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	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 16:43: These then decay into the first stable isotope, with some neutrons converting into protons on the way. 17:27: Normally quarks bid together in groups of 3 - protons or neutrons. 16:43: These then decay into the first stable isotope, with some neutrons converting into protons on the way. 17:27: Normally quarks bid together in groups of 3 - protons or neutrons.
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 00:38: ... elements of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for ... 00:48: ... we could keep adding protons at the top end of the periodic table - but those seem to be hopelessly ... 01:38: ... shell or valence electrons, which increase by one every time you add a proton to the nucleus, until the shell fills and you start over, filling the ... 01:52: Although he didn’t know about protons, Mendelev did notice gaps in his periodic table. 02:14: But there remained a missing element, right between Molybdenum and Ruthenium, which we figured out had to correspond to a nucleus with 43 protons. 02:48: ... Carlo Perrier were able to show that some of the Molybdenum had gained a proton, transmuting it into element ... 04:29: For example, a carbon atom has 6 protons in the nucleus. 04:44: Now an atom with 6 protons and 8 neutrons is still carbon - carbon-14, but it’s not stable. 04:50: ... has a tendency for one of its excess neutrons to transform into a proton after ejecting an electron and a neutrino, which transmutes it into ... 05:20: ... only have unstable isotopes - for example, any with more than 83 protons, but also weird exceptions like technetium, as well element 61, ... 05:55: ... with more than 118 protons decay so quickly that we’ve never been able to detect one in the lab ... 06:40: ... electromagnetic force trying to force apart all those positively charged protons, and the strength of that force is great due to the proximity of the ... 06:59: We talked about how the strong force holds protons and neutrons together. 07:42: That means electromagnetism can overwhelm the strong force if protons are too close together, which is another way to destabilize the nucleus. 07:50: That’s why neutrons are so useful - they help separate protons so that the strong nuclear force stays stronger than electromagnetism. 07:59: For smaller nuclei - up to an atomic number of 20 - an even split of protons and neutrons is usually the most stable. 08:31: To understand that we have to move beyond the common representation of the nucleus as a muddled blob of protons and neutrons. 08:59: ... 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 for neutrons, and 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 114 for protons. ... 09:37: ... sort of spin coupling means that even if we aren’t at a magic number of protons or neutrons, nuclei still prefer to have even numbers of protons, or ... 10:02: Having a rogue proton or neutron with an un-canceled spin seems to be bad for stability. 10:13: Sure we can see that 43 is not a magic number of protons, nor is it even like its more stable neighbors Molybdenum and Ruthenium. 11:42: ... with a magic number of protons have more stable isotopes, and there tend to be more isotopes with a ... 12:02: ... have unlucky spots in terms of not having magic or even even numbers of protons, and for whatever complex reasons there is no configuration of neutrons ... 13:15: Our calculations show that there may be more magic numbers for large numbers of protons and neutrons beyond the current periodic table. 13:25: ... apparently they are in the neighborhood of 184 for neutrons, and 126 for protons, and they could have half lives of millions of ... 02:48: ... Carlo Perrier were able to show that some of the Molybdenum had gained a proton, transmuting it into element ... 00:38: ... elements of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for ... 00:48: ... we could keep adding protons at the top end of the periodic table - but those seem to be hopelessly ... 01:52: Although he didn’t know about protons, Mendelev did notice gaps in his periodic table. 02:14: But there remained a missing element, right between Molybdenum and Ruthenium, which we figured out had to correspond to a nucleus with 43 protons. 04:29: For example, a carbon atom has 6 protons in the nucleus. 04:44: Now an atom with 6 protons and 8 neutrons is still carbon - carbon-14, but it’s not stable. 05:20: ... only have unstable isotopes - for example, any with more than 83 protons, but also weird exceptions like technetium, as well element 61, ... 05:55: ... with more than 118 protons decay so quickly that we’ve never been able to detect one in the lab ... 06:40: ... electromagnetic force trying to force apart all those positively charged protons, and the strength of that force is great due to the proximity of the ... 06:59: We talked about how the strong force holds protons and neutrons together. 07:42: That means electromagnetism can overwhelm the strong force if protons are too close together, which is another way to destabilize the nucleus. 07:50: That’s why neutrons are so useful - they help separate protons so that the strong nuclear force stays stronger than electromagnetism. 07:59: For smaller nuclei - up to an atomic number of 20 - an even split of protons and neutrons is usually the most stable. 08:31: To understand that we have to move beyond the common representation of the nucleus as a muddled blob of protons and neutrons. 08:59: ... 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 for neutrons, and 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 114 for protons. ... 09:37: ... sort of spin coupling means that even if we aren’t at a magic number of protons or neutrons, nuclei still prefer to have even numbers of protons, or ... 10:13: Sure we can see that 43 is not a magic number of protons, nor is it even like its more stable neighbors Molybdenum and Ruthenium. 11:42: ... with a magic number of protons have more stable isotopes, and there tend to be more isotopes with a ... 12:02: ... have unlucky spots in terms of not having magic or even even numbers of protons, and for whatever complex reasons there is no configuration of neutrons ... 13:15: Our calculations show that there may be more magic numbers for large numbers of protons and neutrons beyond the current periodic table. 13:25: ... apparently they are in the neighborhood of 184 for neutrons, and 126 for protons, and they could have half lives of millions of ... 05:55: ... with more than 118 protons decay so quickly that we’ve never been able to detect one in the lab ... 01:52: Although he didn’t know about protons, Mendelev did notice gaps in his periodic table.
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 10:38: ... same units, like the ratio of the  mass of the electron and  proton, or the coefficient of friction of an inclined ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 12:45: Our explanation focused on how the strong force causes quarks stick together to form hadrons like protons and neutrons. 12:52: We didn’t address how those protons and neutrons - those nucleons - then stick together to form multi-nucleon nuclei. 15:01: ... couple of you also commented on the recent finding that the proton seems to contain the influence of the charm quark, not just the up and ... 12:45: Our explanation focused on how the strong force causes quarks stick together to form hadrons like protons and neutrons. 12:52: We didn’t address how those protons and neutrons - those nucleons - then stick together to form multi-nucleon nuclei.
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons. 05:10: In the LHC we smash together particles of regular matter, like protons or heavier nuclei. 11:08: ... channel of Higgs production, in which a pair of quarks in the colliding protons shoot a W or Z boson at each ... 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons. 05:10: In the LHC we smash together particles of regular matter, like protons or heavier nuclei. 11:08: ... channel of Higgs production, in which a pair of quarks in the colliding protons shoot a W or Z boson at each ...
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 00:22: As you know, atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. 00:28: ... the negatively-charged electrons are attracted by the positively charged protons. ... 00:53: The protons on the other hand are packed together in the nucleus as tightly as any matter in the universe. 08:49: Let's say we have a proton and an electron, their electric charges attract and they form a neutral hydrogen atom. 00:22: As you know, atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. 00:28: ... the negatively-charged electrons are attracted by the positively charged protons. ... 00:53: The protons on the other hand are packed together in the nucleus as tightly as any matter in the universe.
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 01:15: ... comparatively baby stuff compared to the atomic nucleus. Every proton and neutron is composed   of 3 quarks stuck together by ... 02:06: ... to other quarks in composite particles called hadrons, of which protons and neutrons   are an example. To test QED we can chuck ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 01:21: But wait, the quarks inside protons and neutrons are “matter”. 05:05: ... are elementary, but the atomic nuclei are little bundles of nucleons - protons and ... 05:16: Even in a hydrogen plasma, the lone protons are bundles of quarks. 06:30: More general, a hadron, so protons and neutrons but also various exotic combinations of quarks. 01:21: But wait, the quarks inside protons and neutrons are “matter”. 05:05: ... are elementary, but the atomic nuclei are little bundles of nucleons - protons and ... 05:16: Even in a hydrogen plasma, the lone protons are bundles of quarks. 06:30: More general, a hadron, so protons and neutrons but also various exotic combinations of quarks.
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 02:25: ... charge of everything else - including  the positive charge for protons and ...
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation. 12:22: Interstellar space is flooded with high energy particles, from simple protons to massive iron nuclei. 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation. 12:22: Interstellar space is flooded with high energy particles, from simple protons to massive iron nuclei.
	2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental? 01:52: ... was suspicious of its similarity to the proton - they’re practically twins in the atomic nucleus, occurring with ... 02:06: The neutron seemed like a chargeless,  or neutral proton, hence the name. 02:49: ... if the protons and neutrons are just two states of the same particle, Heisenberg ... 03:14: In this theory the proton would be the “up” state with isospin 1/2, and the neutron would be the down state with isospin -1/2. 03:23: By introducing this new conserved quantity,  Heisenberg started to make  sense of the relationship between protons and neutrons. 03:29: ... it made sense why nuclei prefered to have roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons, and at the same time allowed precise predictions of the ... 03:44: But for isospin to really do its job, it needed to explain the most obvious difference between protons and neutrons - which is to say electric charge. 04:14: For example, some of these particles had very similar masses but very different electric charges, which I hope reminds you of the proton and neutron. 10:19: Remember that Heisenberg imagined that the proton and neutron were differentiated by this new conserved quantity, isospin. 01:52: ... was suspicious of its similarity to the proton - they’re practically twins in the atomic nucleus, occurring with similar ... 02:49: ... if the protons and neutrons are just two states of the same particle, Heisenberg ... 03:23: By introducing this new conserved quantity,  Heisenberg started to make  sense of the relationship between protons and neutrons. 03:29: ... it made sense why nuclei prefered to have roughly equal numbers of protons and neutrons, and at the same time allowed precise predictions of the ... 03:44: But for isospin to really do its job, it needed to explain the most obvious difference between protons and neutrons - which is to say electric charge.
	2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe? 07:33: ... squeezed it down to one-ten-trillionth the width  of a proton. And yet it still holds an incredible   amount of energy, which ...
	2021-12-10: 2021 End of Year AMA! 00:02: ... is when an electron emits a photon and another particle let's say a proton absorbs it what causes the particles to be um attracted okay i'm ...
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force. 02:41: We represent the location of, say, a proton in a nucleus as a wavefunction. 02:46: It’s an abstract wave that encodes the information of where the proton might be. 02:52: ... measurement, or upon interaction with another particle, the proton can end up anywhere within that wavefunction, with some locations more ... 03:01: ... understand what happens when a proton bounces around inside a nucleus, we need to see how its wavefunction ... 03:33: The proton ends up being simultaneously reflected back AND transmitted through the barrier. 03:01: ... understand what happens when a proton bounces around inside a nucleus, we need to see how its wavefunction evolves ... 03:33: The proton ends up being simultaneously reflected back AND transmitted through the barrier. 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force.
	2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist 11:36: GUTs predict that monopoles should be produced in enormous numbers in the very early universe - as abundantly as protons and electrons. 11:47: They should also be very massive - quadrillions of times the mass of the proton - and so should have quickly recollapsed the universe. 16:57: In the case of the collapsing star, densities and energies become high enough for electrons to be captured by protons, converting them to neutrons. 11:47: They should also be very massive - quadrillions of times the mass of the proton - and so should have quickly recollapsed the universe. 11:36: GUTs predict that monopoles should be produced in enormous numbers in the very early universe - as abundantly as protons and electrons. 16:57: In the case of the collapsing star, densities and energies become high enough for electrons to be captured by protons, converting them to neutrons.
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 05:48: ... negatively charged electrons   merge with positively charged protons to  produce neutrons. In this way, Iron is   converted ... 06:38: ... neutrons.   Nuclei with such high ratios of neutrons to  protons are only stabilized by the incredible   pressures and extreme ... 08:15: ... down the nuclei themselves  start to get fuzzy as protons are   outnumbered by neutrons 5 to 1. A given  neutron’s ... 09:34: ... reform radically, forming cylinders  containing many millions of protons and neutrons.   Nuclear physicists affectionately call this ... 11:29: ... frequency in the flashes of pulsars.   The rare cooper-pair protons on the other hand turn the core into a superconductor,   ... 12:23: ... the dead center of the  neutron star and even the protons and   neutrons start to lose structure and mush  ... 08:15: ... each other as they can. Down here there may be 20 neutrons for each proton,   so the protons can’t really resist the forces reshaping the nuclei. ... 11:14: ... together into a soup of mostly neutrons and just the occasional proton.   The density is here is 200 trillion  times anything found on ... 05:48: ... negatively charged electrons   merge with positively charged protons to  produce neutrons. In this way, Iron is   converted ... 06:38: ... neutrons.   Nuclei with such high ratios of neutrons to  protons are only stabilized by the incredible   pressures and extreme ... 08:15: ... down the nuclei themselves  start to get fuzzy as protons are   outnumbered by neutrons 5 to 1. A given  neutron’s ... 09:34: ... reform radically, forming cylinders  containing many millions of protons and neutrons.   Nuclear physicists affectionately call this ... 11:29: ... frequency in the flashes of pulsars.   The rare cooper-pair protons on the other hand turn the core into a superconductor,   ... 12:23: ... the dead center of the  neutron star and even the protons and   neutrons start to lose structure and mush  ... 08:15: ... down the nuclei themselves  start to get fuzzy as protons are   outnumbered by neutrons 5 to 1. A given  neutron’s wavefunction is ... 05:48: ... In this way, Iron is   converted into elements with fewer protons, but which are still just as heavy as iron and very neutron ... 08:15: ... Nuclei have a sort of competition-   while neutrons and protons feel a very strong short range attraction to each other due ... 05:48: ... negatively charged electrons   merge with positively charged protons to  produce neutrons. In this way, Iron is   converted into ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 12:50: ... in its core - electrons so energetic they are in danger of slamming into protons, which would turn those protons into neutrons. If that starts to happen ... 13:13: ... Over millions of years, heavy isotopes - nuclei with more neutrons than protons, will slowly sink, or sediment, to the core. These nuclei are more ... 12:50: ... in its core - electrons so energetic they are in danger of slamming into protons, which would turn those protons into neutrons. If that starts to happen ... 13:13: ... Over millions of years, heavy isotopes - nuclei with more neutrons than protons, will slowly sink, or sediment, to the core. These nuclei are more ...
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 12:02: ... - ½, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The electron itself has spin ½ - so does the proton and ...
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 00:39: In that case, the lengths of LIGO’s 4km long arms changed by less than 1-10,000th the width of a single proton.
	2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting! 08:31: It's 40,000 times more likely than the electron to encounter, say a virtual Higgs boson, or virtual proton or other hadrons.
	2021-02-17: Gravitational Wave Background Discovered? 00:00: ... turn by the tiniest fraction one one thousandth of the width of a single proton over the four kilometer arms of ligo antennas and these are only the ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 14:12: ... are two broad scenarios - first, if protons do NOT decay then quantum tunneling will cause the neutron star to ... 14:34: ... the other hand if protons DO decay then the small proton content of neutron stars will decay into ... 14:44: The neutron star will then expand, allowing some neutrons to convert back into protons, which can themselves decay. 14:50: The Star may go through a phase as a white - or perhaps now black dwarf and will continue to evaporate due to proton decay. 15:21: So yeah, Russell’s teapot either evaporates as its protons decay, or quantum tunnels into an iron teapot - is that a kettle? 14:34: ... the other hand if protons DO decay then the small proton content of neutron stars will decay into pions and neutrinos, leaking away some ... 14:50: The Star may go through a phase as a white - or perhaps now black dwarf and will continue to evaporate due to proton decay. 14:12: ... are two broad scenarios - first, if protons do NOT decay then quantum tunneling will cause the neutron star to ... 14:34: ... the other hand if protons DO decay then the small proton content of neutron stars will decay into ... 14:44: The neutron star will then expand, allowing some neutrons to convert back into protons, which can themselves decay. 15:21: So yeah, Russell’s teapot either evaporates as its protons decay, or quantum tunnels into an iron teapot - is that a kettle?
	2020-12-15: The Supernova At The End of Time 08:59: All of this depends on protons themselves being fundamentally stable. 09:02: ... protons can decay, then the entire white dwarf will vaporize into a subatomic ... 09:13: But assuming protons are stable, we’ll reach a point where the universe consists of only iron stars and radiation. 10:15: ... two silicon nuclei fuse to produce nickel, and then one of the nickel’s protons emits a positron to become a ... 08:59: All of this depends on protons themselves being fundamentally stable. 09:02: ... protons can decay, then the entire white dwarf will vaporize into a subatomic ... 09:13: But assuming protons are stable, we’ll reach a point where the universe consists of only iron stars and radiation. 10:15: ... two silicon nuclei fuse to produce nickel, and then one of the nickel’s protons emits a positron to become a ...
	2020-12-08: Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future? 04:23: ... early universe, a positron and a neutral pion particle combine to form a proton. ... 04:41: Let’s say this process is reversible - the particle physics jury is still out on whether protons can decay - but for this episode they can. 04:49: In 10^30+ years, the proton separates again into a pion and positron. 04:57: Does the proton have a memory of its formation? 05:01: ... trace the jiggling of its internal quarks backwards to learn when the proton ... 05:16: We’re totally ignoring quantum indeterminacy, or that any information might be lost from the internal structure of the proton. 05:30: The weird thing here is that the same proton has as much “memory” of its future as it does of its past. 05:38: If the laws of physics can exactly reconstruct the formation of the proton, those same laws can be used to project when the proton will decay. 05:53: For this lone proton, its formation and decay are identical events and it's fair to say this whole sequence has no arrow of time. 06:23: First its heavier nuclei fall apart, and finally, maybe, its protons disintegrate. 07:41: ... that future in the same sense that it remembers its past, just like the proton ... 05:01: ... trace the jiggling of its internal quarks backwards to learn when the proton formed. ... 04:49: In 10^30+ years, the proton separates again into a pion and positron. 04:41: Let’s say this process is reversible - the particle physics jury is still out on whether protons can decay - but for this episode they can. 06:23: First its heavier nuclei fall apart, and finally, maybe, its protons disintegrate.
	2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces 01:11: Beta decay is when a neutron turns into a proton by emitting an electron and neutrino. 02:02: So an ingoing neutron is directly converted into the outgoing proton, electron and neutrino, with all the conservation laws satisfied.
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 03:40: Graduating from electrons and positrons, in 1971 physicists started smashing protons together at CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings facility. 04:25: It propels twin proton beams in opposite di rections around a 26.? 05:48: The fact that the Higgs turns up at a “mere” 100 times the mass of the proton seemed to indicate that something beyond the standard model was needed. 09:11: ... the FCC will be smashing protons like the LHC does, but to start with it’ll collide electrons and ... 09:25: ... beams, and for good reason: they are easier to work with compared to protons. ... 11:26: It will smack electrons into protons and other nucleons to probe the details structure and interactions between quarks. 13:48: ... - we’re using your contribution to purchase something like 10^30 protons to inject into the future circular collider - assuming it actually gets ... 14:04: If any of those particular protons happens to produce a previously undiscovered particle in the collider, we’ll be naming it the Alec S-L-ino. 15:59: ... crushing gravitational pressure causes electrons to be pounded into protons to form neutrons, causing the thing to collapse into a neutron ... 04:25: It propels twin proton beams in opposite di rections around a 26.? 10:04: The FCC will eventually graduate to proton-proton collisions which will open up the discovery space further. 03:40: Graduating from electrons and positrons, in 1971 physicists started smashing protons together at CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings facility. 09:11: ... the FCC will be smashing protons like the LHC does, but to start with it’ll collide electrons and ... 09:25: ... beams, and for good reason: they are easier to work with compared to protons. ... 11:26: It will smack electrons into protons and other nucleons to probe the details structure and interactions between quarks. 13:48: ... - we’re using your contribution to purchase something like 10^30 protons to inject into the future circular collider - assuming it actually gets ... 14:04: If any of those particular protons happens to produce a previously undiscovered particle in the collider, we’ll be naming it the Alec S-L-ino. 15:59: ... crushing gravitational pressure causes electrons to be pounded into protons to form neutrons, causing the thing to collapse into a neutron ...
	2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other 05:05: ... that atomic nuclei are no longer distinct - instead they meld together, protons and electrons combine to become neutrons, and you’re left with a ball of ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... 100 meters underground the large hadron collider and we accelerate protons to 13 trillion electron volts and we smash them together you know 40 ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 00:22: ... but with the opposite charge and spin. An electron has a positron; a proton, an anti-proton; and so on. And when a particle encounters its ... 06:27: ... It consists of just a single anti-proton plus a positron, instead of the proton + electron of regular hydrogen. In 1999 , NASA estimated that when ... 07:21: ... that could point to the violation of CPT symmetry. ALPHA uses CERN’s proton synchrotron to get their anti-protons. The synchrotron accelerates ...
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 07:16: ... the case of the proton that’s speculative, but it may be the case that we’re left with only a ...
	2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets? 09:21: ... of 250 years of cosmic rays, simulated by an intense shower of energetic protons. ...
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... your particle physics things like baryon number okay so the number of protons neutrons can be changed but but more importantly quantum information ...
	2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel? 15:35: ... its very diffuse. Most of the space is filled with ionized hydrogen - protons stripped of their electrons, with densities between 1 particle per cubic ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 03:56: It goes like this: atomic nuclei - mostly lone protons - can get accelerated to extreme energies, typically in supernovae or other cataclysmic events. 04:06: These “cosmic rays” can then collide with nuclei in the gas between the stars - again, mostly the protons of hydrogen. 04:15: The protons sometimes obliterate each other to form a neutral pion particle plus some other stuff. 03:56: It goes like this: atomic nuclei - mostly lone protons - can get accelerated to extreme energies, typically in supernovae or other cataclysmic events. 04:06: These “cosmic rays” can then collide with nuclei in the gas between the stars - again, mostly the protons of hydrogen. 04:15: The protons sometimes obliterate each other to form a neutral pion particle plus some other stuff. 03:56: It goes like this: atomic nuclei - mostly lone protons - can get accelerated to extreme energies, typically in supernovae or other cataclysmic events.
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 02:11: ... strong force is the fundamental force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons, and is mediated by the gluon ... 08:58: ... core of the sun. There, X-rays are constantly bouncing off electrons and protons in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields. Perfect conditions for ... 02:11: ... strong force is the fundamental force that binds quarks together into protons and neutrons, and is mediated by the gluon ... 08:58: ... core of the sun. There, X-rays are constantly bouncing off electrons and protons in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields. Perfect conditions for ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 15:00: Imagine an interaction where an electron emits a virtual photon which then deflects another particles - say, a proton. 15:08: ... exactly the same interaction as if the proton emitted the photon to deflect the electron - in other words, the ... 16:21: ... finally, there was some interest in our depiction of the proton being made of lego bricks as a viable theory - quantum lego dynamics, as ... 15:08: ... exactly the same interaction as if the proton emitted the photon to deflect the electron - in other words, the direction of ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 03:14: At the beginning of the 1960s the atom was understood as fuzzy, quantum electron orbits surrounding a nucleus of protons and neutrons.
	2020-01-06: How To Detect a Neutrino 02:47: ... ♪ MATT (voiceover): The main Fermilab beam line accelerates protons around a two and a half mile circumference ring, using giant ... 02:58: ♪ ♪ That's possible because, unlike neutrinos, protons have an electric charge. 03:02: ♪ ♪ Those protons are then smashed into a graphite barrier, ♪ ♪ and as they collide with nuclei they produce all sorts of particles. 06:41: ... (𝘥𝘦𝘦𝘱 𝘦𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘦 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩 𝘥𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘦, 𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘴𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘴) ♪ (title) "PIP - II: Proton Improvement Plan - II" ♪ ♪ MATT: We are standing in front of the ... 02:47: ... ♪ MATT (voiceover): The main Fermilab beam line accelerates protons around a two and a half mile circumference ring, using giant ... 02:58: ♪ ♪ That's possible because, unlike neutrinos, protons have an electric charge. 03:02: ♪ ♪ Those protons are then smashed into a graphite barrier, ♪ ♪ and as they collide with nuclei they produce all sorts of particles.
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 04:02: In our universe, quarks tend to stick together to form protons and neutrons, which stick together and attract electrons to form atoms. 06:01: ... the strong force were a bit stronger, protons would be able to bind to each other to form a diproton - a neutron-free ... 07:19: ... the weak nuclear force is important; it regulates the conversion of protons into neutrons, and it seems to have about the right strength to ensure ... 04:02: In our universe, quarks tend to stick together to form protons and neutrons, which stick together and attract electrons to form atoms. 06:01: ... the strong force were a bit stronger, protons would be able to bind to each other to form a diproton - a neutron-free ... 07:19: ... the weak nuclear force is important; it regulates the conversion of protons into neutrons, and it seems to have about the right strength to ensure ...
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 14:02: So U-238 turns to U-239, still with 92 protons. 14:07: ... U-239 is unstable and the extra neutron quickly decays into a proton, emitting an electron and a neutrino, bumping it one up on the periodic ... 14:02: So U-238 turns to U-239, still with 92 protons.
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 02:49: ... uranium fuel, in particular the isotope Uranium-235 Uranium-235 has 92 protons and 143 neutrons it makes up less than 1 percent of naturally occurring ...
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 13:30: ... into boring old up and down quarks which would join together to become protons and neutrons which means you are back to where you started ...
	2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions 00:34: ... that latter process is well understood the stars dead core collapses and protons are converted to neutrons the surrounding shells ricochet outwards along ... 02:47: ... of neutrons many neutrons rapidly undergo beta decay transforming into a proton after ejecting an electron and a neutrino the droplets are now ... 00:34: ... that latter process is well understood the stars dead core collapses and protons are converted to neutrons the surrounding shells ricochet outwards along ... 02:47: ... are created as beta decay transforms some of the absorbed neutrons into protons some of these heavy elements are sprayed into the surrounding space by ...
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... universe comes from normal stuff like stars and gas in particular the protons and neutrons they contain their baryons that gravity then follows ...
	2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom? 08:06: So, protons and neutrons will be separated into their component quarks...
	2019-03-13: Will You Travel to Space? 13:51: Electrons escape their orbits by quantum tunneling, and protons themselves may eventually decay.
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 01:46: ... Protons and the lightest of nuclei forged in the first minutes after the Big ...
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 03:02: ... become positronsquarks become anti quarks and vice-versa sending protons and neutrons to their anti versions in the nuclei of our now anti ...
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 02:01: That includes protons and neutrons as well as mesons, which are a combination of a quart and an anti-quark. 03:58: ... like 20 orders of magnitude smaller, shrinking from the size of a proton to the Planck scale, roughly the scale of the difference between the ... 02:01: That includes protons and neutrons as well as mesons, which are a combination of a quart and an anti-quark.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 09:33: Protons will have started to decay by the time we simulate last Monday. 13:15: But that's radio, which can interact strongly with the rare charged electrons and protons in intergalactic space. 09:33: Protons will have started to decay by the time we simulate last Monday. 13:15: But that's radio, which can interact strongly with the rare charged electrons and protons in intergalactic space.
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 06:02: The observable universe contains something like 10 to the power of 80 protons. 06:07: Each proton has three quarks, and there are a similar number of electrons. 06:17: Neutrinos and photons formed in the big bang are probably a billion times more abundant than protons. 10:04: Just regular matter like protons, electrons, et cetera. 13:59: ... the fact that the hypothetical proton decay time is 10 to the power 40 years, Vinay K asks if a proton created ... 14:17: That 10 to the 40 years is a crude estimate of the protons half-life, assuming it decays at all, which it might not. 14:51: So if these decays happen at all, then after 10 to the power of 40 years, every proton in the universe will have had a 50% chance of decaying. 15:07: After another 10 to the 40 years, 50% of the remaining protons will have decayed, and so on. 15:12: ... halving of the number of protons will happen 10 times by 10 to the power of 41 years, so the fraction of ... 15:24: ... reliably eliminate all of the 10 to the power of 80 protons in the observable universe, you need around 265 half-lives, or 10 to the ... 13:59: ... proton decay time is 10 to the power 40 years, Vinay K asks if a proton created in, say, 10 to the power of 36 years from now would still decay in 10 to ... 06:02: The observable universe contains something like 10 to the power of 80 protons. 06:17: Neutrinos and photons formed in the big bang are probably a billion times more abundant than protons. 10:04: Just regular matter like protons, electrons, et cetera. 14:17: That 10 to the 40 years is a crude estimate of the protons half-life, assuming it decays at all, which it might not. 15:07: After another 10 to the 40 years, 50% of the remaining protons will have decayed, and so on. 15:12: ... halving of the number of protons will happen 10 times by 10 to the power of 41 years, so the fraction of ... 15:24: ... reliably eliminate all of the 10 to the power of 80 protons in the observable universe, you need around 265 half-lives, or 10 to the ... 10:04: Just regular matter like protons, electrons, et cetera. 14:17: That 10 to the 40 years is a crude estimate of the protons half-life, assuming it decays at all, which it might not. 15:12: ... will happen 10 times by 10 to the power of 41 years, so the fraction of protons left will be 0.5 to the power of 10, or around ...
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 06:03: Do protons decay? 06:09: But in short, protons have the most stable composite particles. 06:28: But failed attempts to spot it tell us it must take at least 10 to the power of 34 years for a proton to have a 50% chance of decaying. 06:37: Theory says that if protons decay at all, this half-life could be up to 10 to the power of 37 years. 06:45: So in something like 10 to the power of 39 or 10 to the power 40 years, all protons in the observable universe will be gone. 07:06: If protons decay, black holes would be the only mass of bodies left in the universe after 10 to the power 40 years. 09:22: Now, before we finish, we have to take a step back and ask, what if protons don't decay? 11:31: Again, that's if protons don't decay. 06:03: Do protons decay? 06:09: But in short, protons have the most stable composite particles. 06:37: Theory says that if protons decay at all, this half-life could be up to 10 to the power of 37 years. 06:45: So in something like 10 to the power of 39 or 10 to the power 40 years, all protons in the observable universe will be gone. 07:06: If protons decay, black holes would be the only mass of bodies left in the universe after 10 to the power 40 years. 09:22: Now, before we finish, we have to take a step back and ask, what if protons don't decay? 11:31: Again, that's if protons don't decay. 06:03: Do protons decay? 06:37: Theory says that if protons decay at all, this half-life could be up to 10 to the power of 37 years. 07:06: If protons decay, black holes would be the only mass of bodies left in the universe after 10 to the power 40 years. 09:22: Now, before we finish, we have to take a step back and ask, what if protons don't decay? 11:31: Again, that's if protons don't decay. 09:22: Now, before we finish, we have to take a step back and ask, what if protons don't decay? 11:31: Again, that's if protons don't decay.
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 04:18: The solar wind electrons, alphas, and protons instrument-- or SWEAP-- will directly detect the particles that make up most of the solar wind. 04:27: The most common types are electrons, helium ions, AKA alpha particles, and protons. 04:51: ... particles of the solar wind-- charged particles like electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei, measuring their energies and mapping them back to ... 04:18: The solar wind electrons, alphas, and protons instrument-- or SWEAP-- will directly detect the particles that make up most of the solar wind. 04:27: The most common types are electrons, helium ions, AKA alpha particles, and protons. 04:51: ... particles of the solar wind-- charged particles like electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei, measuring their energies and mapping them back to ... 04:18: The solar wind electrons, alphas, and protons instrument-- or SWEAP-- will directly detect the particles that make up most of the solar wind.
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 02:36: ... latter include the quarks, up/down, which comprise protons and neutrons, and the more exotic top, bottom, strange, and charm as ... 07:12: Neutrinos are created by colliding protons together to produce a beam of mostly muon neutrinos. 02:36: ... latter include the quarks, up/down, which comprise protons and neutrons, and the more exotic top, bottom, strange, and charm as ... 07:12: Neutrinos are created by colliding protons together to produce a beam of mostly muon neutrinos.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 00:09: A proton, an electron, and an antineutrino walk into a black hole.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 10:06: ... example, a system of two protons is more massive if the protons are closer together than far apart, ... 10:18: ... strong nuclear force, and the direction of the force turns around so the protons fold ... 10:31: The resulting combined nucleus is lighter than the sum of the masses of the two distant protons. 10:06: ... example, a system of two protons is more massive if the protons are closer together than far apart, ... 10:18: ... strong nuclear force, and the direction of the force turns around so the protons fold ... 10:31: The resulting combined nucleus is lighter than the sum of the masses of the two distant protons. 10:18: ... strong nuclear force, and the direction of the force turns around so the protons fold ...
	2017-12-20: Extinction by Gamma-Ray Burst 01:01: ... stars, or the evaporation of the last black hole and decay of the last proton? ...
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 02:30: By the way, a baryon is a 3-quark particle like a proton or a neutron.
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 13:47: Protons and neutrons, which combine three quarks, all have spins of half. 13:53: But in a helium-4 nucleus, the protons pair up and have opposite spins, so they cancel out, same with the neutrons and the electrons. 13:47: Protons and neutrons, which combine three quarks, all have spins of half. 13:53: But in a helium-4 nucleus, the protons pair up and have opposite spins, so they cancel out, same with the neutrons and the electrons.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 10:38: ... looking into the variation of other dimensionless constants, such as the proton electron mass ratio, and the more obscure proton gyromagnetic ...
	2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes 12:18: That support gives way when pressure rams electrons into protons in the nuclei to turn them into neutrons.
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 12:00: Andreas64 asks why we don't also talk about the one proton or one neutron universe. 12:19: Not too much protons and neutrons, but the different quarks as well as muons, neutrinos, et cetera.
	2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe 08:04: Wheeler suggested, perhaps half jokingly, that all of the positrons may be hiding in protons.
	2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain? 05:30: The black holes will evaporate, the last proton will decay, and all of that cool stuff will cease.
	2017-04-19: The Oh My God Particle 05:06: Most of them are single protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms.
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 14:51: ... to meters deep in which you have significant impurities of electrons and protons mixed in with the neutrons, perhaps up to 10% electrons and protons by ... 15:23: These fields are supported by superconduction of protons beneath the surface. 15:53: ... would expand into a gas cataclysmically and the neutrons would decay to protons and electrons and an awful lot of ... 14:51: ... to meters deep in which you have significant impurities of electrons and protons mixed in with the neutrons, perhaps up to 10% electrons and protons by ... 15:23: These fields are supported by superconduction of protons beneath the surface. 15:53: ... would expand into a gas cataclysmically and the neutrons would decay to protons and electrons and an awful lot of ... 15:23: These fields are supported by superconduction of protons beneath the surface. 14:51: ... to meters deep in which you have significant impurities of electrons and protons mixed in with the neutrons, perhaps up to 10% electrons and protons by mass of ...
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 01:52: In that collapse, most of the electrons and protons are crunched together to form neutrons.
	2016-10-12: Black Holes from the Dawn of Time 09:28: A billion-ton black hole has an event horizon around the size of a proton, so it would pass through the planet as though the Earth were made of air.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 00:41: Protons and neutrons can occupy excited states, contain excess energy. 01:19: The same sort of excess in the photons emitted after proton collisions in the Large Hadron Collider led to the discovery of the Higgs boson. 00:41: Protons and neutrons can occupy excited states, contain excess energy.
	2016-08-24: Should We Build a Dyson Sphere? 07:54: ... mass into energy, assuming we can find a way to pump new matter into the proton-sized Kugelblitz against the tide of Hawking ...
	2016-07-20: The Future of Gravitational Waves 02:12: ... caused a change in LIGO's arm lengths of about 1/1000, the diameter of a proton and a few times smaller than the more powerful September ... 05:41: ... calculate the probability that an alpha particle-- so a package of two protons and two neutrons-- would tunnel out of the nucleus of a polonium-212 ... 07:03: ... far from the center of the nucleus, the Coulomb potential of the nuclear protons, reaches the 8.78 mega electron volts of the alpha particle's kinetic ... 05:41: ... calculate the probability that an alpha particle-- so a package of two protons and two neutrons-- would tunnel out of the nucleus of a polonium-212 ... 07:03: ... far from the center of the nucleus, the Coulomb potential of the nuclear protons, reaches the 8.78 mega electron volts of the alpha particle's kinetic ...
	2016-06-22: Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics 03:19: And so an object made of jiggling charged particles, like electrons and protons, glows.
	2016-06-08: New Fundamental Particle Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 01:03: A ring of gigantic magnets accelerates protons to up to 0.99999999 of the speed of light before colliding them from opposite directions. 01:31: Under these conditions, protons are obliterated. 04:03: Just like the proton is a combination of three quarks, this could be a much more massive combination of several quarks and antiquarks. 01:03: A ring of gigantic magnets accelerates protons to up to 0.99999999 of the speed of light before colliding them from opposite directions. 01:31: Under these conditions, protons are obliterated.
	2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light? 02:56: But what about something much smaller, say a tightly bound bundle of two protons and two neutrons that we call an alpha particle? 04:52: Protons, neutrons, electrons, and alpha particles can quantum tunnel into nuclei in various types of fusion and particle capture phenomena. 02:56: But what about something much smaller, say a tightly bound bundle of two protons and two neutrons that we call an alpha particle? 04:52: Protons, neutrons, electrons, and alpha particles can quantum tunnel into nuclei in various types of fusion and particle capture phenomena.
	2016-04-13: Will the Universe Expand Forever? 10:36: ... you start with an even-atomic-number element-- like carbon, with its six protons-- this means that you end up with a much higher abundance in even-numbered ... 10:49: ... most abundant elements in the universe, only two have an odd number of protons-- hydrogen and nitrogen. However, there are many ways to build elements ... 10:36: ... you start with an even-atomic-number element-- like carbon, with its six protons-- this means that you end up with a much higher abundance in even-numbered ... 10:49: ... most abundant elements in the universe, only two have an odd number of protons-- hydrogen and nitrogen. However, there are many ways to build elements ...
	2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff 01:48: Every element on the periodic table is formed from nuclei of a defining number of protons. 02:51: ... vast majority of that hydrogen has a lonely proton nucleus, a trio of quarks that found each other about a millionth of a ... 03:06: In fact, those protons will outlast almost every other nonelementary particle in the universe. 03:21: A few seconds after it became possible for protons to exist, new heavier elements started to form. 03:28: ... the entire universe was hot and dense enough for nuclear fusion, for protons to slam together hard enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion ... 03:46: Two protons, two neutrons, 12 quarks, a complicated but very stable marriage of particles. 04:08: ... fact, that helium-4 nucleus weighs less than the sum of the protons that went into it, and the difference is released in the form of light ... 04:18: In those 20 minutes, 25% of the original protons were forged into helium with a touch of deuterium, lithium and beryllium. 06:47: In order to go in either direction from iron, either increasing or decreasing the number of protons, you actually have to put energy in. 02:51: ... vast majority of that hydrogen has a lonely proton nucleus, a trio of quarks that found each other about a millionth of a second ... 01:48: Every element on the periodic table is formed from nuclei of a defining number of protons. 03:06: In fact, those protons will outlast almost every other nonelementary particle in the universe. 03:21: A few seconds after it became possible for protons to exist, new heavier elements started to form. 03:28: ... the entire universe was hot and dense enough for nuclear fusion, for protons to slam together hard enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsion ... 03:46: Two protons, two neutrons, 12 quarks, a complicated but very stable marriage of particles. 04:08: ... fact, that helium-4 nucleus weighs less than the sum of the protons that went into it, and the difference is released in the form of light ... 04:18: In those 20 minutes, 25% of the original protons were forged into helium with a touch of deuterium, lithium and beryllium. 06:47: In order to go in either direction from iron, either increasing or decreasing the number of protons, you actually have to put energy in.
	2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! 04:21: ... Protons and helium nuclei, the other common charged particles hanging around the ... 04:55: That's the mass of all the protons and neutrons in the observable universe. 05:06: But we do know that they're about as many of them as there are protons. 05:11: ... divide the 10 to the 53 kilograms by the mass of the proton, and we get that there are 6 by 10 to the 79 protons in the observable ... 05:28: 75% of the baryonic mass is in hydrogen, which has just one proton and no neutrons. 05:34: For the rest, it's about half, half protons and neutrons. 04:21: ... Protons and helium nuclei, the other common charged particles hanging around the ... 04:55: That's the mass of all the protons and neutrons in the observable universe. 05:06: But we do know that they're about as many of them as there are protons. 05:11: ... by the mass of the proton, and we get that there are 6 by 10 to the 79 protons in the observable universe, and just as many ... 05:34: For the rest, it's about half, half protons and neutrons.
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 00:37: Free electrons were captured by protons to form the very first atoms. 02:42: ... the universe was filled with this plasma that consisted mostly of protons, electrons, and helium ... 03:01: ... transparent when it cooled enough for those electrons to be captured by protons to form the first hydrogen atoms in an event called ... 00:37: Free electrons were captured by protons to form the very first atoms. 02:42: ... the universe was filled with this plasma that consisted mostly of protons, electrons, and helium ... 03:01: ... transparent when it cooled enough for those electrons to be captured by protons to form the first hydrogen atoms in an event called ... 02:42: ... the universe was filled with this plasma that consisted mostly of protons, electrons, and helium ...
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 04:05: And pack all of the galaxies in the entire observable universe into a space 10 to the power of minus 20th of the width of a proton. 11:11: ... asks, does this mean if you were to take every proton, neutron, and electron in the universe, you could fit them all into a ...
	2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened 03:43: It was a searing ocean of protons and electrons. 07:03: ... nuclear fusion raged across the cosmos, baking some of the existing protons into heavier elements in a process that we call primordial ... 03:43: It was a searing ocean of protons and electrons. 07:03: ... nuclear fusion raged across the cosmos, baking some of the existing protons into heavier elements in a process that we call primordial ...
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 05:27: This is when a magnetic storm on the sun's surface sends out a blast of extremely high energy particles, most notably protons and electrons.
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 01:11: ... by electrons flickering in their orbits, themselves held in place by protons that are comprised of quarks in constant ... 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored box ... 01:11: ... by electrons flickering in their orbits, themselves held in place by protons that are comprised of quarks in constant ... 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored box ...
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 00:54: ... comes from the kinetic and binding energy of the quarks that make up protons and ... 04:52: OK, so how does this stuff translate to something like a proton? 04:55: 99% of the mass of the proton is in the vibrational energy of the quarks plus the binding energy of the gluon field. 05:08: ... the proton is a lot like a combination of our photon box and our compressed ... 00:54: ... comes from the kinetic and binding energy of the quarks that make up protons and ...
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 00:28: The electrons, and the quarks that comprise protons and neutrons, do seem to have intrinsic mass, but this is only run 1% of the mass of the atom. 08:45: For a person, it's around 1/10 billionth of the radius of a proton. 00:28: The electrons, and the quarks that comprise protons and neutrons, do seem to have intrinsic mass, but this is only run 1% of the mass of the atom.
	2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole 02:03: Electrons are slammed into protons in the ion nuclei, forging a neutron star. 03:45: For example, electrons, protons, and neutrons. 02:03: Electrons are slammed into protons in the ion nuclei, forging a neutron star. 03:45: For example, electrons, protons, and neutrons.
	2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!? 03:38: That changes your height by less than a millionth of the width of a proton. 05:48: Now, the original LIGO was able to spot changes in the length of its four-kilometer arms of around 1/1,000 of the diameter of a proton.
	2015-10-15: 5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel 05:28: Annihilate a proton and an antiproton, and you get charged pions moving at near light speed. 08:16: The sweet spot is a black hole of around 600 billion kilograms or two Empire State buildings, which would be roughly the size of a single proton.
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 02:12: If dark matter exists in this model, its mass probably needs to come from protons and neutrons.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 00:02: A hydrogen atom has less mass than the combined masses of the proton and the electron that make it up. 05:21: ... a hydrogen atom is less than the combined masses of the electron and the proton that make it ... 05:32: Suppose we call the potential energy of a proton and electron zero when they're infinitely far apart. 05:48: So the potential energy of the electron and proton in a hydrogen atom is negative. 05:52: Now the electron in hydrogen also has kinetic energy, which is always positive, due to its movement around the product proton. 06:12: ... atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make them ... 06:31: What about protons and neutrons themselves? 06:33: They're made of particles called quarks, whose combine mass is about 2,000 to 3,000 times smaller than a proton's or neutron's mass. 06:39: So where does the proton's mass come from? 06:12: ... atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make them ... 06:31: What about protons and neutrons themselves? 06:33: They're made of particles called quarks, whose combine mass is about 2,000 to 3,000 times smaller than a proton's or neutron's mass. 06:39: So where does the proton's mass come from? 06:12: ... atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons that make them ...
	2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained 03:06: At this temperature, it's too hot for electrons and protons to even coalesce into atoms, let alone stars, planets or galaxies.
	2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space? 07:41: ... that advanced nanobots might disassembled the planet atom by atom-- and protons decay-- that maybe protons are unstable, and in quadrillions of years, ...
	2015-03-11: What Will Destroy Planet Earth? 05:54: ... universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ...

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