiation. 01:15: Would life be extincted by crazy space radiation?
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 11:19: Pup314 asks if the reheating of the universe after inflation is what gave us the cosmic background radiation. 11:46: Then an ocean of inflaton particles released by the decaying inflaton field turned into extremely energetic particles and radiation. 12:02: That energy would then end up in the cosmic background radiation photons, but not for a while.
	2019-08-06: What Caused the Big Bang? 10:59: ... the Big Bang story predicts: An extremely hot dense ocean of matter and radiation that slowly cools and disperses and forms structure as the universe ...
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 12:15: ... that itself decays to emit a very high energy gamma ray, and that gamma radiation can fry bomb electronics and is relatively easily ...
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 15:29: ... Interaction more gas equals more active black hole equals more outward radiation and wind equals less gas Suitable for star formation or feeding a black ...
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 14:00: But you might see the result of it's decay a particular spectrum of radiation and cosmic rays.
	2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions 02:47: ... massive stars they slowly spiral towards each other as a gravitational radiation saps their orbital energy in the last minute before merger that ... 13:02: ... dark ages actually be blindingly bright given that the cosmic background radiation wasn't yet stretched to invisible microwave wavelengths?" - actually ... 02:47: ... massive stars they slowly spiral towards each other as a gravitational radiation saps their orbital energy in the last minute before merger that radiation is ...
	2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages 02:52: ... were gigantic and hot – like, ultraviolet-hot. They blasted energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons ... 05:45: ... they heated the surrounding gas, which caused it to absorb more 21cm radiation than it was emitting. This produced a slight dip in the the cosmic ... 11:49: ... light absorbed from the cosmic background radiation tells us when the dark ages ended, and light absorbed from the first ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 07:52: That wavelength should be dominated by synchrotron radiation, not from the thermal radiation of the accretion disk.
	2019-04-10: The Holographic Universe Explained 02:01: Steven Hawking confirmed the Bekenstein bound by calculating the amount of information leaked by a black hole as it evaporated in Hawking radiation. 02:11: ... discovery of Hawking radiation led to the black hole information paradox, because this radiation was ... 02:30: ... fell into the black hole could be imprinted on that outgoing Hawking radiation. ... 02:11: ... discovery of Hawking radiation led to the black hole information paradox, because this radiation was ...
	2019-04-03: The Edge of an Infinite Universe 08:09: The most famous use of this is by Steven Hawking, as we saw in our Hawking radiation episode. 08:44: He concluded that the black hole must generate particles – Hawking radiation. 08:09: The most famous use of this is by Steven Hawking, as we saw in our Hawking radiation episode.
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 07:17: And then of course there’s the gravitational radiation that will slowly sap the “perpetual motion” of celestial systems.
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 00:08: ... buzz is something very different It's the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation The remnants of the heat glow released when the hot dense early Universe ... 02:05: ... in the universe the pull of gravity fought against the outward push of radiation pressure causing density oscillations of all sizes The state of those ... 11:14: ... they tell us about the relative amount of dark matter compared to radiation, or light Now this is a bit too much of a rabbit hole for right now But ... 02:05: ... in the universe the pull of gravity fought against the outward push of radiation pressure causing density oscillations of all sizes The state of those ... 11:14: ... In the first few tens of thousands of years the Universe was in the radiation-dominated epoch Basically photons produced more gravity than matter Fluctuations ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 04:30: To equalise this pressure, radiation pushed outwards and carried the baryons with it. 05:49: As the wave of plasma and photons decoupled, light began to stream freely through the universe as the cosmic background radiation. 06:37: Immune to the radiation pressure, the central dark matter overdensity had continued to grow It pulled on the expanding shell, and was pulled by it. 07:44: Gravity pitted against radiation pressure. 07:54: ... in detail on the temperature map of the cosmic microwave background radiation. ... 11:41: And we can confirm that prediction by looking at the patterns in the cosmic background radiation. 06:37: Immune to the radiation pressure, the central dark matter overdensity had continued to grow It pulled on the expanding shell, and was pulled by it. 07:44: Gravity pitted against radiation pressure. 04:30: To equalise this pressure, radiation pushed outwards and carried the baryons with it.
	2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology 06:58: I'm talking about the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, the CMB. 09:02: This, in turn, depends on the density of matter and radiation,... 09:21: Those parameters include the starting combination of both dark and light matter, and radiation,... 11:57: Perhaps dark matter interacts more strongly with matter and radiation,...
	2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space? 00:37: ... very small individual bacteria can be accelerated by their star's own radiation and be ejected from the solar system this is Radio panspermia stars may ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 04:26: With no visible coma or tail, it doesn't look like outgassing, so maybe it's radiation pressure. 04:45: Now that's exactly what you'd expect for solar radiation pressure. 04:49: ... outgassing, because outgassing also depends on the strength of the sun's radiation. ... 04:58: ... the radiation pressure thing would only work if Oumuamua is incredibly thin and light, ... 16:34: Neutrinos are detected by the Cherenkov radiation produced by particles produced in neutrino collisions. 16:41: That radiation travels a short distance through ice to the nearest photon detector. 16:45: The same interactions happen in rock, but the Cherenkov radiation doesn't get very far. 04:26: With no visible coma or tail, it doesn't look like outgassing, so maybe it's radiation pressure. 04:45: Now that's exactly what you'd expect for solar radiation pressure. 04:58: ... the radiation pressure thing would only work if Oumuamua is incredibly thin and light, thinner ... 16:34: Neutrinos are detected by the Cherenkov radiation produced by particles produced in neutrino collisions. 16:41: That radiation travels a short distance through ice to the nearest photon detector.
	2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found? 06:02: This is Cherenkov radiation.
	2018-11-07: Why String Theory is Right 15:40: Those horizons perturb the vacuum which can lead to the creation of very real particles, as in Hawking radiation.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 00:21: Near black holes, virtual matter and antimatter pairs are separated by the event horizon to create Hawking radiation. 10:59: The classic example of this is Hawking radiation. 11:03: Stephen Hawking himself was the first to use virtual particles as an intuitive way to describe his radiation. 11:50: ... also did episodes on these, and just like with Hawking radiation, you don't need for virtual particles to have an independent existence to ...
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 14:22: ... mentioned in the video that you'd read off the result in Hawking radiation, which would take until long after the last star in universe has died to ... 14:33: The slow readout by Hawking radiation is equivalent to the time dilation issue. 14:53: Our supermassive black hole computer is only large enough to contain all information in radiation and matter.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 03:48: ... the same time, the actual information content in matter and radiation is probably more like 10 to the power of 90 bits, roughly corresponding ... 04:28: We'll figure out the case for just matter and for matter and radiation. 10:12: Matter and radiation combined have an entropy of 10 to the power of 90 bits. 10:26: ... you can only read out the simulation results in Hawking radiation as those black holes evaporate, which will take 10 to the power of 70 ... 10:12: Matter and radiation combined have an entropy of 10 to the power of 90 bits.
	2018-10-03: How to Detect Extra Dimensions 01:35: In GW170817, the flash of gamma radiation arrived 1.7 seconds after the gravitational waves. 05:48: But you restrict all the other stuff in the universe-- matter, radiation, astronomers-- to only three spatial dimensions. 06:55: ... your theory just right, and you get normal physics for matter and radiation in three spatial dimensions-- for example, the usual inverse square law ... 01:35: In GW170817, the flash of gamma radiation arrived 1.7 seconds after the gravitational waves. 05:48: But you restrict all the other stuff in the universe-- matter, radiation, astronomers-- to only three spatial dimensions.
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 03:33: ... the universe, especially when those black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation. ... 03:50: But that same Hawking radiation offers part of the solution to the information paradox. 03:54: ... black holes can be radiated back out into the universe via their Hawking radiation. ... 04:07: In a sense, both the source and the solution to the information paradox came from the discover of Hawking radiation. 12:57: If our modern understanding of Hawking radiation is right, they will evaporate catastrophically long before they reach you. 03:50: But that same Hawking radiation offers part of the solution to the information paradox.
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 00:25: ... stars-- the dark matter, black holes, planets, and the particles, and radiation in between the stars and galaxies, not to mention space itself, with its ... 08:04: So the Milky Way's black hole has as much entropy and hidden information as all of the matter and radiation in the entire rest of the universe. 09:56: Let's ignore really high entropy stuff like black holes, the cosmic background radiation, and neutrinos. 13:24: Spencer Twiddy is amused at my use of the word "prompt" for the time scale of evaporation by Hawking radiation.
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 02:55: From there it could be imprinted on the outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing the information to escape back into the universe. 05:30: And then why not radiate the entropy back into the universe as Hawking radiation? 06:09: So you know how nothing can escape black holes, ignoring Hawking radiation for the moment. 06:40: Gravitational radiation and the Penrose process reduce black-hole mass and radius or the sum of masses and radii of emerging black holes. 06:48: But there's one property of black holes that no process other than Hawking radiation can decrease. 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper. 02:55: From there it could be imprinted on the outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing the information to escape back into the universe. 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper.
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 07:38: But all black holes evaporate over time via Hawking radiation, something we've discussed in detail. 08:14: ... holes themselves can be used as engines through Hawking radiation, as we've also discussed previously, but also via other mechanisms that ... 11:14: ... power of 10 to the power of 26 years, then promptly evaporate by Hawking radiation. ...
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 05:54: ... need to withstand continuous exposure over many orbits to solar radiation and intense temperatures, upwards of 1,650 Kelvin, while keeping the ...
	2018-07-11: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model 12:29: ... from the ice cube experiment or from the cosmic microwave background radiation. ...
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 09:49: ... analysis of the cosmic microwave background radiation by the Planck satellite shows that the early rates of expansion of the ...
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 00:07: Stephen Hawking found a way to vanquish the black hole with his eponymous radiation. 00:12: But that same radiation threatens the very foundations of quantum mechanics. 00:44: It gradually leaks away through Hawking radiation over unthinkably long time scales. 00:50: But in a way, that same Hawking radiation may be more destructive than the black hole itself. 00:59: The apparent destruction of quantum information by Hawking radiation defies our current understanding of quantum mechanics. 02:38: But this is where Hawking radiation comes in. 02:40: Hawking radiation is like a cosmic whiteboard eraser. 02:44: ... causes black holes to evaporate into a perfectly random buzz of radiation that contains none of the information about the original contents of the ... 03:20: In other words, Hawking radiation should look exactly like the thermal radiation of heat. 03:25: ... black hole should be the only thing that determines the nature of the radiation. ... 03:39: The key here is that Hawking radiation doesn't depend at all on what the black hole is made of. 03:59: ... his radiation, Stephen Hawking found a way to erase quantum information, which is in ... 04:41: ... theory are correct as we currently understand them, then Hawking radiation must exist, and it must erase quantum ... 05:55: The competing idea is that the information of everything that falls into the black hole becomes imprinted on the Hawking radiation itself. 06:49: To resolve the bet, physicists had to figure out how quantum information could be transferred to Hawking radiation. 06:59: One, there's no known mechanism for that infalling stuff to leave enough of an information imprint to affect Hawking radiation. 07:16: ... turns out that by transferring quantum information to Hawking radiation, you may still violate the law of conservation of information just as ... 09:03: And, in principle, those distortions could potentially influence outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing them to carry away their information. 10:00: ... how the information on an event horizon gets attached to Hawking radiation is still contentious, but a number of physicists have proposed ... 10:28: ... the ashes of one to better reflect the scrambled information in Hawking radiation. ... 10:51: ... suggests that each particle of Hawking radiation should be simultaneously entangled with the interior of the black hole ... 09:03: And, in principle, those distortions could potentially influence outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing them to carry away their information. 00:59: The apparent destruction of quantum information by Hawking radiation defies our current understanding of quantum mechanics. 03:39: The key here is that Hawking radiation doesn't depend at all on what the black hole is made of. 03:59: ... his radiation, Stephen Hawking found a way to erase quantum information, which is in severe ... 00:12: But that same radiation threatens the very foundations of quantum mechanics.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 13:53: ... get radiated back out over countless of billions of years as Hawking radiation where it can be collected and giggled at by a future super-advanced ...
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 09:50: That's the case of black holes and Hawking radiation. 09:54: Stephen Hawking's eponymous radiation appears to destroy quantum information leading to the famous black hole information paradox. 12:17: Radiation, including photons and neutrinos, dominated the energy density until around 50,000 years after the Big Bang. 09:54: Stephen Hawking's eponymous radiation appears to destroy quantum information leading to the famous black hole information paradox. 12:17: Radiation, including photons and neutrinos, dominated the energy density until around 50,000 years after the Big Bang.
	2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever 09:44: A popular one seems to be, rotating black holes or harvesting Hawking radiation from black holes.
	2018-05-02: The Star at the End of Time 03:25: That radiation zone isolates the Sun's core, preventing new material from reaching those depths. 04:58: This is thermal or black-body radiation, and it obeys a couple of very strict laws. 03:25: That radiation zone isolates the Sun's core, preventing new material from reaching those depths.
	2018-04-25: Black Hole Swarms 05:12: To us, it looks like a range of heat glows-- thermal radiation at different temperatures, with the hottest glowing with extremely energetic X-rays.
	2018-04-18: Using Stars to See Gravitational Waves 06:50: Gravitational radiation should have physical effects as shown by the sticky bead argument first presented by Richard Feynman. 08:03: A similar effect may cause white dwarf stars in binary orbits to explode as they absorb gravitational radiation from their own orbits.
	2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) 08:01: The most random possible form for energy is thermal radiation, and the lower the energy of its component photons, the higher the entropy. 12:59: ... horizon should produce a type of Hawking radiation, but its wavelength would be comparable to the distance to that horizon, ... 13:17: The inflating universe should have been bathed in intense Hawking radiation. 13:22: ... Karolsonov notes that the Bremsstrahlung radiation created close to the Schwarzschild radius of a kugelblitz might create ...
	2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect 00:18: It can never catch up to you, but the Unruh radiation it generates sure can. 00:23: ... that Stephen Hawking was demonstrating the existence of the black hole radiation that would bear his name, three other researchers-- Stephen Fulling, ... 01:00: As we saw in our episode on horizon radiation, the presence of horizons distorts the quantum vacuum in a way that can create particles. 06:00: And just as with Hawking radiation, that horizon cuts off your access to certain fundamental frequency modes of the quantum vacuum. 06:31: Those particles should have the same type of spectrum as Hawking radiation, a thermal spectrum. 06:47: In the case of Hawking radiation, an inertial observer far from the black hole sees the radiation. 07:00: The only observers who don't see Hawking radiation are those plummeting in freefall towards the event horizon. 07:06: ... inertial observer, the former will see that patch of space filled with radiation, but the latter will see an empty vacuum in the same ... 07:23: What if the Rindler observer accelerates fast enough that they are burned to a crisp by Unruh radiation? 09:06: A charged particle accelerating in a magnetic field emits radiation, bremsstrahlung radiation. 09:34: So how strong is Unruh radiation? 10:07: That means you right now are bathed in a very tiny amount of Unruh radiation. 10:21: If you hover close enough to that event horizon, you would actually be bathed in Unruh radiation. 10:29: ... by someone hovering at the event horizon and the particles of Hawking radiation seen by a distant ... 09:06: A charged particle accelerating in a magnetic field emits radiation, bremsstrahlung radiation.
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 01:17: This is the cosmic microwave background radiation, or CMB. 02:02: The upshot is, that the earliest 21 centimeter radiation is hopelessly mixed with the CMB, which means, it's impossible to distinguish.
	2018-03-15: Hawking Radiation 00:30: This is "Space Time." And it's time for Hawking radiation. 01:43: They should admit what we now know as Hawking radiation. 01:47: There's a popular description of how Hawking radiation works. 02:40: ... field theory of curved space time to glimpse the true nature of Hawking radiation. ... 05:44: A distant future observer sees radiation coming from the black hole. 07:14: The nature of the lost modes tells us what Hawking radiation should look like. 07:34: So the more massive the black hole, the longer the wavelength of its radiation. 07:39: Hawking calculated the frequency distribution of this radiation and found something incredible. 07:44: It sure looked exactly like thermal radiation. 08:47: Firstly, this radiation is not localized. 08:51: Remember that Hawking radiation has wavelengths the size of the event horizon, the size of the entire black hole. 09:06: Hawking radiation must appear to come from the global black hole. 09:22: This radiation is visible only to distant observers. 09:34: You see Unruh radiation. 09:36: We'll look at its relationship to Hawking radiation in the future. 09:39: By the way, Hawking radiation is mostly going to be photons and other massless particles. 09:44: To produce particles with mass, the energy of the radiation has to be high enough to cover the rest mass of the particle. 10:17: ... in 2001, Parikh and Wilczek got the same thermal spectrum for Hawking radiation by thinking about particles escaping from beneath the event horizon ... 10:53: The fact that different derivations lead to exactly the same result or that the radiation looks thermal can't be by chance. 11:00: It's hard to make Hawking radiation go away in the math. 11:13: Without a full quantum theory of gravity, the origin of Hawking radiation will remain mysterious. 11:32: ... then there's the famous information paradox in which Hawking radiation appears to destroy what should be a conserved quantity-- quantum ... 05:44: A distant future observer sees radiation coming from the black hole. 01:47: There's a popular description of how Hawking radiation works.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 02:51: That burning shell is so thin that radiation escapes outwards without providing pressure to resist collapse.
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 06:54: This is happening already but will massively increase as solar radiation rises. 07:21: The increase in cloud cover may reflect some of the extra radiation. 10:29: In no time at all you'll be coding gravity simulations in Python and calculating the radiation emitted by black holes. 11:00: Existenceisillusion asked about the nature of the thermal particles produced in horizon radiation. 11:20: ... should be the Planck distribution, the same distribution as black body radiation from ... 11:50: [INAUDIBLE] makes a good point about the pop sci explanation of Hawking radiation. 12:13: In fact, as far as I know, there is no derivation of Hawking radiation that invokes the splitting of particle-antiparticle pairs. 12:25: Very soon we'll be talking about the exact line of reasoning that Stephen Hawking used to hypothesize his radiation. 12:44: These are interpreted as radiation from the black hole. 10:29: In no time at all you'll be coding gravity simulations in Python and calculating the radiation emitted by black holes. 06:54: This is happening already but will massively increase as solar radiation rises.
	2018-01-17: Horizon Radiation 01:53: ... coming episodes, we will be delving into Hawking radiation and the Unruh effect, both of which are very similar and are results of ... 02:03: ... are a couple of compelling, but inaccurate explanations of Hawking radiation around, and here at Space Time, we want to be as simple as we can, but ... 11:46: In upcoming episodes, we'll apply these ideas to finally understand Unruh and Hawking radiation.
	2018-01-10: What Do Stars Sound Like? 09:53: In no time at all, you will be coding gravity simulations in Python and calculating the radiation emitted by black holes. 12:26: Felix Schneider asks how electromagnetic radiation can be focused by a magnetic field. 12:54: One is synchrotron radiation. 09:53: In no time at all, you will be coding gravity simulations in Python and calculating the radiation emitted by black holes.
	2017-12-20: Extinction by Gamma-Ray Burst 02:05: ... years ago may have resulted from the Earth being blasted by the intense radiation jets from a distant exploding ... 03:44: Well, the main danger of a burst within the Milky Way is not the direct radiation itself. 03:54: Some extra ultraviolet radiation will reach the ground, but not at seriously dangerous levels. 02:05: ... years ago may have resulted from the Earth being blasted by the intense radiation jets from a distant exploding ...
	2017-12-13: The Origin of 'Oumuamua, Our First Interstellar Visitor 02:32: Oumuamua doesn't have a tail like a comet, so its surface isn't vaporizing in the sun's radiation.
	2017-12-06: Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series 00:16: ... uncertainty principle, and ultimately, quantum fields and Hawking radiation. ... 01:25: If we fully unravel this idea, we'll be on the verge of tackling things like Hawking radiation. 10:12: So what does this old-school quantum mechanics have to do with quantum field theory and Hawking radiation? 11:01: ... the quantum vacuum changes to give us phenomena like Unruh and Hawking radiation, which you will soon understand as some of the weirdest behaviors of ...
	2017-11-22: Suicide Space Robots 12:39: So thanks for keeping us straight Tommy Atkins asks what about Hawking radiation? 12:46: Hawking radiation is related to this whole vacuum energy virtual particle thing. 12:53: This stuff is just a prelude to doing Hawking radiation and doing it properly.
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 03:36: The second way to calculate the expected baryonic mass is with the cosmic microwave background radiation. 04:14: See, before the photons of the cosmic background radiation were released, they were trapped in the searing hot plasma of baryonic matter. 05:08: ... the release of the cosmic background radiation, gravity continued to do its work and collapse these faint fluctuations ... 12:21: ... of light, can't they escape the event horizon of black holes via Hawking radiation? ... 05:08: ... the release of the cosmic background radiation, gravity continued to do its work and collapse these faint fluctuations into ...
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 00:38: But what if we suck out every last molecule of air, chill the jar to absolute zero, and shield it from all external radiation? 01:42: But hypothetically, what would perfectly empty space look like, far from the nearest particle of matter or radiation? 03:07: We'll come back to those when we talk about Hawking radiation in the future.
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 02:23: This is the black-body radiation described by Planck's Law.
	2017-10-04: When Quasars Collide STJC 05:15: The radio light seen here is from electrons spiraling in those magnetic fields, so-called synchrotron radiation. 08:37: Can't gravitational radiation cause supermassive black holes to merge, just like it does with regular stellar mass black holes?
	2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes 11:19: The neutron star would be totally disrupted when it got very close to the black hole, producing a blast of observable radiation.
	2017-09-13: Neutron Stars Collide in New LIGO Signal? 03:17: And that gravitational radiation sucks energy from the orbiting system, causing the neutron stars to spiral inwards. 03:30: The rate of loss of orbital energy exactly matches the expected rate of emission of gravitational radiation. 03:38: Any neutron stars or black holes in close orbit with each other will eventually collide as they leave gravitational radiation. 06:38: ... tweet, August 17th, the Fermi satellite had spotted a flash of gamma radiation-- so the highest energy light-- from a galaxy 130 million light years ... 03:17: And that gravitational radiation sucks energy from the orbiting system, causing the neutron stars to spiral inwards.
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 08:28: ... spends most of its orbit millions of miles away from Jupiter's harsh radiation, but every 53 days it ducks under the radiation belt and turns on its ...
	2017-08-02: Dark Flow 01:39: It's the frame of reference of the cosmic microwave background radiation, the CMB. 02:22: This leads to the impression of bands of cooler and warmer CMB radiation.
	2017-07-19: The Real Star Wars 04:56: Then, by passing electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength tuned to an energy level transition in that substance, stimulated emission can occur. 14:51: ... ultraviolet catastrophe of the pre-Max Planck description of black body radiation. ...
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 09:29: The resulting quantum electrodynamics describes the interactions of matter and radiation with stunning success.
	2017-06-07: Supervoids vs Colliding Universes! 01:01: ... cold spot was that it was imprinted on the cosmic microwave background radiation as that radiation passed through a giant empty regions of the universe, ...
	2017-05-31: The Fate of the First Stars 08:27: They pumped out ultraviolet radiation, which began the work of energizing, of ionizing, the atomic and molecular hydrogen that filled the universe.
	2017-05-17: Martian Evolution 02:19: Mutations occur at a steady rate due to DNA copying errors and through chemical and radiation damage. 05:46: We'll always need some degree of technology both for a survivable air pressure and oxygen level and to protect us from space radiation. 06:30: Mars's thin atmosphere and lack of an ozone layer also means the surface is bombarded with hard UV radiation. 02:19: Mutations occur at a steady rate due to DNA copying errors and through chemical and radiation damage.
	2017-05-03: Are We Living in an Ancestor Simulation? ft. Neil deGrasse Tyson 13:24: The particle may pass straight through your body, only depositing a bit of ultraviolet drink of radiation.
	2017-04-19: The Oh My God Particle 01:55: We're bathed in a very low level of this radiation due to naturally occurring radioactive elements in the Earth. 02:02: ... flux was found to weaken with height above the ground, because the radiation loses energy to air ... 02:13: But weirdly, above a certain height, this radiation starts to increase again. 02:32: Radiation levels increased with height. 03:03: For lower energy cosmic rays, one approach is to look for their Cherenkov radiation. 03:24: This results in a burst of gamma rays, Cherenkov radiation, that is actually detectable from the ground. 04:25: ... includes 1,660 giant tanks of water designed to see Cherenkov radiation when air shower particles pass through them, as well as telescopes to ... 07:06: This is the cosmic microwave background radiation. 08:39: ... reported strange flashes of light, which may be due to Cherenkov radiation from cosmic rays passing through their eye's vitreous humor, or from the ... 08:55: Even ISS astronauts are subjected to a significant radiation risk. 02:32: Radiation levels increased with height. 02:02: ... flux was found to weaken with height above the ground, because the radiation loses energy to air ... 08:55: Even ISS astronauts are subjected to a significant radiation risk. 02:13: But weirdly, above a certain height, this radiation starts to increase again.
	2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome 07:59: These forming galaxies were continuously blasted with energetic radiation and cosmic rays.
	2017-01-11: The EM Drive: Fact or Fantasy? 01:44: A resonant radiation field is induced inside, so microwave standing waves reflecting between the ends. 02:06: ... the EmDrive, can be achieved by extracting momentum from the internal radiation field, but with no ... 02:36: Roger Shawyer explains the EmDrive's alleged thrust as resulting from differential radiation pressure between the two ends. 03:01: ... escape the cavity, then any momentum exchange between the cavity and radiation field gets redistributed again, because the system is ... 06:15: ... simple test would be to heat the device without a radiation field to see if that heating produces a similar false positive signal, ... 01:44: A resonant radiation field is induced inside, so microwave standing waves reflecting between the ends. 02:06: ... the EmDrive, can be achieved by extracting momentum from the internal radiation field, but with no ... 03:01: ... escape the cavity, then any momentum exchange between the cavity and radiation field gets redistributed again, because the system is ... 06:15: ... simple test would be to heat the device without a radiation field to see if that heating produces a similar false positive signal, but ... 02:36: Roger Shawyer explains the EmDrive's alleged thrust as resulting from differential radiation pressure between the two ends.
	2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer 05:25: One-- Project Phoenix Egg is to build a giant Dyson sphere just outside the moon's orbit to absorb the incoming radiation.
	2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us? 14:57: ... so the final burst of Hawking radiation as a black hole evaporates will be accompanied by all of the remaining ... 15:16: Its matter became part of the black hole and re-emerges as that Hawking radiation.
	2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon? 01:07: ... ignoring the complications of Hawking radiation or black hole rotational growth, the simplest black hole of Einstein's ...
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 15:53: ... the neutrons would decay to protons and electrons and an awful lot of radiation. ...
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 13:09: ... going to have to go through the black hole information paradox, Hawking radiation, some string theory, the holographic principle, other ...
	2016-11-09: Did Dark Energy Just Disappear? 06:35: ... energy, and that's mostly dark matter, but also stars, planets, gas, radiation, et ...
	2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars 03:04: An important advantage of prefabricating habitats on Earth is that you can use advanced materials with better radiation shielding. 05:08: ... a promising direction, especially because it's hard to protect against radiation with a transparent ... 03:04: An important advantage of prefabricating habitats on Earth is that you can use advanced materials with better radiation shielding.
	2016-10-12: Black Holes from the Dawn of Time 02:01: The oldest light we can see is the cosmic microwave background radiation. 04:19: They would have all evaporated away due to Hawking radiation. 07:24: ... primordial black holes that have already evaporated due to Hawking radiation definitely are not dark matter, and that rules out any PBHs lighter than ... 09:38: However, through a deposit something like a billion joules of Hawking radiation on its way through.
	2016-08-24: Should We Build a Dyson Sphere? 07:22: ... can be harvested from a black hole, either from the Hawking radiation, from heat generated from infalling material, or by extracting angular ... 07:43: ... the Hawking radiation from an artificial black hole is appealing, because once formed, we ... 07:54: ... new matter into the proton-sized Kugelblitz against the tide of Hawking radiation. ...
	2016-08-03: Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson 05:01: We'd have to have some places that were deeply shielded from radiation in case it was, say, a gamma ray burst. 08:58: ... or black hole, can produce these insanely powerful jets of high-energy radiation, powerful enough to do the same damage as a nearby supernova, but from ...
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 02:13: ... clue came from the quantized energy levels of Max Planck's black-body radiation ...
	2016-06-22: Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics 03:14: Accelerated charges produce electromagnetic radiation-- light. 05:58: It paints the crazy picture of a universe full of infinite extreme energy gamma radiation. 14:06: Prasad Deshmukh and a few others asked, is the cosmic microwave background radiation gravitationally lensed? 03:14: Accelerated charges produce electromagnetic radiation-- light.
	2016-06-08: New Fundamental Particle Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 01:51: We only know they ever existed because the resulting gamma radiation has an energy corresponding to the mass of the decayed particle.
	2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light? 10:06: It lays out some amazing ideas connecting our universe's topology in extent to the spots in the cosmic background radiation.
	2016-05-25: Is an Ice Age Coming? 13:37: The radiation-dominated era ended around 50,000 years after the Big Bang.
	2016-05-18: Anti-gravity and the True Nature of Dark Energy 04:14: That's the pressure due to fast-moving particles and radiation.
	2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff 06:23: ... had liberated energy, and kept the core hot and puffed up, outflowing radiation pressure, resisting gravitational ... 09:45: ... some also bursts out as gamma rays, as gravitational radiation, but also as a blast of newly formed heavy matter, including something ... 06:23: ... had liberated energy, and kept the core hot and puffed up, outflowing radiation pressure, resisting gravitational ...
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 12:00: ... can it be that we're still continuously receiving the cosmic background radiation today, given that it was all emitted by a single point at the Big Bang?" ... 12:26: This patch of space, the Milky Way, the Earth, has been bombarded with cosmic background radiation for all of cosmic time. 12:34: That radiation originally came from regions nearby. 12:38: But as the universe got older, radiations from further and further away had time to get to us. 12:34: That radiation originally came from regions nearby. 12:00: ... can it be that we're still continuously receiving the cosmic background radiation today, given that it was all emitted by a single point at the Big Bang?" Well, ... 12:38: But as the universe got older, radiations from further and further away had time to get to us.
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 00:05: ... piece of evidence for this theory is the cosmic microwave background radiation. ... 00:23: ... photons of the cosmic background radiation were released when the universe was around 380,000 years old, and had ...
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 05:22: But at 400,000 years, it's cooled down just enough to form the very first atoms, and in the process, release the cosmic background radiation.
	2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened 04:38: ... here, I just want to emphasize that this ubiquitous radiation is almost impossible to explain without a universe that was once much ...
	2016-02-11: LIGO's First Detection of Gravitational Waves! 02:25: These super dense objects produce serious gravitational radiation. 02:45: The amount of energy being lost in these systems is exactly what we predict it should be if caused by gravitational radiation. 03:07: But as the cores get closer, the gravitational radiation becomes extremely intense.
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 04:29: See, space is flooded with extremely energetic solar radiation and cosmic rays. 04:50: Now, the 180-day flight to Mars alone gets you over the recommended lifetime limit of radiation. 05:36: If you're caught in one, then you don't just have a slight increase in cancer risk, you get radiation poisoning and die. 07:55: You have a think atmosphere above to protect you from bad space radiation. 05:36: If you're caught in one, then you don't just have a slight increase in cancer risk, you get radiation poisoning and die.
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 09:05: ... have temperatures raised by an observable amount by the gravitational radiation. ...
	2015-10-28: Is The Alcubierre Warp Drive Possible? 04:21: One possible quantum disaster is that the extreme spacetime curvature of the warp bubble walls would roast the interior with crazy Hawking radiation. 08:01: ... based on polarization anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation that came out earlier this ...
	2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!? 04:22: ... orbit each other close enough to produce a lot of this gravitational radiation, their obits will lose energy and decay, causing them to spiral in ... 04:36: And the results agreed exactly with the rates of gravitational radiation predicted by General Relativity.
	2015-10-15: 5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel 08:07: A black hole of the right size radiates Hawking radiation like crazy. 08:11: The smaller the black hole, the more radiation, and this radiation could drive our starship. 08:45: ... we can catch most of the radiation, this amount of power accelerates us to .1C in 20 days and presumably to ...
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 07:22: We also watch the heavens for the equally elusive gamma radiation produced when dark matter particles annihilate each other out in space. 08:53: Agen0000, and others, pointed out that Hawking radiation will eventually cause a black hole to evaporate. 09:07: And would this save the monkey;s life or fry it in an eternity of Hawking radiation? 09:26: And so in its reference frame, the rate of Hawking radiation is not time dilated. 09:30: The idea of the event horizon as this boiling hot sea of Hawking radiation isn't right. 09:36: In fact, in the vicinity of the black hole, this radiation is poorly localized, having a wavelength of all of the Schwarzschild radius. 10:07: The distant observer does witness the instance that the black hole evaporates, with a huge burst of Hawking radiation. 10:13: And with that radiation comes all of the remaining photons that the monkey emitted before crossing the horizon. 09:30: The idea of the event horizon as this boiling hot sea of Hawking radiation isn't right. 07:22: We also watch the heavens for the equally elusive gamma radiation produced when dark matter particles annihilate each other out in space.
	2015-08-19: Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen? 00:24: That means no Hawking radiation, no string theory, and no quantum anything-- baby steps.
	2015-06-17: How to Signal Aliens 04:45: Now, we would need to tweak the orbit occasionally due to solar wind and radiation pressure.
	2015-05-13: 9 NASA Technologies Shaping YOUR Future 07:33: First, Sengo said maybe all men would require less radiation shielding, which would also reduce massing costs of the trip. 07:40: Radiation is more of an all or nothing proposition, or close to that, so either you protect everyone, or you can't send anyone. 07:33: First, Sengo said maybe all men would require less radiation shielding, which would also reduce massing costs of the trip.
	2015-05-06: Should the First Mars Mission Be All Women? 02:16: However, women do have another physiological minus that does have to be considered-- radiation. 02:21: Women have about twice the risk of radiation induced cancer that men do. 02:29: Radiation would be a big issue for a Mars mission, no question. 02:32: However, given current shielding technology, even men might exceed the allowed radiation safety levels. 02:37: So while it's a negative for women, radiation risk might be one of those things that you have to solve for everyone in order to send anyone. 06:44: Suppose it turns out that by the time we're ready for the Mars mission we can manage radiation but cannot manage the vision issues. 02:21: Women have about twice the risk of radiation induced cancer that men do. 02:37: So while it's a negative for women, radiation risk might be one of those things that you have to solve for everyone in order to send anyone. 02:32: However, given current shielding technology, even men might exceed the allowed radiation safety levels.
	2015-04-22: Are Space and Time An Illusion? 07:42: Is it the low gravity or the radiation?
	2015-04-01: Is the Moon in Majora’s Mask a Black Hole? 06:11: Well, Hawking radiation, for one.
	2015-03-04: Should We Colonize Venus Instead of Mars? 01:23: Shorter trips means less weightlessness and radiation, less food and water to carry, and thus less fuel and lower cost. 01:53: That means better protection from space radiation and meteorites for our enterprising colonizers and their future cities.

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