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2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas?

  • 01:52: At these melting and boiling boundaries the material is momentarily a mix of both states.
  • 08:01: But we’re approaching our strange new region of the phase diagram, where the rules are going to change Let's talk about density for a moment.

2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles?

  • 11:26: ... electrons that were attracted by this momentary convergence of positive charge are jostled so much that this effect is ...

2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics?

  • 02:36: ... to molecular scale, and the entangled property could be spin,  momentum, or any other quantum ...
  • 04:54: ... relationship if those properties  really are decided at the moment of ...
  • 06:51: Spin is the quantum version of angular momentum.
  • 06:54: ... spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular momentum the pair of photons needed to have a total spin of zero, which ...
  • 07:18: Hidden variable theories, on the other hand,  allow the polarization to be set at the moment the photons are created.
  • 08:27: So what if that orientation has some influence on the polarization direction of the photons at the moment of their creation?
  • 10:10: ... that the photons can’t know how they’re going to be measured at the moment of their creation, which if you recall was the potential loophole in ...

2022-10-19: The Equation That Explains (Nearly) Everything!

  • 04:05: ... will reveal the existence of a conserved quantity like energy or momentum. And this is Noether's Theorem, and we also have an episode about ...
  • 06:02: ... particles with integer spin are called bosons. They transmit energy and momentum according to the symmetries of each force. Some parts of the standard ...

2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets!

  • 06:05: ... Just as regular sails accelerate a ship by   catching the momentum of the wind, solar sails catch the momentum of light - of photons ...

2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics?

  • 05:34: Those probabilities depend on many things,  like the particles’ positions and momenta, spins, charges, masses, etc.

2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter?

  • 08:39: In this case, it’s by using a 350 year old law of physics known as conservation of momentum.
  • 08:48: ... of momentum tells us that the product of velocity times mass of all particles going ...
  • 09:00: ... know pretty well the momentum of the particles going into our collision, and we can measure and add up ...
  • 09:11: If total momentum seems to have decreased, this implies something invisible has sneaked that missing momentum past the detectors.
  • 09:19: ... if we just looked at the total momentum, there’d be a lot of uncertainty due to the fact that there’s variation ...
  • 09:28: ... another part to this trick that makes it very precise. We can do our momentum audit in a way that ensures that in-going momentum is known completely ...
  • 09:42: Total moment in a collision is conserved, but also the momentum in each separate direction is conserved independently of the other directions.
  • 09:51: ... momentum perpendicular to the direction of the particle beams is called the ...
  • 10:01: ... forwards, back or sideways. But any of that sideways or transverse momentum has to add up to ...
  • 10:30: ... of momentum tells us that there should be more stuff firing out in the opposite ...
  • 10:56: And that lepton will be detected, meaning we can account for the momentum lost to neutrinos.
  • 11:33: ... the same direction as the beam, making the calculation of the transverse momentum very ...
  • 11:44: Physicists at the Large Hadron Collider’s ATLAS experiment have been adding up the outgoing transverse momenta for many, many events like this.

2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton?

  • 16:44: ... that means the actual   direction gets randomly chosen at the moment of measurement. Now if the spin direction could only   be ...

2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe?

  • 09:28: But that’s only weird if Alice’s choices themselves are independent events defined wholly in the present moment.
  • 13:38: Let’s stay neutral for the moment and look at what we know.

2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics?

  • 07:38: ... everywhere in physics, for example in calculating torque, angular momentum,   and through Maxwell’s equations.  The right hand rule is another ...
  • 16:39: ... problem is worse than that actually. Without an external source of momentum   exchange like with a light sail, you need to to carry your entire ...

2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality?

  • 04:56: ... question with a Stern   Gerlach apparatus, where the magnetic moment  of the particles interact with a magnetic field   gradient to ...
  • 08:49: ... of the measurement error   in a particle’s position and momentum has to be  greater than the Planck constant divided by ...

2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy

  • 01:09: ... we see galactic cannibalism everywhere. We see  moments that appear frozen on the human timescale,   but are really ...

2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life?

  • 02:06: ... average in terms of mass, age, even  location. But consider for a moment   the ancient human’s perspective, without the  help or hindrance of ...

2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself?

  • 13:29: ... survey. We love hearing your ideas and thoughts and if you have a moment, there’s a link in the ...

2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe?

  • 17:22: ... observers reference frame, given that it’s defined in reference to the momentum vector of the ...
  • 17:49: The answer is that chirality isn’t as simple as a projection of spin onto the momentum vector.

2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental?

  • 02:23: For example electrons have this thing called spin - a quantum analogy to angular momentum.
  • 09:52: ... have right-handed chirality if their spin is clockwise relative to their momentum vector and left-handed chirality if it's ...

2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe?

  • 04:51: ... found itself sitting at a higher energy than it  needed. It was momentarily stable at that point,   just like a ball sitting at the top of ...

2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality?

  • 13:19: ... or subjective fiction? Did I measure position precisely or was it momentum? Who put my cat in that funny box, and why isn’t he purring any more? But ...
  • 17:42: ... an object being frozen at the event horizon if the light emitted at the moment it crosses the horizon from its perspective takes infinite time to reach ...

2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA

  • 00:03: ... of space as some kind of definite now or universal simultaneous moment the relativity of simultaneity showed us i guess that my perception ...

2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole?

  • 02:28: Imagine for a moment that the Sun just disappeared.

2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer

  • 10:14: And then we have cosmological simulations  which create entire virtual universes, from the moment the first  atoms formed to the modern day.

2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT

  • 15:23: The the fast-moving black hole slows-down inside the Earth because exchanges momentum with or eats stationary material on its way through.

2021-12-10: 2021 End of Year AMA!

  • 00:02: ... actually be attracted given that the photon is expected to exchange momentum with the proton and that photon is moving in a particular direction ...

2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs?

  • 01:14: ... from outside a black hole are its mass, electric charge, and angular momentum. ...
  • 02:27: But these few numbers emerge from the motion of every air molecule — and to describe that we’d need the positions and momenta of 10^27ish particles.

2021-11-10: What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong?

  • 06:06: It doesn’t respect conservation of energy or momentum or angular momentum.
  • 07:55: In 1984 he diverted his attention for a moment  to work with Mordehai Milgrom in fixing MOND.

2021-11-02: Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics?

  • 01:22: ... were some efforts - for example Euler considered properties involving momentum and kinetic energy - but to no avail. In the meantime Isaac Newton came ...
  • 07:09: ... Action simplifies into just the integral over proper time. Let's take a moment to think about that. Before Action was a somewhat vague notion of change ...
  • 12:16: ... space could mean phase space - the space of possible positions and momenta - or it could be more general state space, representing all the quantum ...
  • 12:59: ... states underpins modern quantum theory. Back to Paul Dirac just for a moment. His eponymous equation was derived to describe the quantum evolution of ...

2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe

  • 12:07: ... outpace the expanding bubble to warn us   of its approach. One moment you might  be watching your favorite YouTube show,   the ...

2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse

  • 07:14: ... wavefunction. The normal linear observables are things like position, momentum, spin - the physical stuff that makes up our world. Extra observables ...
  • 14:02: ... - first is that a white dwarf could potentially gain a lot of angular momentum or spin by absorbing material from another star, hence perhaps ...

2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology

  • 02:13: ... under its own gravitational crush due to conservation of angular momentum. But typical white dwarfs take from a few hours to a few days to rotate. ...
  • 09:18: ... neutron stars when LIGO detected the gravitational waves from the last moment of those inspirals. But it should happen with white dwarfs ...
  • 09:51: ... be spinning really really fast because it doesn’t just have the angular momentum from its spinning parent stars - it has the angular momentum from the ...

2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe

  • 09:53: Magnetic fields generated by collapsing gas clouds help to slow the rotation of those clouds - expel angular momentum.

2021-07-13: Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds?

  • 04:23: ... particle position and momentum and orientation is chosen from a vast array of possibilities, a ...

2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin

  • 00:22: ... on the  chair. It’s a demonstration of the conservation of angular momentum. The angular momentum  of the wheel is changed in one direction, so ...
  • 00:47: ... speed. At first glance this appears to violate conservation of angular momentum because there was nothing spinning  to start with. Except there was ...
  • 01:26: ... And yet they do seem to possess  a very strange type of angular momentum that somehow exists without classical rotation. In fact the spin of an ...
  • 02:25: ... moving in circles around the atom, that motion  leads to a magnetic moment - a dipole magnetic field like a tiny bar magnet. The different ...
  • 03:20: ... sort of works is  to say that each electron has its own magnetic moment - by itself it acts like a tiny bar magnet. So you have the alignment of ...
  • 03:48: ... huge problems. For example, in order to produce the observed magnetic moment they’d need to be spinning  faster than the speed of light. This ...
  • 04:40: ... aren’t spinning, but somehow  they act like they have angular momentum. And this is how we think about quantum spin now. It’s  an intrinsic ...
  • 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment.
  • 05:37: ... on the atoms that depends on the direction that these little magnetic moments are pointing  relative to that field. Those that are perfectly ...
  • 07:02: ... not only do electrons have this magnetic  moment without rotation, but the direction of the underlying magnetic  ...
  • 10:22: To get some insight into what spin really is,   think not about angular momentum,  but regular or linear momentum.
  • 10:30: A particle's momentum is fundamentally  connected to its position.
  • 10:33: ... in coordinate location gives us the law of the  conservation of momentum. For related reasons in quantum mechanics position and  momentum are ...
  • 10:58: If position is the companion variable of momentum,  what's the companion of angular momentum?
  • 11:09: ... one way to think about the  angular momentum of an electron is not from classical rotation,   but rather ...
  • 11:21: They have undefined orientation, but  perfectly defined angular momentum.
  • 11:34: ... that you can derive the right values of the  electron spin angular momentum and magnetic moment by looking at the energy and charge  currents ...
  • 11:44: ... imply that even if the electron is point like, it's angular momentum can arise  from an extended though still tiny ...
  • 12:13: ... intrinsic angular momenta can only be observed as plus or minus a half times the reduced Planck ...
  • 15:31: ... we can’t really talk about the t=0 beginning  of time, because that moment lost in our ignorance about quantum gravity and inflation and ...

2021-06-23: How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy

  • 16:39: ... preferred angle. That’s the basis for the conservation of angular momentum, which we know   is obeyed. Another issue with the simple ...
  • 17:55: ... to measure position, I said that the uncertainty in the final momentum of   the particle is roughly equal to the momentum of the ...

2021-06-16: Can Space Be Infinitely Divided?

  • 03:47: ... now you have a new problem. Light carries energy and momentum - and the shorter the   wavelength, the more it carries. If ...
  • 04:30: ... photon’s momentum is the Planck  constant divided by its wavelength.   So ...
  • 04:49: ... It also applies to other pairs of variables besides position and momentum. ...
  • 05:08: ... as long as  we’re happy to have infinite uncertainty in   momentum. But it turns out that the Planck constant defines a new source of ...
  • 06:02: ... distance  with perfect precision, and who cares about   momentum. We keep decreasing the wavelength of our measuring photon - ...
  • 08:37: ... that when we do that we increase the uncertainty   in momentum of that bundle of electron-ness. That also means increasing the ...

2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth?

  • 02:23: Space is, as the name implies, spacious, and so collisions are relatively rare, or at least for the moment they're rare.

2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere?

  • 14:16: Those photons are entangled with each other because various properties are correlated - in particular phase, polarization, and momentum.

2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

  • 01:31: Perfect knowledge of a particle’s position means its momentum is undefined.
  • 02:37: ... reasoned that the photon would give the particle a momentum kick, which would account for a greater uncertainty in its momentum ...
  • 02:47: ... kick the object even harder, causing an even greater uncertainty in the momentum. ...
  • 04:30: ... to extreme precision as long as we’re happy to have no knowledge of its momentum. ...
  • 06:56: In this case, the complementary variables in question are not position and momentum, but rather phase and amplitude.

2021-04-21: The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities

  • 16:45: Momentum, which incorporates velocity, is as fundamental as position.

2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting!

  • 01:18: And that's the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon.
  • 01:35: What's an anomalous magnetic dipole moment?
  • 01:41: We've actually talked at about the anomalous magnetic dipole moment before in terms of the electron.
  • 03:37: The strength of that rotational pool or the talk, is defined by the objects dipole moment.
  • 03:43: For a rotating charge, that depends on the objects rate of rotation, or angular momentum, it's charge and it's mass.
  • 03:50: Here's the equation for the classical dipole moment for a nonquantum rotating charge.
  • 04:00: An electron also has a dipole field and a dipole moment which depends on the electron spin charge and mass.
  • 04:07: But the electron dipole moment is different from the classical one by this factor g.
  • 04:56: All those virtual photons could do something weird like momentarily becoming an electron-positron pair.
  • 06:34: By the way, the anomalous in the anomalous magnetic dipole moment, refers to that little bit extra after the two.

2021-02-10: How Does Gravity Warp the Flow of Time?

  • 07:42: ... perception of what is “simultaneous” to current moment flips at the turnaround point, so that she misses a bunch of the ticks ...

2020-12-08: Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future?

  • 07:56: Just rewind the clock to the moment before the asteroid’s very last interaction with the outside universe.

2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces

  • 04:50: ... outcomes being measured for observables like particle position and momentum. ...

2020-10-27: How The Penrose Singularity Theorem Predicts The End of Space Time

  • 13:38: ... So we can look for those extra   things - the moment of wavefunction collapse, the guiding function or the empty ...

2020-10-20: Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics?

  • 03:41: Now exploring those interpretations again, may help us understand the state of the universe beyond our immediate selves and the immediate moment.
  • 04:23: ... way, perfectly defined by the equations of quantum mechanics but at the moment of measurement, a single reality is randomly selected from the ...
  • 14:59: ... then it would need to be the instantaneous state of the brain, the momentary spatial configuration of its particles at that instant that gives rise ...

2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?

  • 07:03: And there are other anomalies like the muon’s magnetic moment.

2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream

  • 00:00: ... weinberg afterwards pulled me aside and in very appropriate for that moment um tone he said can i give you some advice and i said sure and he ...

2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream

  • 00:00: ... will get into our lives uh our teaching tends to take us away uh at a moment's notice but she will be joining us next week and we'll have more ...

2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?

  • 08:50: ... anti-hydrogen is electrically neutral, it does have a small magnetic moment - like a tiny bar magnet. ALPHA introduces a new magnetic field that ...
  • 09:19: ... the precise mass and charge of the particles, their orbital angular momentum, their magnetic and electric dipole moments, and even the strength of the ...

2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon

  • 04:57: In both cases, the amount of angular momentum or charge you can fit into a black hole before it becomes extremal depends on the mass.
  • 06:06: This can’t happen with rotating black holes because they leak away their angular momentum as well as their mass.
  • 07:11: Rotating black holes gain their angular momentum from things they swallow.
  • 07:20: It’s that orbital angular momentum that is fed to the black hole.
  • 07:24: But in order for an object orbiting a black hole to fall into it, it actually has to lose at least some of that angular momentum.
  • 07:31: ... hole like in a quasar, then the gas only spirals inwards because angular momentum is carried outwards by ...
  • 07:42: By the time the gas reaches the black hole it has lost much of the angular momentum it started with.
  • 07:49: The faster a black hole is rotating, the more angular momentum that gas has to lose in order to fall in.
  • 07:55: ... of boost so it can still orbit even with very little of its own angular momentum. ...
  • 08:06: ... riding on the carousel of frame-dragged state, and has no angular momentum of its ...
  • 08:30: More generally, there is no trajectory into an extremal black hole that can add angular momentum from the trajectory or the “orbit” itself.
  • 08:43: An alternative is to throw in something that’s actually spinning itself - so it has intrinsic angular momentum.

2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab

  • 07:24: ... vortex black hole analog. In fact, both the analog of energy and angular momentum seems to be sapped by this Hawking-like ...

2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends?

  • 14:35: Before we get to comments, I just want to take a moment to thank everyone who supports us on Patreon.

2020-05-18: Mapping the Multiverse

  • 10:18: You caught a glimpse of the entire history of that universe the moment you crossed into the white hole.

2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient

  • 00:55: ... the birthday of the universe. Actually, you know what? Forget for a moment knowing the age of the universe - our knowledge that the universe even ...
  • 09:39: ... its age as between 7 and 13 billion years old. Now there were some moments of confusion. For a while we thought we’d found globular clusters - ...

2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything

  • 00:00: ... they grow in mass when they swallow things they conserve angular momentum and charge because they acquire those properties when they swallow ...

2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel?

  • 03:45: ... keep time frozen for the moment and add back the 3rd spatial dimension. The ring of the wormhole is ...

2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient

  • 03:43: ... of years and centuries, etc. etc. ... Creation is not the work of a moment.” By the way, Kant was also the first to have speculated about the ...

2020-03-31: What’s On The Other Side Of A Black Hole?

  • 01:53: ... try to trace a path across the horizon in terms of their own clock, the moment of crossing never happens. It’s like Achilles chasing the tortoise in ...

2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time

  • 01:44: ... be rotating. The spin of a black hole comes from the combined angular momentum of everything that went into forming it. That includes the rotation of ...
  • 02:26: ... black holes might not have MUCH spin - because angular momentum can cancel out if objects fall in with different spins or in different ...

2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World?

  • 00:57: ... for example a particle’s position can be expressed as a superposition of momentum states. I’ll come back to another example of this in a second. But this ...
  • 04:28: ... to be in opposite directions in order to cancel out and conserve angular momentum. But besides being opposite to each other they can be aligned in any ...

2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat?

  • 00:39: ... at the same time, to having only one clear observable state at the moment of ...
  • 01:29: ... the wavefunction branches that we don’t observe somehow vanish at the moment of ...

2020-02-18: Does Consciousness Influence Quantum Mechanics?

  • 05:53: John von Neumann believed that wavefunction collapse must happen at the moment of conscious awareness of the result of an experiment.
  • 06:55: So we have this weird moment - somewhere between the landing of that electron on the screen and your friend telling you the result.

2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality

  • 07:12: ... conditions include things like conservation of energy and momentum, the behavior of quantum properties like spin, and the assumption of a ...
  • 07:56: Two go in, and two go out - the out particles could be the different to the in particles, or they could be the same just with different momenta.
  • 14:29: ... some places it gives up angular momentum - it's orbital energy - to the gas, causing it to migrate inwards, while ...
  • 14:41: And between these inward and outward migration regions are places where no angular momentum is exchanged. And, well, the black hole is trapped.

2020-01-20: Solving the Three Body Problem

  • 10:30: ... consistent with some basic properties like the energy and angular momentum of the system. The system explores what we call a phase space - a space ...

2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes

  • 04:50: ... dragged out of the disk, tugged by the black hole’s gravitational field. Momentum is transferred from black hole to gas, slowing the black hole down a bit ...
  • 06:15: ... of the disk, that can cause the object to either gain or lose angular momentum. If it gains angular momentum the size of its orbit increases, so it ...

2019-12-09: The Doomsday Argument

  • 11:05: ... you could be a momentary entropy fluctuation that caused a brain with exactly your current mental ...
  • 13:11: ... you access to our new Space Time discord channel, where at this very moment brilliant and curious individuals are discussing the future of humanity, ...

2019-11-18: Can You Observe a Typical Universe?

  • 00:00: The moment you started observing reality, you hopelessly polluted any conclusions you might make about it.
  • 12:13: ... world was meant to have him in it, was built to have him in it; so the moment he disappears catches him rather by ...

2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained

  • 03:33: ... classical physics, we have variables like position, time, momentum, energy - mathematical expressions that represent the observable ...
  • 04:06: In the first formulations of quantum mechanics, that wavefunction describes the distribution of possible positions and momenta of, say, a particle.
  • 04:16: These can then be resolved into concrete, measured values by acting on the wavefunction with so-called position and momentum operators.
  • 04:30: ... all, the position and momentum of quantum mechanics literally describes location on a spatial ...
  • 05:19: ... you calculate changing properties of a particle- - like its position or momentum - relative to the background coordinate ...
  • 05:35: So maybe instead of thinking about the quantum fuzziness of position and momentum we can think about the quantum fuzziness of the metric itself.
  • 06:37: You can also imagine analogies of the position and momentum in this space of metrics.
  • 08:20: ... a spinor - a vector-like thing that also represents a quantum of angular momentum - or ...

2019-10-07: Black Hole Harmonics

  • 09:05: .69 means this is a rapidly rotating black hole, which is unsurprising seeing as it just absorbed the orbital angular momentum of two black holes.

2019-09-30: How Many Universes Are There?

  • 09:44: So, the first intelligence appears in our universe after exactly 10 billion years – we’ll call that moment “second one”.
  • 10:45: ... result is that at any one moment, almost all of the intelligent beings in the eternally inflating ...

2019-07-18: Did Time Start at the Big Bang?

  • 03:27: ... scale factor That's the distance between any two points in space at some moment in time Relative to their distance at some other reference moments that ...
  • 11:36: ... of our ideas Just push back the uncomfortable something from nothing moments physicists have a thing or two to say about that from quantum ...

2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy

  • 02:49: ... nuclei in H2O are around the same mass as neutrons they absorb a lot of momentum in Neutron collisions and Conveniently that same water can also work as ...

2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions

  • 02:47: ... daughter products exactly reflect the abundances of the parents of the moment the meteorite material was formed now this study focused on curium 247 ...

2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages

  • 01:34: ... transparent for the first time, and we see the light freed at that moment as the cosmic microwave background. THAT is the oldest light that we see ...
  • 06:39: ... the epoch of reionization. But before we get to that, I want to take a moment to talk about quasars. It’s relevant, trust ...
  • 12:16: ... the meantime, let’s take a moment to be grateful for our own light-filled stelliferous era; Probably the ...

2019-05-09: Why Quantum Computing Requires Quantum Cryptography

  • 04:38: ... of certain pairs of properties – for example, a particle’s position and momentum. ...

2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter?

  • 00:03: ... have happened but they emphasize that these are just guesses for the moment perhaps these UD G's form from gas and stars ejected in a past collision ...

2019-04-10: The Holographic Universe Explained

  • 04:26: Let’s ignore string theory for the moment and just think about how to create an extra dimension.

2019-04-03: The Edge of an Infinite Universe

  • 05:49: ... horizontal-ish contours are our old time ticks - moments of constant time across the universe, while the vertical-ish lines are ...

2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom?

  • 10:03: ... Earth's own gravitational binding energy and the planet is disrupted. Moments later at the 10^-19 of a second, before absolute disruption, it will ...

2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger?

  • 12:00: At the moment, dark energy is only strong enough to accelerate the expansion of space on the largest scales.

2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines

  • 02:12: ... at the same time increases the separation between those masses, so that moment of inertia is ...
  • 14:25: Abe Dillon asks whether the "moment" of recombination should depend on the local density.
  • 15:07: ... in galaxy rings were blurred out quite a bit because the universe took a moment to become fully ...

2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background

  • 02:05: ... when light decoupled from matter at the formation of the first atoms the moment of Recombination As the universe evolved those frozen shells collapsed ...

2019-01-30: Perpetual Motion From Negative Mass?

  • 05:40: It MIGHT be, but more likely you’re having a crackpot moment.
  • 06:36: ... presence of active gravitational mass, and of energy, momentum, pressure, and more, change the geometry of spacetime and that new ...
  • 09:00: At first glance that sounds like it breaks conservation of momentum and energy.
  • 09:06: ... positive mass apple gains positive momentum and energy as it speeds up, while the negative mass apple balances that ...

2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology

  • 08:38: The state of the oscillations at the moment of that release...
  • 08:59: ...at the moment the CMB was released.
  • 15:31: ...both linear and angular momentum.

2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe

  • 01:48: ... of cobalt-60 atoms in a magnetic field, the cobalt nuclei have angular momenta that will align with a magnetic field let's say upwards so the decay ...
  • 03:02: ... in the opposite direction to regular matter relative to their angular momentum the magnetic field in our clock will align antimatter nuclei in the ...
  • 10:54: ... you're not converting matter to antimatter - you're just reversing all momentum and spin. Essentially you're taking all particles in the universe and ...

2019-01-09: Are Dark Matter And Dark Energy The Same?

  • 04:06: Forgetting that pressure stuff for a moment, positive masses and energies always have a positive gravitational effect.
  • 06:05: That’s a bizarre situation, but as I’ll explain in a moment it’ll give us our dark matter replacement.

2018-12-20: Why String Theory is Wrong

  • 04:07: Momentum in that loop dimension has the exact behavior of electric charge, with the direction of rotation determining the sign of the charge.
  • 08:55: ... times radius, or mode number divided by radius can be used to define the momentum of a particle produced by this ...
  • 09:07: ... you can construct a theory in which momentum increases with the size of the compact dimension, or where momentum ...

2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe

  • 00:02: ... vectors point in the opposite direction same with the velocity / momentum through our board the mirror away from yourself and its reflection looks ...

2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space?

  • 00:37: ... fossils are now dated to only a few hundred million years after the moment earth first became habitable is it really reasonable to imagine that ...

2018-11-07: Why String Theory is Right

  • 03:07: ... and bolts of how string theory predicts gravity, it's worth taking a moment to see how stringy gravity avoids the problem of black ...

2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality?

  • 03:25: ... interacts once with the EM field, transferring between them energy momentum and one photon worth of quantum properties in a single packet that we ...
  • 05:18: ... they don't need to obey Einstein's relationship between energy mass and momentum. ...
  • 06:39: Their momenta are pointing from positron to electron rather than electron to positron.
  • 07:20: In a way, a virtual particle represents a pure excitation of the field, an idealized case of perfectly defined momentum.
  • 07:29: The Heisenberg uncertainty principle tells us that the perfectly defined momenta of virtual particles means completely undefined position.
  • 07:39: In contrast, real particles are mixed up combinations of many excitations, many different momentum modes.
  • 07:46: And that uncertain momentum gives them real locations, real trajectories through space.
  • 07:57: It can move between our electron and positron even if its momentum is pointing in the wrong direction.

2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory?

  • 02:09: ... pairs of mesons, as well as an odd relationship between their angular momenta and masses suggested that the quarks in mesons are connected by-- you ...

2018-10-03: How to Detect Extra Dimensions

  • 15:18: I just told you that a moment ago.

2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics

  • 06:28: Steady viewers will remember that the uncertainty principle talks about the trade-off between position and momentum.
  • 06:34: But large momentum also means large energy.
  • 07:01: ... its position wave function needs to be constructed from a wide range of momentum wave functions that include extremely high frequencies or extremely high ...
  • 07:18: And so large momenta are possible.
  • 07:24: And then momentum becomes extremely uncertain and includes the possibility of ridiculously high values.
  • 14:25: As they lose spin, angular momentum, they become more spherical.

2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe?

  • 04:21: ... space, which includes position, but also other degrees of freedom, like momentum, spin direction, et ...
  • 09:05: ... the moment the universe reaches information limit, it would immediately become a ...

2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma

  • 06:09: So you know how nothing can escape black holes, ignoring Hawking radiation for the moment.

2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End?

  • 02:05: And what will happen to the universe as it approaches that moment?
  • 13:46: OK, onto your comments for last week's episode on the most accurate prediction in all of science, the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron.
  • 14:56: It's not that the moment should be 1.
  • 15:43: All they have is their quantum wave function, which tells the probability of the particle's location, momentum, spin, direction, et cetera.

2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction

  • 01:53: ... G factor, or in simple English, measuring the anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the ...
  • 02:10: What is the anomalous magnetic dipole moment?
  • 02:14: Well, it's just like the regular magnetic dipole moment but more anomalous.
  • 02:21: Let's break down these magnetic dipole moment thing.
  • 02:42: The tendency of a dipole magnet to rotate in an external magnetic field is its magnetic dipole moment.
  • 02:50: ... with a dipole magnetic field has a magnetic dipole moment is basically a measure of how much it would interact with an external ...
  • 03:32: As we'll see, their nature is predicted by quantum theory, measure electromagnetic moments, and you verify your quantum picture of reality.
  • 04:02: Nonetheless, electrons do have a sort of intrinsic, angular momentum, a fundamental quantum spin that is as intrinsic as mass and charge.
  • 04:20: So electrons have a magnetic dipole moment, meaning they feel magnetic fields and act as little bar magnets.
  • 04:57: It also gives you completely the wrong answer if you try to calculate the electron's magnetic moment.
  • 05:09: ... fact, weirdly, if you measure the magnetic dipole moment of an electron, you get almost exactly twice the value you'd expect for ...
  • 05:23: This difference between the quantum versus classical magnetic moments for the electron is called the G factor.
  • 07:02: And this is the anomalous magnetic dipole moment.
  • 09:04: ... with the magnetic field when we calculate the electrons magnetic dipole moment and it's G ...
  • 11:41: So it's really the relationship between the electron magnetic moment and the fine structure constant that we're verifying.

2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy

  • 06:32: ... an analogy for all possible combinations of all properties-- position, momentum, spin, vibration, really any degree of freedom that the system can ...

2018-07-11: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model

  • 00:38: Previously, we've talked a bit about the symmetries of these equations and how they lead us to conserved quantities like energy and momentum.
  • 02:49: The best we can do is make a measurement of physical observables, like position or momentum.
  • 06:08: Among other things, messing with local phase really screws up our prediction for the particle's momentum.
  • 06:15: See, momentum is related to the average steepness of the wave function.
  • 06:19: Change the shape of that wave function with local phase shifts and you actually break conservation of momentum.
  • 06:45: To do that, we need to alter the part of the Schrodinger equation that gives us the momentum of a particle, the momentum operator.
  • 06:54: After all, momentum is what got screwed up.
  • 06:57: ... turns out that we can add a mathematical term to the momentum operator that's specially designed to undo any mess we make to the phase ...

2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox

  • 01:54: It states that black holes can only exhibit three properties-- mass, electric charge, and angular momentum.
  • 08:11: ... pairs of quantum-observable complimentary observables, like position and momentum, that can't both be perfectly measured at the same ...

2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole?

  • 01:09: ... properties are mass, electric charge, and angular momentum, or at least this is the proposition behind the famous no-hair conjecture ...
  • 01:45: ... that no other properties besides mass, electric charge, and angular momentum should emerge from beneath the event ...
  • 02:28: ... the black hole are its mass-energy content, electric charge, and angular momentum. ...
  • 03:06: So how does mass, electric charge, and angular momentum communicate their influence across the uncrossable horizon?
  • 08:30: But what about the magnetic part of electromagnetism, and what about angular momentum?
  • 09:19: ... material with angular momentum falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of ...
  • 09:30: Its angular momentum is remembered in the frame dragging as though the entire black hole was spinning.
  • 09:36: I hope I've given you a sense of why mass, charge, and angular momentum are remembered by the space outside a black hole.
  • 13:18: Exactly what happens at the moment of observation is still debated.

2018-05-16: Noether's Theorem and The Symmetries of Reality

  • 03:24: That quantity is momentum.
  • 03:26: If two cars collide on that road, the sum of their combined momentum stays the same.
  • 03:34: Momentum doesn't appear to be conserved.
  • 04:07: ... then, Noether's theorem predicts another conserved quantity, angular momentum. ...
  • 09:27: ... be thankful that she took a moment to offer a little of her genius to physics, taking us a big step closer ...

2018-04-25: Black Hole Swarms

  • 03:07: The black hole can also slingshot stars outwards, losing momentum in that process, too.
  • 03:12: The key is that the more massive object-- usually, the black hole-- tends to donate its momentum to the less massive object.
  • 09:40: Gravitational waves are produced when the quadrupole moment of a mass distribution changes.

2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!)

  • 10:28: ... I guess that makes you a little eddy of order, a momentary fluctuation of interesting but ultimately, in service of the spread of ...

2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect

  • 05:46: Even momentary acceleration generates a Rindler horizon.

2018-03-28: The Andromeda-Milky Way Collision

  • 06:16: Meanwhile, the black holes lose angular momentum and fall towards the center.

2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars

  • 04:56: We know exactly it's temperature at the moment of the creation of the CMB so there's a limit to how much it could have cooled since then.
  • 06:55: At both of these points, the weight is momentarily still.
  • 07:15: ... don't know anything about the kinetical potential energies at the moment of release, but we do know that the final potential energies of the ...

2018-03-15: Hawking Radiation

  • 10:32: ... example, uncertainty in position or momentum can lead to particle pairs that we'll want in the same location or modes ...

2018-03-07: Should Space be Privatized?

  • 04:06: That's where the profit is for the moment.

2018-02-28: The Trebuchet Challenge

  • 07:26: My question-- how fast is the stone traveling at the moment of impact?

2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun

  • 00:21: In just a moment, our star will fuse the last of the hydrogen in its core, triggering a cataclysmic sequence of events.

2018-02-14: What is Energy?

  • 01:43: Besides the whole co-inventing calculus thing, Leibniz's vis viva seen as a competition to Newton's idea of conservation of momentum.
  • 02:01: Besides, this vis viva thing wasn't conserved in the event of friction, while momentum was.
  • 02:20: When she introduced the idea of gravitational potential energy, she put the laws of conservation of energy and momentum on equal footing.
  • 10:06: For example, the law of conservation of momentum is due to spatial translation symmetry.
  • 10:36: Our universe looks fundamentally different from one moment to the next, at least on cosmic scales, where it's expansion becomes significant.

2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds

  • 09:05: It tugs on the Earth gravitationally, increasing our angular momentum.
  • 09:10: The asteroid loses angular momentum in the process, but it regains it as it flies by Jupiter.
  • 09:15: Essentially, we steal angular momentum from Jupiter via the asteroid, which increases our orbit.

2018-01-17: Horizon Radiation

  • 05:35: Quantum wave functions and quantum fields can be described in terms of variation with position or variations with momentum.
  • 05:44: So instead of writing the field as having a value at every possible position in space, we can write it as having a value for every possible momentum.
  • 05:56: So let's take our spatial quantum field-- our drum skin, with its single, localized particle, and transform to momentum space.
  • 06:04: That momentum field also has infinite oscillators, but now each one represents a different possible momentum for the particle.
  • 06:13: ... in momentum space, that single, perfectly localized position oscillation can also be ...
  • 06:24: Now, each one of these momentum modes exists at all spatial points in the universe.
  • 06:31: ... we add these momentum oscillations together with the right weightings, they cancel out ...
  • 06:40: The superposition of infinite universe size momentum oscillators-- momentum particles can represent a single spatial oscillator.
  • 07:37: But why exchange a single spatial equation for infinite equations in momentum space?
  • 07:48: Those momentum oscillations have two important qualities.
  • 08:00: The field at each momentum spot oscillates independently from its neighboring momenta.
  • 08:05: Dealing with uncoupled equations allows you to add and subtract oscillations without affecting the neighboring momenta.
  • 08:12: However, changing the momentum modes does affect the superposition-- the sum of all oscillations, for example, by creating or destroying particles.
  • 08:22: OK, so a single particle can be described as many oscillations in momentum space.
  • 08:51: ... at a time, by changing the number of particles or oscillations in each momentum ...
  • 09:29: In momentum space, we can think of it as a superposition of infinitely many momentum modes.
  • 09:35: Infinite spatially undefined particles with defined momenta, and these just happen to cancel each other out, leaving 0 particles or a vacuum.
  • 10:18: If we introduce an event horizon, then we lose access to some momentum modes, while other modes behave very differently.
  • 10:51: Now when you use the new, rejigged field operator to describe the vacuum, some momentum modes that once canceled out no longer cancel out.

2017-12-13: The Origin of 'Oumuamua, Our First Interstellar Visitor

  • 09:50: [INAUDIBLE] Leonard asks whether a particle can have momentum higher than its mass times the speed of light.
  • 09:56: In other words, shouldn't there be an upper limit to momentum if the speed of light is limited?
  • 10:00: Well actually, momentum can be arbitrarily high, even when speed is limited to the speed of light.
  • 10:05: The equation for momentum, P = M times V, only works at low speeds approaching the speed of light.
  • 10:22: That means momentum approaches infinity for any object with mass that's approaching the speed of light.
  • 10:30: How can a photon's frequency be generalized as momentum?
  • 10:36: Well we generalize frequency as momentum because the Heisenberg uncertainty principle applies to momentum in general.
  • 10:42: In the case of matter, uncertainty in momentum can manifest in both velocity and mass.
  • 11:03: ... the photon passing through the slit, we increase the uncertainty in its momentum and hence, its direction of motion after it exits the ...

2017-12-06: Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series

  • 01:40: The uncertainty principle is most often expressed in terms of position and momentum.
  • 01:44: We cannot simultaneously know both position and momentum for a quantum system with absolute precision.
  • 01:51: Try to perfectly nail down a particle's position, and we have complete uncertainty about its momentum.
  • 01:59: And it's not just because our measurement of position requires us to interact with the particle, therefore changing its momentum, no.
  • 06:39: The second of this pair is momentum, not frequency.
  • 06:43: See, momentum is sort of the generalization of frequency for what we call a matter wave.
  • 06:49: In the early days of quantum mechanics, it was realized that photons are electromagnetic wave packets whose momentum is given by their frequency.
  • 06:58: ... De Broglie relation generalizes the relationship between frequency and momentum of a matter ...
  • 07:08: ... waves wave functions, and we can describe them in terms of position or momentum, just as a traveling sound wave can be expressed in terms of time or ...
  • 07:29: ... being smeared over possible positions or as a combination of many momenta with accompanying intensities, in which case the particle would be ...
  • 07:41: And of course, this means that position and momentum have the same kind of uncertainty relation that time and frequency had in the sound wave.
  • 07:50: But what does it even mean for a particle to be comprised of waves of many different positions or momenta?
  • 08:30: If we apply the Born rule to the momentum function, then we learn the range of momenta the particle is likely to have.
  • 08:48: ... as a superposition of waves with a very large range of different momenta via a Fourier ...
  • 09:00: The result is a very fat momentum wave function that gives a wide range of possible momenta.
  • 09:06: ... its position wave function, and so the less certain we become about its momentum, as that momentum wave function gets ...
  • 09:22: ... particle by narrowing the slit, we also increase the uncertainty of its momentum as it passes the ...
  • 09:55: Waves that can be represented in terms of either position or momentum.
  • 10:18: Well, the key to understanding these things is to be able to switch between thinking about quantum fields in terms of position versus momentum.
  • 10:26: ... at one spot in space, can so be described as infinite oscillations in momentum space, spanning all possible ...
  • 10:39: But each of these oscillations in momentum space are equivalent to particles with highly specific momenta.
  • 10:51: So a perfectly specially localized particle is equally an infinite number of momentum particles that themselves occupy all locations in the universe.
  • 11:01: ... only by manipulating quantum fields in this strange momentum space, by adding and removing these spatially infinite particles, that ...

2017-11-22: Suicide Space Robots

  • 00:19: Let's take a moment to remember them.

2017-11-08: Zero-Point Energy Demystified

  • 06:02: The fact is, any acceleration of a real particle involves a transfer of momentum between real particles via virtual particles.
  • 06:15: However, it's not possible to transfer momentum from a particle to the vacuum without getting another real particle out the other end.
  • 06:23: That momentum must be given up by the vacuum to produce real particles again.
  • 06:28: Those particles would become the propellant carrying momentum away.
  • 06:41: ... particles are somehow extracting momentum from the resonant cavity, then they're giving it up again to real ...

2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery

  • 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang.

2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing

  • 01:09: ... that perfect stillness implies that a particle's position and momentum are simultaneously perfectly defined, and this is impossible according ...
  • 01:21: Fix a particle's position, and its momentum, and so its motion, becomes a quantum blur of many possible momenta.
  • 03:39: We saw that it's impossible to simultaneously fix position and momentum.

2017-10-11: Absolute Cold

  • 04:52: Well, its position relative to its neighbors would be fixed, and its momentum would be 0.
  • 05:11: For example, the more precisely a quantum particle's position is defined, the less defined is its momentum.
  • 05:20: A particle with a perfectly defined position has a perfectly undefined momentum.
  • 05:26: So try to fix a particle's position perfectly, try to hold it still, and its momentum enters a state of quantum haziness.
  • 05:34: That momentum can then fluctuate, potentially, to very high values.
  • 08:38: ... years for this black hole binary to spiral together from losing angular momentum to gravitational ...
  • 09:03: So they probably lose angular momentum by dragging against gas in the center of galaxies, but we don't know how long that takes.

2017-10-04: When Quasars Collide STJC

  • 07:35: Each time they do that they lose a bit of orbital energy or angular momentum, causing them to fall deeper into the gravitational well.
  • 08:52: ... but it's going to take many billions of years to lose enough angular momentum to merge that ...

2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing?

  • 05:17: Now, quantum spin gives electrons what we call a magnetic moment.

2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe

  • 09:44: ... one case, we have a positron and an electron influencing each other's momentum by exchanging a virtual photon-- similar to electron-electron ...
  • 10:05: As long as the incoming and outgoing particles have the same momenta, these two are part of the same overall interaction.

2017-08-02: Dark Flow

  • 10:24: By themselves, they don't obey momentum conservation.
  • 10:30: Incoming and outgoing particles must obey energy and momentum conservation.
  • 10:35: For example, in order to conserve momentum, an annihilating electron and positron must produce two photons, not one.
  • 11:01: Each incoming and outgoing particle is identified with a numerical position and momentum.

2017-07-26: The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams

  • 03:52: The photon vanishes as its momentum is completely transferred to the electron.
  • 04:35: ... because of conservation laws-- energy and momentum conservation requires that particles not just vanish or appear from ...
  • 05:37: We know their properties-- for example, their energy and momentum.
  • 05:51: They sit on the shell structure you get when you plot Einstein's equation of energy, momentum, and mass.
  • 07:02: We know the momentum of the ingoing and outgoing electrons.
  • 07:13: Simple examples are the exchange of a single photon to transfer momentum between electrons, or the exchange of two or more photons.
  • 07:21: ... photons with themselves at different stages in the process, or photons momentarily splitting into virtual electron-positron ...
  • 07:51: As well as infinite possibilities for particle momenta, we have to consider even impossible faster than light paths.

2017-07-19: The Real Star Wars

  • 12:31: For the most part, and for the moment, saner heads have prevailed, and humanity remains committed to the peaceful use of outer space-time.
  • 16:24: All we know is the momenta of all of those electrons.

2017-07-12: Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory

  • 02:35: One electron excites a photon, and that photon delivers a bit of the first electron's momentum to the second electron.
  • 05:39: Or any of those photons might do something crazy, like momentarily split into a virtual anti-particle-particle pair.
  • 07:43: ... emitting and reabsorbing a virtual photon, or the exchanged photon momentarily exciting a virtual electron-positron ...
  • 08:21: ... is especially true for so-called loop interactions, like when a photon momentarily becomes a virtual particle-anti-particle pair and then reverts to a ...

2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory

  • 05:52: It follows the changing position and momentum and generally the physical quantum state of every individual particle but that's extremely inefficient.
  • 07:12: Instead of quantizing particles' physical properties like position and momentum, as did Schrodinger, Dirac quantized the electromagnetic field itself.
  • 07:43: So Dirac described a space of quantum states, including position and momentum/frequency, like an infinite array of springs.
  • 13:44: In fact, Schrodinger followed the same approach, starting with Einstein's mass energy momentum equation.

2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity

  • 02:21: ... as simple wave functions, distributions of possible positions and momenta that have no internal ...
  • 02:42: But spin does result in a sort of quantum angular momentum.
  • 04:05: ... down degrees of freedom were the direction of pointing of the angular momentum ...
  • 04:54: He wrote down Einstein's famous equation, E equals mc squared, but in its full form, including momentum.
  • 05:02: He then used quantum mechanical expressions for energy and momentum.

2017-06-07: Supervoids vs Colliding Universes!

  • 01:37: It's the light that was released at the moment that the first atoms formed 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain?

  • 10:12: ... assuming we don't blink out of existence in the next instant, as momentary fluctuations in the infinite chaos of a max-- maximally entropic space ...

2017-04-05: Telescopes on the Moon

  • 03:28: I'm going to come back to a couple of the most promising in a moment.
  • 08:46: But momentum is building.

2017-03-29: How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole

  • 07:49: At the moment of crossing, light rays from the event horizon itself are suddenly visible.

2017-03-22: Superluminal Time Travel + Time Warp Challenge Answer

  • 05:38: I'm really curious about what the crew of the Annihilator sees at that moment you pass them.
  • 07:06: Well, you just trace the photon paths, assuming for a moment that an FTL ship doesn't produce infinitely red or blue shifted photons.

2017-03-15: Time Crystals!

  • 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons.

2017-03-08: The Race to a Habitable Exoplanet - Time Warp Challenge

  • 03:23: What does the captain of the Annihilator see at the moment the Paradox overtakes?
  • 04:21: ... the beginning of the race, the beginning in both space and time at the moment the Annihilator is ...

2017-02-22: The Eye of Sauron Reveals a Forming Solar System!

  • 02:51: Conservation of angular momentum has the central star spinning rapidly.

2017-01-19: The Phantom Singularity

  • 10:00: At the moment of crossing, the denominator here in the Schwarzschild metric is 0, and the whole equation leads up to infinity.
  • 14:04: I'll come back to that in a moment, but the amount of work being done on it currently is equal to or greater than what is warranted by its promise.
  • 14:45: But these sorts of, huh, that's odd, moments are exactly what burst open new fields of study.
  • 14:52: ... it's important to remember that 999 out of 1,000, huh, that's odd, moments are due to some unaccounted factor that is totally within our current ...

2017-01-11: The EM Drive: Fact or Fantasy?

  • 02:06: ... direction, the fat end for the EmDrive, can be achieved by extracting momentum from the internal radiation field, but with no ...
  • 02:33: The law of conservation of momentum demands this.
  • 02:56: Which is to say, this explanation breaks the law of conservation of momentum.
  • 03:01: ... those photons actually escape the cavity, then any momentum exchange between the cavity and radiation field gets redistributed ...
  • 07:02: The paper invokes pilot wave theory as a way to justify treating the quantum vacuum as a sort of plasma with which it can exchange momentum.
  • 07:28: To exchange momentum with virtual particles over a distance longer than a Planck length, those particles need to become real.
  • 07:49: Or if they escaped, they'd be a propellant, and momentum would be exchanged with no more efficiency than a photon thruster.

2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us?

  • 15:12: Although we never saw the moment of its crossing, that did happen.

2016-12-14: Escape The Kugelblitz Challenge

  • 06:32: ... impossible EM Drive technology that allows it to ignore conservation of momentum, so the satellites don't get ricocheted back to ...

2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon?

  • 04:48: ... in one dimension of space and red horizontalish lines are fixed moments in ...
  • 07:25: The progress of the monkey appears to slow to a halt very close to the event horizon, and the final signal at the moment of crossing never reaches us.
  • 14:14: ... about how pilot wave theory might explain the apparent conservation of momentum-breaking ...
  • 14:38: ... theory was chosen partly because the internet happens to love it at the moment. ...

2016-10-12: Black Holes from the Dawn of Time

  • 02:11: The universe was very slightly lumpy at the moment the CMB was created, about 400,000 years after the Big Bang.
  • 03:57: Discovering PBHs and learning their masses would tell us a huge amount about the earliest moments of our universe.

2016-09-21: Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate

  • 02:08: And our experience of a well-defined material universe only has meaning at the moment of measurement.
  • 06:00: ... to all possible spin measurements is encoded in each particle at the moment of their creation as hidden variables local to each ...

2016-08-24: Should We Build a Dyson Sphere?

  • 07:22: ... from heat generated from infalling material, or by extracting angular momentum from the black hole's ...

2016-08-03: Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson

  • 05:40: Space is trying to kill us, the Earth is trying to kill us, and at the moment we are trying to kill us.

2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality

  • 05:52: In fact, several quantum properties, like momentum, energy, and spin, all display similar waviness in different situations.

2016-07-20: The Future of Gravitational Waves

  • 05:10: ... the moment, LIGO isn't particularly good at figuring out the direction that the wave ...

2016-07-06: Juno to Reveal Jupiter's Violent Past

  • 04:12: A planet can lose angular momentum to the debris, causing its orbit to shrink.
  • 04:25: The planet can even migrate outwards, stealing angular momentum from the debris.
  • 05:27: Drag from that gas would have sapped angular momentum from Jupiter, causing it to migrate inwards until it stalled at around 1.5 AU.

2016-06-22: Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics

  • 07:21: In what he described as a moment of desperation, he tried something pretty silly.
  • 10:27: And that little number that Max Planck came up with in his moment of desperation-- the Planck constant-- remains at the heart of all things quantum.

2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing

  • 11:28: The idea is that a physical system doesn't have the familiar classical properties like position, momentum, spin, et cetera, until it is observed.
  • 12:39: ... wave function into the classical physical properties like position and momentum. ...

2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light?

  • 02:23: See an object's de Broglie wavelength depends on its momentum, so mass times velocity.
  • 02:31: Higher momentum means a smaller wavelength.
  • 02:33: In fact, it's the minuscule Planck constant divided by momentum.

2016-05-25: Is an Ice Age Coming?

  • 03:08: That's the north at the moment.
  • 14:32: But, for example, a stress energy momentum pseudo tensor isn't mathematically the same thing as classical energy.

2016-04-27: What Does Dark Energy Really Do?

  • 10:02: We can't rule out curvature below our current best sensitivity, which at the moment is 0.4% of perfect flatness.

2016-04-13: Will the Universe Expand Forever?

  • 01:57: And it describes all of the energy, the pressure, the momentum, and more-- all of the stuff within that spacetime.
  • 05:14: Let's stick to the left-hand side of the equation for the moment.

2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff

  • 05:58: At the last moment of a super giant's life, it has onion shells of burning elements.
  • 10:58: ... curved, I should say that the curvature of space at a single, constant moment in time has to be one of these ...

2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners!

  • 03:08: ... average distance a photon could travel through the universe before the moment of recombination, the moment when the cosmic microwave background was ...
  • 04:38: We need to find their density at the moment of recombination.
  • 05:42: All of those electrons existed at the moment of recombination.
  • 06:11: ... we get that there were 200 million electrons in every cubic meter at the moment of ...
  • 08:00: That hot plasma at the moment of recombination wasn't the thick searing fog that we sometimes imagine.

2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe

  • 09:25: ... fact, the instant that inflation ended can perhaps be thought of as the moment that our universe as we know it came into ...
  • 12:52: ... the rate of accretion, the viscosity of the material, the way angular momentum is lost by that material, stuff like ...

2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat?

  • 10:26: They also give us things like the Laws of Conservation of Energy and of Linear and Angular Momentum, topics that we will get to.
  • 12:16: And at the moment of recombination, when the CMB was emitted, it was emitted by all of the observable universe and beyond at the same time.

2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened

  • 03:51: ... at a very particular moment when the universe was around 400,000 years old and about 1,000 times ...
  • 04:11: In the same moment, the infrared light that had previously been trapped in this fog was free to travel the width of the cosmos.
  • 06:29: ... ripples should have been frozen into the distribution of matter at the moment the CMB was created, and those ripples should still be visible in the ...

2016-02-11: LIGO's First Detection of Gravitational Waves!

  • 00:10: The Advanced LIGO Observatory has seen the spacetime ripples caused by black holes at the moment of merger.
  • 01:57: ... produce gravitational waves strong enough for us to detect, at the moment. ...

2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First?

  • 08:54: ... imagine a clock that magically appeared at the moment of the Big Bang and somehow survived all of that high-energy craziness, ...

2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down

  • 06:38: ... particles and fields, in which the internal parts exchange energy, momentum, and other properties-- interactions which hold the atom ...

2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass

  • 01:22: Let's ignore the gravitational effect of mass for the moment, and just consider mass as the degree to which an object resists being accelerated.
  • 02:20: The photons exert a force on the box, the box also exerts a force on the photons-- Newton's Third Law, which gives us the conservation of momentum.
  • 02:29: Momentum lost by the box is transferred to the photons.
  • 02:33: Now, if the box stops accelerating, then everything jiggles around and momentum gets shared out evenly between the box and the photons again.
  • 03:14: And you can derive the famous E equals Mc squared just by looking at how momentum transfers between the photons in the box under acceleration.
  • 07:23: The presence in the flow of energy and momentum as well as pressure all have their quite different effects on the curvature of space-time.

2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained

  • 01:43: ... vibrations and fields interact with each other, transferring energy, momentum, charge, et cetera, between particles and ...

2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole

  • 02:39: And it's a quantum phenomenon that saves it, for the moment, from final collapse.
  • 03:04: For a neutron star, this is the space of both 3D position and 3D momentum.
  • 03:52: So two fermions can apply the same physical location just fine, as long as their momenta or any other quantum property is different.
  • 04:09: In the case of a neutron star, position momentum phase space is completely full of neutrons.
  • 04:16: Every spatial location and every momentum location connected to those special locations contains a neutron.
  • 06:04: ... principle tells us that particular pairs of quantities, position and momentum or time and energy, must, when taken together, contain a minimum degree ...
  • 06:32: Therefore, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle tells us that they must have highly undefined momenta.
  • 06:44: To put it another way, the neutrons are packed so close together in position space that their momentum space becomes gigantic.
  • 06:55: And here's the thing-- the denser the neutron star becomes, the more momentum space you get.
  • 07:22: The star expands in momentum space.
  • 09:17: Well, momentum space expands accordingly, with the corresponding enormous velocities all inward pointing.

2015-11-18: 5 Ways to Stop a Killer Asteroid

  • 05:10: A one ton impact gives the necessary one part to a million momentum change needed to divert city killers.

2015-11-05: Why Haven't We Found Alien Life?

  • 02:51: ... based proto-cells; three, DNA and the first actual cell-- this is the moment of a biogenesis, life from not life; four, increasingly complex single ...

2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!?

  • 01:51: Here's a technical term-- you need to change the quadrupole moment of a mass distribution.

2015-10-15: 5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel

  • 02:10: Conservation of momentum sucks.

2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics?

  • 09:14: ... the free-falling monkey doesn't see anything weird about space at the moment it crosses the event ...
  • 09:48: But is the monkey saved at the last moment as the black hole evaporates way beneath it?
  • 10:18: But the moment of horizon crossing is never seen.

2015-08-19: Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen?

  • 02:31: Even if the ponies and I were immortal, all of us would agree that the monkey's life just doesn't progress past this frozen moment.

2015-07-22: SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT + Flat Spacetime Geometry Comments

  • 05:06: That accelerating car, at any given moment, from its point of view, is always stationary instantaneously relative to one of those inertial observers.
  • 05:15: ... of inertial frames of reference, relative to which, at any given moment, the car is instantaneously ...

2015-07-15: Can You Trust Your Eyes in Spacetime?

  • 02:28: Rather, they are events, each of which occurs somewhere along my axis in a one-dimensional physical space and at some moment according to my clock.
  • 02:51: And at that same moment, I shoot a photon from a laser pointer to the right.

2015-06-24: The Calendar, Australia & White Christmas

  • 00:57: Since Earth's axis is tilted, one half of that bulge is a little closer to the sun than the other half at any given moment.

2015-06-17: How to Signal Aliens

  • 00:13: [THEME MUSIC] Let's leave aside for the moment the fact that signaling aliens might not be a good idea.
  • 09:09: And now the moment you've all been waiting for-- the answer to the challenge question.

2015-06-10: What Happens to a Helium Balloon in Freefall?

  • 00:39: And at the same moment that I let go, I want to cut the string that holds the helium balloon to the floor.

2015-05-06: Should the First Mars Mission Be All Women?

  • 08:45: It should tilt slightly to the right because of the already tangential momentum that it had.
  • 09:14: Fortstorm asks, wouldn't a rotating stations have trouble turning because its angular momentum vector would have trouble being shifted?
  • 09:22: ... so that there would be gravity here and gravity here but no net angular momentum, and thus no net gyroscope ...

2015-04-22: Are Space and Time An Illusion?

  • 01:14: Fact-- they don't fully agree on how much space there is between things at any given moment.

2015-04-15: Could NASA Start the Zombie Apocalypse?

  • 05:04: And they come out from straight up momentum conservation.
  • 05:23: ... to take that loss of mass into account and use a more correct version of momentum conservation called the rocket equation that compensates for ...
  • 05:32: Dariodario alluded to the rocket equation in that form of calculating momentum conservation in his comment.

2015-04-08: Could You Fart Your Way to the Moon?

  • 02:58: Conservation of momentum.
  • 03:00: After a propulsion event, the net momentum of you and your fuel must remain zero.
  • 03:05: So your forward momentum must be equal and opposite to the backward momentum of the gas you expel.
  • 03:10: So how much momentum is that?
  • 04:57: So the net result for momentum conservation?

2015-04-01: Is the Moon in Majora’s Mask a Black Hole?

  • 08:49: With each passing moment of time, any observer sitting anywhere will see photons that were emitted from progressively more distant locations.

2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained

  • 03:43: So at this moment, it was as if flash bulbs were constantly going off everywhere in space, but the light was being snuffed out by a fog.
  • 05:50: ... trick was to cancel out all the intermediate angular momentum vectors produced as a flywheel with forward-pointing angular momentum ...
  • 06:00: ... solution is to have two flywheels, both with forward-pointing angular momentum that you rotate into the reverse orientation in opposite ...
  • 06:08: That way, any sideways intermediate angular momentum that gets produced is canceled out.
  • 06:43: ... could be spun sufficiently fast, you could store up a lot of angular momentum with very little ...

2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space?

  • 02:03: That tendency to keep rotating is called an objects' angular momentum, and physicists represent it by a vector or an arrow.
  • 02:23: To do that, the shipments needs to acquire a forward-pointing angular momentum vector.
  • 02:27: To stop, that angular momentum must be removed.
  • 02:59: But what if you could store up the angular momentum in advance and carry it with you?
  • 03:04: And I don't mean having the ship doing a nonstop barrel roll, I mean happy angular momentum on demand without thrusters.
  • 03:23: By rotating the flywheel quickly, I end up transferring its angular momentum to myself, so I start spinning.
  • 03:47: So its angular momentum vector points toward the nose of the ship, which here is the top of your screen.
  • 03:53: ... can also think of this vector as the net angular momentum of the entire ship flywheel system, all of which currently happens to ...
  • 04:04: When I flip the flywheel 180 degrees, its individual angular momentum starts pointing toward the rear of the ship, i.e.
  • 04:12: But the net angular momentum of the entire ship wheel system must remain unchanged.
  • 04:17: That can happen only if the entire fuselage acquires its own large, forward-pointing angular momentum.
  • 04:23: That, combined with the wheel's angular momentum, nets out to the same total angular momentum vector we began with.
  • 04:56: Space telescopes, like Hubble and Kepler, also use angular momentum conservation to turn without thrusters.
  • 05:17: They're called control moment gyros.
  • 05:33: ... fast they'd have to spin in the first place to store up enough angular momentum for the barrel ...
  • 05:50: ... unlike with thrusters, you can keep storing and reusing that angular momentum to do as many barrel rolls as you ...
  • 06:18: In the process, both of flipping and of flipping back, its angular momentum vector sweeps through a bunch of partially-sideways directions.
  • 06:25: To compensate, the ship would have to do some wonky rotating as the flywheel flips, in order to keep the total angular momentum vector unchanged.

2015-02-25: How Do You Measure the Size of the Universe?

  • 02:40: ... universe, you need to know how quickly space has been expanding at every moment in history, ...
  • 03:00: Let me take a moment to explain.
  • 04:12: And from that, how fast the universe was expanding at every moment ever.
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