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	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 07:56: ... - basically, they have collisions, which can be electromagnetic interactions with other electrons, falling into a hole, ... 09:05: ... the electrical resistance becomes zero, which in turn creates many cool interactions with electromagnetic fields, like levitating magnets, which you can use ... 07:56: ... - basically, they have collisions, which can be electromagnetic interactions with other electrons, falling into a hole, ... 09:05: ... the electrical resistance becomes zero, which in turn creates many cool interactions with electromagnetic fields, like levitating magnets, which you can use ...
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 02:18: ... astronomy might be challenging, given that each neutrino has a minuscule interaction probability most of them pass straight through your ... 02:31: With enough neutrinos you will get interactions. 03:38: ... high-energy neutrinos, interaction are with an atomic nucleus and that interaction can transmute the ... 02:18: ... astronomy might be challenging, given that each neutrino has a minuscule interaction probability most of them pass straight through your ... 02:31: With enough neutrinos you will get interactions.
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 09:54: Pairs of up-down nucleons form these stable-little spin-zero partnerships in so-called nuclear pairing interactions.
	2022-10-19: The Equation That Explains (Nearly) Everything! 01:48: ... of nature in terms of gauge symmetries. And they succeeded. The weak interaction arises from a slightly more complicated SU(2) symmetry, while the strong ... 04:36: ... has to describe - namely, the particles of the standard model and their interactions with each ... 06:02: ... and still others - perhaps the most important parts - deal with the interactions between the two. So let’s now take a tour through the standard model ... 06:36: ... no matter whatsoever. The Fs are actually shorthand for the separate interaction of each of the three quantum ... 08:23: ... need an extra term to describe the potential energy of that interaction, which we add to the kinetic term. Here we see a connection to the ... 09:15: All these kinetic terms are summarized with the F’s, representing the motion of the bosons and their interactions with each other. 10:36: ... charges are the coupling constants which represent the strength of each interaction. ... 01:48: ... of nature in terms of gauge symmetries. And they succeeded. The weak interaction arises from a slightly more complicated SU(2) symmetry, while the strong ... 04:36: ... has to describe - namely, the particles of the standard model and their interactions with each ... 06:02: ... and still others - perhaps the most important parts - deal with the interactions between the two. So let’s now take a tour through the standard model ... 09:15: All these kinetic terms are summarized with the F’s, representing the motion of the bosons and their interactions with each other.
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 15:45: ... the 3 quantum forces were coupled with a high joint interaction strength.   However it’s really only meaningful to ... 18:29: ... energy, even particle rest mass. The energy   liberated in the interaction effectively raises the temperature of that tiny patch of space, ... 15:45: ... the 3 quantum forces were coupled with a high joint interaction strength.   However it’s really only meaningful to talk about the fine ... 18:29: ... energy available in a particle interaction for the creation of the interaction   products. It comes from particle kinetic energy, photon energy, ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 02:36: ... levels of electrons with opposite spins are separated slightly by their interaction with their own orbital magnetic ... 05:27: ... of particles interacting by all the different ways that interaction could ... 05:42: These factors multiply a sort of base probability  to make the interaction more or less likely. 05:49: That base probability comes from the coupling constant or coupling strength for the interaction. 06:02: ... say Feynman diagrams - it’s the base probability at each vertex, each interaction between electron  and virtual photon, adjusted by all these other ... 06:29: The more chance of interaction between the  electron and electromagnetic fields, the more of an EM disturbance each electron will make. 07:10: It changes with the energy of the interaction.
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 09:54: Those pointy things are diffraction spikes, caused by interactions of incoming light with the hexagonal aperture of the scope.
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 02:17: ... Feynman diagram is just a way to represent the interactions of particles, plotting time versus space so we have two particles coming ... 03:00: Of course this sort of interaction is incredibly rare - otherwise we’d have detected dark matter already. 03:06: But with enough particles and enough time, we should eventually see an interaction between a dark matter particle and a matter particle. 06:55: ... Large Electron-Position Collider, but no evidence was found supporting interactions with dark matter, and so the Z is probably a dead ... 02:17: ... of force-carrying particles, and then we have particles leaving the interaction - perhaps the same that went in, perhaps ... 06:55: ... Large Electron-Position Collider, but no evidence was found supporting interactions with dark matter, and so the Z is probably a dead ...
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 04:52: And this colourful convention led to the naming of our science of strong force interactions: quantum chromodynamics. 11:40: ... is a strong interaction similar to magnetism called Chromomagnetism, but that's where the ... 12:57: ... out, but it's not really neutral because the probability of the green interaction is double the other ... 04:52: And this colourful convention led to the naming of our science of strong force interactions: quantum chromodynamics.
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 01:31: ... LOOKS like three quarks from the outside.  The messy interactions of quarks via gluons   is described by quantum ... 03:12: ... speed and angle. We do that by adding up all the possible ways that interaction could happen.   For example there are various ways the ... 04:17: ... kind of got lucky with that in the case of QED. As the interactions get more complicated,   their probabilities get smaller and ... 05:14: ... of the fine structure constant means the   electromagnetic interaction is relatively  weak. Relative to the strong force ... 05:31: ... field.   We can draw Feynman diagrams of these  interactions, now with curly gluon lines.   Presumably then to calculate the ... 06:02: ... simplest   Feynman diagrams when you’re calculating the interaction probability for your pair of   quarks. Adding new vertices ... 14:08: ... approximation of what these messy fields are really doing during an interaction. ... 06:02: ... simplest   Feynman diagrams when you’re calculating the interaction probability for your pair of   quarks. Adding new vertices doesn’t ... 03:12: ... before becoming a photon again, and so on.   Each family of interaction types is represented by a Feynman diagram, and quantum ... 04:17: ... time you add another pair of vertices to a Feynman diagram, the interaction   it represents becomes 137 times less likely. A diagram with only 6 ... 07:53: ... fields themselves evolve   over the course of a strong force interaction.   Similar to how Feynman diagrams work, to do this you need to ... 10:43: ... space   that get us from the start to  the end of our interaction.   But these can’t be totally random because some of these paths are ... 01:31: ... LOOKS like three quarks from the outside.  The messy interactions of quarks via gluons   is described by quantum ... 04:17: ... kind of got lucky with that in the case of QED. As the interactions get more complicated,   their probabilities get smaller and ... 05:31: ... field.   We can draw Feynman diagrams of these  interactions, now with curly gluon lines.   Presumably then to calculate the ... 06:02: ... the strong force strong, and it’s also what makes strong force interactions   very difficult to calculate. You no longer have the luxury of ... 01:31: ... in the same way that quantum   electrodynamics describes the interactions of electrons and any other charged particle   via photons. We’re ... 04:17: ... the precision we want   for our calculation and ignore any interactions that nudge the probability by less than that ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 04:43: OK, so a state of matter is an emergent behavior due to the interactions between components under particular conditions. 05:53: But actually, the interactions between the gluons and quarks remain significant and so a quark-gluon plasma behaves more like a liquid. 07:00: The stuff of quarks is generically called quark matter or QCD matter - for quantum chromodynamics - the physics of quark and gluon interactions. 10:24: The frequent interactions between people cause liquid-like phenomena like currents and waves as individuals lose their autonomy of motion. 10:57: Astrophysicists routinely model the galaxies as a sort of fluid of stars, where the interactions are not electromagnetic, but gravitational. 11:28: The fact is, the concept of "states of matter" can help us to understand many kinds of interactions, even between macroscopic “particles”. 04:43: OK, so a state of matter is an emergent behavior due to the interactions between components under particular conditions. 05:53: But actually, the interactions between the gluons and quarks remain significant and so a quark-gluon plasma behaves more like a liquid. 07:00: The stuff of quarks is generically called quark matter or QCD matter - for quantum chromodynamics - the physics of quark and gluon interactions. 10:24: The frequent interactions between people cause liquid-like phenomena like currents and waves as individuals lose their autonomy of motion. 10:57: Astrophysicists routinely model the galaxies as a sort of fluid of stars, where the interactions are not electromagnetic, but gravitational. 11:28: The fact is, the concept of "states of matter" can help us to understand many kinds of interactions, even between macroscopic “particles”.
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 11:12: ... have argued that superdeterminism requires a kind of conspiracy of interactions to ensure that two messy meat computers make the right choices based on ...
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 01:25: ... glance at the alien Maxwell’s equations   which govern the interactions of charged  particles will reveal that they use a ... 10:41: ... alien user manual for the part that describes weak force interactions we should be able to figure out   which handed rule the aliens ... 11:52: ... in charge and parity would change how they represent their particle interactions in a way that we couldn’t   distinguish. We might build a ... 01:25: ... glance at the alien Maxwell’s equations   which govern the interactions of charged  particles will reveal that they use a ... 10:41: ... alien user manual for the part that describes weak force interactions we should be able to figure out   which handed rule the aliens ... 11:52: ... in charge and parity would change how they represent their particle interactions in a way that we couldn’t   distinguish. We might build a ... 05:33: ... So as long as our compendium   of alien physics describes the interactions  of specific particles, we can distinguish   matter from ... 00:00: ... and a list of all elementary particles and their properties and interactions.   If we can correctly decipher this  stuff, we can build ...
	2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality? 14:22: ... Ziak asks how galaxy interactions  affect the galactic habitable zone,   suggesting that it may ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 14:34: ... in this case manifests the universe. Rather than for example saying that “interaction” is doing the work. It’s very true that the choice of phrasing has led to ... 16:05: ... interpretation is true, then what are entities that initiated the first interaction that brought everything into being? Actually, I think this is exactly ...
	2022-04-27: How the Higgs Mechanism Give Things Mass 05:38: ... this random thermal motion gets overpowered by the   magnetic interaction and they end up all aligning.  The equations of magnetism don’t ... 12:59: ... We want to combine the weak and electromagnetic   interactions, so we need simultaneous local  U(1) and SU(2) symmetry. Let’s just ... 15:06: ... mass and become the two W and one Z bosons of the   weak interaction. The fourth boson manages to escape  unscathed and massless, ... 16:02: ... this new measurement of the W boson mass? Mass  results from interaction with the Higgs field,   but also all of the other subtle ... 03:36: ... the next episode we tried the same  trick to explain the weak interaction   as arising from symmetries. We saw that we could  invent a pair of ... 12:59: ... We want to combine the weak and electromagnetic   interactions, so we need simultaneous local  U(1) and SU(2) symmetry. Let’s just ... 16:02: ... with the Higgs field,   but also all of the other subtle interactions that  a particle can undergo. The predicted mass of the   ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 00:59: ... fields, nor solely in the mind of the observer, but rather in the interaction of the ... 12:05: ... “Observation” could well be code for “interaction”, in which every time two particles bump together and become entangled we ...
	2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe? 16:27: Al H asks what particles and interactions existed before the electroweak force split into electromagnetism and the weak force.
	2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental? 05:50: The conservation of fundamental properties defines which interactions are possible and which are impossible. 05:57: Charge alone couldn’t explain the patterns of interactions and particle types observed in the particle zoo. 10:52: To fully explain weak interactions we need a second charge - this one carried by the Z boson. 05:50: The conservation of fundamental properties defines which interactions are possible and which are impossible. 05:57: Charge alone couldn’t explain the patterns of interactions and particle types observed in the particle zoo. 10:52: To fully explain weak interactions we need a second charge - this one carried by the Z boson.
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 08:02: ... frenetic Brownian motion of pollen grains floating on water. Matter’s interaction with this fluctuating field would continuously collapse the wave ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... emerge from connections between points in a graph that have rules of interactions between them okay and according to from the kind of the smoothness of ...
	2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole? 08:06: ... Interactions between particles result from the sum of all virtual particle ... 08:19: The overall interaction, along with any information that it communicates has to be sub-light-speed. 13:25: Starting with the quantum, manonthedollar asks - given the incredible amount of power required to simulate quantum interactions... 13:33: do the ACTUAL interactions also require that much effort from the universe? 14:27: ... tells us that you do include Coulomb and exchange interactions even in your initial guess, and that the remaining part you have to ... 08:06: ... Interactions between particles result from the sum of all virtual particle ... 13:25: Starting with the quantum, manonthedollar asks - given the incredible amount of power required to simulate quantum interactions... 13:33: do the ACTUAL interactions also require that much effort from the universe? 14:27: ... tells us that you do include Coulomb and exchange interactions even in your initial guess, and that the remaining part you have to ...
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 00:47: ... we’ve calculated the  chaotic gravitational and  hydrodynamic interactions of countless stars and gas and dark matter particles over billions of ... 06:00: ... nearby particles it’s important to consider every individual interaction, but for more distant locations it’s okay to clump particles  ... 07:33: Modern mesh codes also do  classic particle-particle   interactions at short ranges to improv accuracy at small scales. 09:05: ... SPH for large scale flows and particle-particle N-body for small-scale interactions. ... 00:47: ... we’ve calculated the  chaotic gravitational and  hydrodynamic interactions of countless stars and gas and dark matter particles over billions of ... 07:33: Modern mesh codes also do  classic particle-particle   interactions at short ranges to improv accuracy at small scales. 09:05: ... SPH for large scale flows and particle-particle N-body for small-scale interactions. ...
	2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT 15:57: ... possible to imagine a scenario where the black hole had multiple interactions on its way to the Earth - perhaps it punctured the Sun, swung around ...
	2021-12-10: 2021 End of Year AMA! 00:02: ... and that answer goes something like this so when you calculate the interaction between two particles whether they're repelled or attracted using ...
	2021-10-20: Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics? 09:04: That entanglement has to be initially induced by a local interaction - the qubits must come into contact.
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 02:52: ... measurement, or upon interaction with another particle, the proton can end up anywhere within that ...
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 03:11: ... elementary particles that have   mass gain their mass due to interactions with this ubiquitous field. I go into all the detail of ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 15:15: For example Zapp Brannigan asks what percentage of quantum interactions separate into worlds versus recombining again.
	2021-07-13: Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds? 07:23: ... because the many, many interactions that these wavefunction branches experience on their way to your brain ... 12:07: Splitting happens when phase relations are scrambled due to interactions - and that’s - the entire universe doesn’t split with every atomic wiggle. 07:23: ... because the many, many interactions that these wavefunction branches experience on their way to your brain ... 12:07: Splitting happens when phase relations are scrambled due to interactions - and that’s - the entire universe doesn’t split with every atomic wiggle.
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 05:41: I already mentioned that orbits decay due to interaction with the upper reaches of Earth’s atmosphere. 14:43: The gravitational interaction is weak except right next to the relic - on the scale of Planck lenfths.
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 00:25: ... example, the recent g-2 experiment for measuring the muon’s interaction with quantum fields is good to to one part in a billion And also pretty ...
	2021-04-21: The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities 14:52: That said, there are other ways to track a particle’s interactions with virtual particles. 15:01: ... distribution of those decays products are sensitive to the complex interactions with virtual particles that happen during the ... 14:52: That said, there are other ways to track a particle’s interactions with virtual particles. 15:01: ... distribution of those decays products are sensitive to the complex interactions with virtual particles that happen during the ...
	2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting! 02:05: One of the interactions that QED describes is how a charge particle will tend to rotate to align with a magnetic field. 02:13: The strength of that interaction is defined by something called, the g-factor for the particle. 04:33: In this theory, electromagnetic interactions result from charge particles communicating by exchanging virtual photons. 04:41: In QED, you figure out the strength of an interaction by counting up all the ways that this interaction could occur. 05:02: We depict these interactions in Feynman diagrams. 05:05: Each Feynman diagram represents one family of ways that the interaction could proceed. 05:10: And the sum of all possible Feynman diagrams, gives you the interaction strength. 05:45: But there are other ways this interaction can happen. 06:02: Adding this interaction allowed Julian Schwinger to calculate a slightly higher value of g equals 2.0011614. 06:10: Over time, more and more complicated interactions were added. 06:12: Each layer of complication involve many more Feynman diagrams, but also added less and less to the interaction. 06:48: Measure that leftover bit and you are testing the sudless interactions of the particle. 07:36: So you add up all of the Feynman diagram to all possible electromagnetic interactions of the muon, but you don't stop there. 07:48: There can be very subtle interactions that involve the other forces, weak, strong, and even the Higgs field. 08:19: The probability of interaction between a particle and some massive virtual particle is proportional to mass squared. 06:02: Adding this interaction allowed Julian Schwinger to calculate a slightly higher value of g equals 2.0011614. 05:10: And the sum of all possible Feynman diagrams, gives you the interaction strength. 02:05: One of the interactions that QED describes is how a charge particle will tend to rotate to align with a magnetic field. 04:33: In this theory, electromagnetic interactions result from charge particles communicating by exchanging virtual photons. 05:02: We depict these interactions in Feynman diagrams. 06:10: Over time, more and more complicated interactions were added. 06:48: Measure that leftover bit and you are testing the sudless interactions of the particle. 07:36: So you add up all of the Feynman diagram to all possible electromagnetic interactions of the muon, but you don't stop there. 07:48: There can be very subtle interactions that involve the other forces, weak, strong, and even the Higgs field. 04:33: In this theory, electromagnetic interactions result from charge particles communicating by exchanging virtual photons.
	2021-03-23: Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect 08:55: ... to perform a measurement without interacting with a system, and that interaction has consequences beyond just increasing our ... 09:04: If the measurement interaction is subtle enough then you might hope to gain that info without perturbing the system too much. 10:20: Any interaction causes information to quickly spread into the environment. 11:24: Your interaction with the wavefunction causes it to decohere - which means two things - you perturb the system in a non-subtle way. 12:10: And perhaps some of this is just semantic - for example, how do we really define measurement and interaction?
	2021-02-24: Does Time Cause Gravity? 10:35: ... Interaction of those waves with matter right after inflation may have caused ...
	2021-01-26: Is Dark Matter Made of Particles? 10:22: ... it also turns out that the interaction strength of dark matter is extremely important - it may have governed ... 11:25: But a WIMP, with its extremely weak interaction, would more easily dodge its antimatter buddy - and so countless may have survived to this day. 11:36: ... it turns out you can do a calculation of what interaction strength such a relic particle would need to have in order to survive in ... 11:45: And that interaction strength is about the same as the weak interaction. 10:22: ... it also turns out that the interaction strength of dark matter is extremely important - it may have governed how every ... 11:36: ... it turns out you can do a calculation of what interaction strength such a relic particle would need to have in order to survive in ... 11:45: And that interaction strength is about the same as the weak interaction.
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 02:55: ... the wavefunction”, which these days is more often taken to mean that interaction with the environment causes the state transition - causes the quantum ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 10:40: ... were just interacting due to their magnetic fields - so-called spin-spin interactions - rather than true entangled states - their spin state wouldn’t be ...
	2020-12-08: Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future? 07:14: Let’s look at the asteroid after its very last interaction with the outside universe. 07:56: Just rewind the clock to the moment before the asteroid’s very last interaction with the outside universe. 10:45: But memory formation results from interactions with our environments - the generation of correlations.
	2020-11-18: The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It 06:19: ... entropy decreasing on the other. Zoom in to individual particle interactions and you see perfect reversibility of the laws of physics, but zoom out ... 10:58: ... went thorugh another phase transition - a vacuum decay - then the weak interaction would fundamentally change - to become a different force with different ... 06:19: ... entropy decreasing on the other. Zoom in to individual particle interactions and you see perfect reversibility of the laws of physics, but zoom out ...
	2020-11-11: Can Free Will be Saved in a Deterministic Universe? 05:59: The outcome of quantum interactions are chosen in fundamentally unpredictable ways.
	2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces 00:57: Let’s start with the mysterious and often misunderstood weak interaction. 01:46: Enrico Fermi made the first attempt at a full quantum description of beta decay with his ‘four fermion’ interaction. 01:54: Basically, he tried to model this as a direction interaction - in which all four “fermion” particles literally touch. 02:10: Fermi was motivated by the apparent extreme short range of the interaction - and that short range is what earned it the name “weak” interaction. 02:19: But Fermi’s model only worked at low energies, and neither it nor its successors explain why the weak interaction violates charge-parity symmetry. 03:06: In 1957, Julian Schwinger proposed a set of force mediating gauge bosons for the weak interaction. 03:12: Given that the weak interaction could change a neutral particle into a pair of charged particles this mediating particle must itself be charged. 03:33: ... bosons’, W bosons, had to have mass due to the short range nature of the interaction, quite a lot of mass it in ... 04:02: Anyway, this new gauge theory of the weak interaction seemed to be okay with parity violation, and it wasn’t only accurate at low energies. 10:13: However, if we cool the material down, the interactions between magnetic particles can start to come into play. 11:14: Well remember that I said that the weak interaction somehow seems to involve electromagnetism? 01:54: Basically, he tried to model this as a direction interaction - in which all four “fermion” particles literally touch. 02:10: Fermi was motivated by the apparent extreme short range of the interaction - and that short range is what earned it the name “weak” interaction. 02:19: But Fermi’s model only worked at low energies, and neither it nor its successors explain why the weak interaction violates charge-parity symmetry. 10:13: However, if we cool the material down, the interactions between magnetic particles can start to come into play.
	2020-10-20: Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics? 07:31: More physicists prefer the idea of a non-conscious interaction causing the collapse.
	2020-09-21: Could Life Evolve Inside Stars? 07:34: ... doesn’t go into detail, except to say that it might be catalyzed by interactions with atomic nuclei in the ...
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 06:15: So is base reality represented by the simplest possible interaction or relationship, expressible with the simplest conceivable mathematical statement? 15:40: The point is that there are some insanely rare interactions and extremely subtle deviations from the predictions of the standard model.
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 06:02: ... other things, those counterparts should help cancel out the interactions of the known particles with the elementary quantum fields on which those ... 11:26: It will smack electrons into protons and other nucleons to probe the details structure and interactions between quarks. 15:53: David Kosa asks how would we describe the interaction of two merging stars of equal mass whose combined mass exceeds the Chandrashekar limit? 06:02: ... other things, those counterparts should help cancel out the interactions of the known particles with the elementary quantum fields on which those ... 11:26: It will smack electrons into protons and other nucleons to probe the details structure and interactions between quarks.
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... people it means a unified theory of the elementary particles and the interactions and that's a hope which has been ongoing for a long time and there ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 05:19: ... it must have the same mass, the same quantum energy levels, and the same interactions with its ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 14:17: ... supposedly have “zero size”, but they also have something called an interaction crosssection, which defines the probability of another particle ... 14:40: ... you rescale both space and time by the same factor, you also rescale the interaction probabilities to that the interaction rate scales in the same way ... So ... 14:17: ... supposedly have “zero size”, but they also have something called an interaction crosssection, which defines the probability of another particle interacting with the ... 14:40: ... you rescale both space and time by the same factor, you also rescale the interaction probabilities to that the interaction rate scales in the same way ... So a pair of ...
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 07:53: ... not some fundamental property of those particles - they come from the interactions of those particles with quantum fields - the Higgs field in the case of ... 08:39: And that’s precisely true for things like quarks and electrons, which gain their masses from interactions with the Higgs field. 07:53: ... not some fundamental property of those particles - they come from the interactions of those particles with quantum fields - the Higgs field in the case of ... 08:39: And that’s precisely true for things like quarks and electrons, which gain their masses from interactions with the Higgs field.
	2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel? 14:59: ... Leo also asks whether these bubbles might be caused by dark matter interactions with the black hole. I'm afraid I don't know of any theory of dark ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 03:52: This is mostly from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium. 06:47: ... a shake - for example, if the galaxy is shaken by a collision or close interaction with another galaxy - then that gas can form stars at a really insane ... 03:52: This is mostly from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium.
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 12:33: ... example of a pointer state is the position of a particle. Most quantum interactions depend heavily on the relative location of interacting particles. ...
	2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat? 14:28: ... experiment is usually performed in a vacuum, and if not, why doesn’t interaction with gas cause immediate ... 14:43: ... and precious, so you don't want to be losing or disturbing them by interactions with the air - so most are done in near ... 14:54: ... experiment without actually scattering off air particles, and more minor interactions don't necessarily decohere the light - instead they introduce small ... 14:43: ... and precious, so you don't want to be losing or disturbing them by interactions with the air - so most are done in near ... 14:54: ... experiment without actually scattering off air particles, and more minor interactions don't necessarily decohere the light - instead they introduce small ...
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 11:08: ... be ... dark matter. They have all the right properties - no direction interaction with light, and only weak interactions via the other forces. And ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 14:48: But in s-matrix theory and quantum field theory, time and space in the interaction region are fuzzy. 15:00: Imagine an interaction where an electron emits a virtual photon which then deflects another particles - say, a proton. 15:08: ... exactly the same interaction as if the proton emitted the photon to deflect the electron - in other ... 14:48: But in s-matrix theory and quantum field theory, time and space in the interaction region are fuzzy.
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 02:16: ... by vibrations in elementary fields that fill the universe, and all interactions are calculated by adding up the exchanges of infinite number of virtual ... 02:41: Early quantum theory was plagued by problems - for example, how do you compute infinite interactions? 02:48: And how do you avoid the infinite interaction strengths produced by some of those infinite sums? 02:55: ... accurate predictions of quantum electrodynamics, which describes the interactions of the electromagnetic ... 04:55: The idea was invented by John Archibald Wheeler in the late 30s as a convenient way to express the possible results of a quantum interaction. 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 05:22: But what if you don’t know those internal interaction forces? 05:34: The S-matrix was to become the physics of the interaction, rather than an emergent property of more fundamental, internal physics. 06:47: Remember, that quantum field theory fastidiously adds together a complete set of virtual interactions that contribute to the real interaction. 07:12: ... and the assumption of a family of particles that can be involved in the interaction. ... 07:23: But in order to avoid those sums of Feynman diagrams, S-matrix theory also relies on symmetries between those virtual interactions. 07:36: ... diagram and helps us ignore the actual causal structure within the interaction ... 08:35: Before quarks and their interactions were properly understood, doing that sum seemed impossible in the case of strong force interactions. 11:35: ... theory was born - at first as a description of strong nuclear force interactions before quantum chromodynamics took over - but then as a theory of ... 12:27: ... bootstrap to understand the nature of those early subatomic scale interactions based only on current observations - which in this case is the ... 05:22: But what if you don’t know those internal interaction forces? 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 07:36: ... diagram and helps us ignore the actual causal structure within the interaction region. ... 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 02:48: And how do you avoid the infinite interaction strengths produced by some of those infinite sums? 02:16: ... by vibrations in elementary fields that fill the universe, and all interactions are calculated by adding up the exchanges of infinite number of virtual ... 02:41: Early quantum theory was plagued by problems - for example, how do you compute infinite interactions? 02:55: ... accurate predictions of quantum electrodynamics, which describes the interactions of the electromagnetic ... 06:47: Remember, that quantum field theory fastidiously adds together a complete set of virtual interactions that contribute to the real interaction. 07:23: But in order to avoid those sums of Feynman diagrams, S-matrix theory also relies on symmetries between those virtual interactions. 08:35: Before quarks and their interactions were properly understood, doing that sum seemed impossible in the case of strong force interactions. 11:35: ... theory was born - at first as a description of strong nuclear force interactions before quantum chromodynamics took over - but then as a theory of ... 12:27: ... bootstrap to understand the nature of those early subatomic scale interactions based only on current observations - which in this case is the ...
	2020-01-20: Solving the Three Body Problem 04:24: But those orbits eventually shift due to the interactions between the planets. 10:19: ... problem has appeared, which transforms the chaotic nature of three-body interactions into a useful tool, rather than a ... 14:24: ... interact in the argon, we can see the path of the particles made in the interaction. From that, we can reconstruct the collision and learn more about ... 04:24: But those orbits eventually shift due to the interactions between the planets. 10:19: ... problem has appeared, which transforms the chaotic nature of three-body interactions into a useful tool, rather than a ...
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 04:18: ... chemical interactions give us different states of matter and a vast family of molecules, which ... 08:05: ... are determined by the interaction of those particles with the Higgs field - but again, there’s no apparent ... 04:18: ... chemical interactions give us different states of matter and a vast family of molecules, which ...
	2019-09-23: Is Pluto a Planet? 16:47: The magnetic field that it does have comes from the interaction of the solar wind with its super thick atmosphere.
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 09:41: ... could be an asteroid or comet impact, an interaction between the core and mantle – for example the formation of a new magma ...
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 02:55: They do this through a process called self interaction. 03:11: This self interaction gives the field some potential energy.
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 15:29: ... black hole killing star formation thing seems like a negative feedback Interaction more gas equals more active black hole equals more outward radiation and ...
	2019-05-09: Why Quantum Computing Requires Quantum Cryptography 14:57: AspLode asks about the interaction between dark matter and black holes.
	2019-04-10: The Holographic Universe Explained 04:00: And how do interactions on that surface correspond to interactions in the volume? 06:11: ... the shapes of the pixels, which corresponds to not changing the rules of interaction. ... 10:23: ... of 3+1 dimensions on which their lived a field theory that arose from interactions between ... 11:46: ... interactions in the lower dimensional field theory are extremely strong – we would ... 13:23: The rules of interactions between cells on the surface is a quantum field theory. 13:28: But those rules translate to interactions in the volume – in the bulk – and there they are a theory of gravity. 04:00: And how do interactions on that surface correspond to interactions in the volume? 10:23: ... of 3+1 dimensions on which their lived a field theory that arose from interactions between ... 11:46: ... interactions in the lower dimensional field theory are extremely strong – we would ... 13:23: The rules of interactions between cells on the surface is a quantum field theory. 13:28: But those rules translate to interactions in the volume – in the bulk – and there they are a theory of gravity.
	2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger? 02:40: ... of some unknown type, cold, diffuse, and immune to electromagnetic interactions of any ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 03:08: ... interaction between the charged particles of the plasma via the trapped photons ...
	2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology 15:47: ...as demonstrated by the different forward/backward reaction rates in certain quantum interactions.
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 03:02: ... of the standard model the great parity violating process is the weak interaction which only affects left chiral fermions right chiral fermions don't feel ... 10:54: ... either direction they were not the same reversing the direction of the interaction changed something fundamental about the physics indicating a violation ...
	2019-01-09: Are Dark Matter And Dark Energy The Same? 06:15: The author uses these ideas about the interactions of negative and positive mass particles to create an N-body simulation.
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... are the same particle which turns out to be the K on and that the weak interaction which governs this decay does not concern parity but how to test this Yi ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 09:22: ... Oort cloud and was socked from its orbit by impact and or gravitational interaction into a trajectory that will send it to the ... 14:35: ... passing through matter, interactions with the electromagnetic field change the effect of mass of the neutrino ... 16:45: The same interactions happen in rock, but the Cherenkov radiation doesn't get very far. 14:35: ... passing through matter, interactions with the electromagnetic field change the effect of mass of the neutrino ... 16:45: The same interactions happen in rock, but the Cherenkov radiation doesn't get very far.
	2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found? 05:09: But in those interactions, cosmic rays can create extremely high energy neutrinos. 06:08: ... very highest energy neutrinos, the ones that are produced by cosmic ray interactions with the ... 05:09: But in those interactions, cosmic rays can create extremely high energy neutrinos. 06:08: ... very highest energy neutrinos, the ones that are produced by cosmic ray interactions with the ... 05:09: But in those interactions, cosmic rays can create extremely high energy neutrinos.
	2018-11-07: Why String Theory is Right 03:55: But in very strong gravitational interactions, that intersection itself becomes more and more point like. 04:15: If you even try to describe very strong gravitational interactions, you get nonsense black holes in the math. 04:45: Now let's look at the interaction of two strings. 04:53: Even the most energetic interactions are smeared out over the string, so you avoid the danger of black hole creating infinities. 03:55: But in very strong gravitational interactions, that intersection itself becomes more and more point like. 04:15: If you even try to describe very strong gravitational interactions, you get nonsense black holes in the math. 04:53: Even the most energetic interactions are smeared out over the string, so you avoid the danger of black hole creating infinities.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 00:29: And every time two particles interact, an infinite number of virtual particles mediate infinite versions of that one interaction. 02:12: In particle interactions, packets of energy are exchanged between these fields. 03:02: The hack is to approximate this single multilayered mess of an interaction by adding together a set of much simpler idealized interactions. 03:12: Those interactions are mediated by virtual particles. 03:43: Then you add the effects of doing this transfer in two, three, four packets, as well as every other idealized field interaction that you can imagine. 03:54: Every one of these interactions is described with a simple excitation and transfer of particles-- virtual particles. 04:02: The hope is that by adding together the contributions of enough of these, you can approximate the messy state of the field in the true interaction. 04:12: We call these idealized interactions intermediate states or virtual states of the field. 04:39: ... of which intermediate states are important in your calculation of an interaction and which you can ... 08:42: So that's the deal with virtual particles in particle interactions, but we also hear about the role of virtual particles in a complete vacuum. 02:12: In particle interactions, packets of energy are exchanged between these fields. 03:02: The hack is to approximate this single multilayered mess of an interaction by adding together a set of much simpler idealized interactions. 03:12: Those interactions are mediated by virtual particles. 03:54: Every one of these interactions is described with a simple excitation and transfer of particles-- virtual particles. 04:12: We call these idealized interactions intermediate states or virtual states of the field. 08:42: So that's the deal with virtual particles in particle interactions, but we also hear about the role of virtual particles in a complete vacuum. 04:12: We call these idealized interactions intermediate states or virtual states of the field. 02:12: In particle interactions, packets of energy are exchanged between these fields.
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 02:09: ... in the interactions between pairs of mesons, as well as an odd relationship between their ... 02:32: A lot of work went into figuring out a quantum theory for the strong interaction based on the physics of strings. 09:10: ... our episode on quantum gravity, if you try to describe gravitational interactions on the smaller scales, the energies required to interact on that scale ... 09:37: Its interactions are smeared around that string, handily avoiding the explosion of mathematical infinities you get below the Planck length. 02:32: A lot of work went into figuring out a quantum theory for the strong interaction based on the physics of strings. 02:09: ... in the interactions between pairs of mesons, as well as an odd relationship between their ... 09:10: ... our episode on quantum gravity, if you try to describe gravitational interactions on the smaller scales, the energies required to interact on that scale ... 09:37: Its interactions are smeared around that string, handily avoiding the explosion of mathematical infinities you get below the Planck length.
	2018-10-03: How to Detect Extra Dimensions 13:45: So when you use perturbation theory to calculate an interaction in field theories, feedback effects give infinite loops of interactions.
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 05:32: The more precisely you want to measure position, the higher the energy of that interaction. 09:48: ... a scheme to calculate a complex interaction, like the buzzing electromagnetic field around an electron, with a series ...
	2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction 06:35: It seethes with a faint quantum buzz, infinite phantom oscillations that add infinite complication to any electromagnetic interaction. 06:45: This messiness messes with the interaction of the electron and the magnetic field to shift the G factor slightly. 07:27: Quantum field theory describes the interactions between particles as the sum total of all possible interactions that can lead to the same result. 07:36: In the case of electromagnetism, those interactions are mediated by virtual photons, which are just a mathematical way to describe quantum buzz. 07:45: Every interaction with virtual photons that can happen, does, at least in a sense. 07:51: And the sum of the infinite possible interactions defines the strength of the one real interaction. 08:17: They represent the possible interactions of the quantum field by way of virtual photons. 08:22: And they tell you which interactions are the most important and which are insignificant. 08:30: A basic interaction of an electron with an EM field is illustrated by this partial Feynman diagram. 08:54: ... to the same overall result. But now the electron undergoes an additional interaction with the buzzing quantum ... 09:04: ... need to include this sort of secondary interaction when we calculate, say, the overall strength of an electron's ... 09:17: If we consider only the first interaction I showed along with similar primary ones, you calculate a G factor of exactly 2. 09:26: But if you include this secondary interaction, you get g equals 2.0011614. 10:04: The more complicated the interaction, the less it contributes to the overall effect. 11:32: This is the fundamental constant governing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of charged particles. 07:27: Quantum field theory describes the interactions between particles as the sum total of all possible interactions that can lead to the same result. 07:36: In the case of electromagnetism, those interactions are mediated by virtual photons, which are just a mathematical way to describe quantum buzz. 07:51: And the sum of the infinite possible interactions defines the strength of the one real interaction. 08:17: They represent the possible interactions of the quantum field by way of virtual photons. 08:22: And they tell you which interactions are the most important and which are insignificant. 07:51: And the sum of the infinite possible interactions defines the strength of the one real interaction.
	2018-07-25: Reversing Entropy with Maxwell's Demon 07:22: ... must start in some known predictable state, which is altered by interaction with a particle into some unknown ...
	2018-07-11: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model 10:12: These are, the gauge bosons, the photon for electromagnetism, the W and Z bosons for the weak interaction, and the gluon for the strong interaction. 10:21: Together, they govern the interactions of the metaparticles of the standard model.
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 01:00: They don't even interact via the weak interaction. 01:22: ... can detect regular neutrinos by watching for the rare interaction between a neutrino and an atomic nucleus in some huge volume of matter, ... 01:44: So, how on earth do you spot a sterile neutrino that doesn't even undergo that interaction-- well, by being extremely clever, obviously. 04:42: ... particles that oscillate back and forth between those particles through interactions with the Higgs ... 05:32: This interaction is opt for antimatter. 05:46: Every neutrino we've ever observed was spotted using the weak interaction. 07:21: Rare interactions with nuclei in the oil reveal the nature of the neutrinos. 04:42: ... particles that oscillate back and forth between those particles through interactions with the Higgs ... 07:21: Rare interactions with nuclei in the oil reveal the nature of the neutrinos.
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 09:16: ... quantum-mechanical interior of a black hole could be fully described by interactions on a 2D surface that did not include ... 14:49: ... whether that's because of virtual-particle interaction with the interior or just the persistence of the field at the event ... 09:16: ... quantum-mechanical interior of a black hole could be fully described by interactions on a 2D surface that did not include ...
	2018-05-16: Noether's Theorem and The Symmetries of Reality 08:08: They predict a rich family of conserved charges that govern the interactions of the particles of the standard model. 08:14: For example, the color charge of quantum chromodynamics describes the strong interaction between quarks and gluons. 08:30: ... symmetries really are and how they lead to the family of particles and interactions that make up our ... 08:08: They predict a rich family of conserved charges that govern the interactions of the particles of the standard model. 08:30: ... symmetries really are and how they lead to the family of particles and interactions that make up our ...
	2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever 05:46: And mapping globular clusters and dwarf galaxy orbits also tells us about future interactions with the Milky Way.
	2018-03-28: The Andromeda-Milky Way Collision 05:06: They used simulations of the gravitational interactions of millions of particles representing groups of stars and dark matter. 06:09: Gravitational interactions with stars slingshots those stars into larger orbits or even completely out of the galaxy. 05:06: They used simulations of the gravitational interactions of millions of particles representing groups of stars and dark matter. 06:09: Gravitational interactions with stars slingshots those stars into larger orbits or even completely out of the galaxy.
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 05:34: But in order to cool the hydrogen, there must be another type of interaction.
	2018-02-28: The Trebuchet Challenge 02:27: After all, the interactions between particles are ultimately due to fundamental forces, which are always conservative.
	2018-02-14: What is Energy? 08:50: ... the motion of a single particle in Schrodinger's equation to complex interactions of particles and fields in quantum field ...
	2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds 07:08: ... ends up in the inner part of the system, either by migration due to interactions between planets or if the gas giant is perturbed by a passing star into ...
	2018-01-17: Horizon Radiation 00:12: This theory tells us that particles can be created and destroyed during interactions. 03:14: ... or orbiting a black hole, should agree on the basic result of that interaction-- two photons in, one electron, one positron ... 03:44: ... the equations describing the interaction transform cleanly between inertial reference frames in a way that leaves ... 04:08: To see how this happens, we need to think about how particles, interactions, and vacuums are described in quantum field theory. 08:28: ... new particles or remove old ones, for example, to describe a particle interaction like those two photons annihilating into an electron, positron ... 03:44: ... the equations describing the interaction transform cleanly between inertial reference frames in a way that leaves the laws ... 00:12: This theory tells us that particles can be created and destroyed during interactions. 04:08: To see how this happens, we need to think about how particles, interactions, and vacuums are described in quantum field theory.
	2017-11-29: Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer 08:42: ... shorter than 0.1 millimeters definitely exist, and we see particle interactions that require the exchange of much shorter wavelength virtual ...
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 04:20: ... and they seem to be the machinery under the hood of all particle interactions in the universe, at least as described by quantum field ... 04:41: Virtual particles are the links governing all particle interactions in the famous Feynman diagrams. 04:48: But to properly calculate an interaction of real particles, every imaginable behavior of the connecting virtual particles must be accounted for. 06:23: ... only the quantum possibilities of particles, which somehow govern the interactions of real particles without themselves being burdened with ... 04:20: ... and they seem to be the machinery under the hood of all particle interactions in the universe, at least as described by quantum field ... 04:41: Virtual particles are the links governing all particle interactions in the famous Feynman diagrams. 06:23: ... only the quantum possibilities of particles, which somehow govern the interactions of real particles without themselves being burdened with ...
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 09:39: And when galaxies get stirred up by an interaction or collision with another galaxy, we expect that gas will be driven into the core also.
	2017-10-04: When Quasars Collide STJC 07:30: Basically, the black holes slingshot stars outwards through gravitational interactions.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 05:48: There are two stable configurations for this interaction-- the little bar magnet may be aligned with the orbital field, or opposite to it.
	2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe 09:22: ... asked you to draw all of the two-vertex and four-vertex diagrams for the interaction where electrons and positrons scatter off each other using the simple ... 10:05: As long as the incoming and outgoing particles have the same momenta, these two are part of the same overall interaction.
	2017-08-02: Dark Flow 09:54: Last week, we talked about the actual rules by which Feynman diagrams can be used to describe real interactions in quantum electrodynamics. 10:04: ... couple of you pointed out that the Feynman diagram vertex, representing interactions between an electron, positron, and photon, is not by itself a valid ... 11:57: ... if that measurement instead happens after the electron undergoes an interaction, represented by a Feynman diagram, then we need to think of that ... 09:54: Last week, we talked about the actual rules by which Feynman diagrams can be used to describe real interactions in quantum electrodynamics. 10:04: ... couple of you pointed out that the Feynman diagram vertex, representing interactions between an electron, positron, and photon, is not by itself a valid ... 11:57: ... retro-causal influence as also propagating through the infinite possible interactions within the virtual space of the Feynman ...
	2017-07-26: The Secrets of Feynman Diagrams 01:27: ... diagram represents a family of interactions and tells us the equation needed to calculate the contribution of that ... 01:38: The miracle of Feynman diagrams is that an absurdly simple set of rules allows you to easily find all of the important interactions. 02:02: The first and most predictively powerful quantum field theory, QED, talks about the interaction of the electron field with the electromagnetic field. 02:12: That means interactions between electrons; their anti-matter counterparts, the positron; and photons. 02:59: Particle/field interactions are represented as a vertex, a point where the lines representing the different particles come together. 03:20: This vertex alone represents six very different seeming interactions. 04:29: Every single QED interaction is built from these. 04:33: But why only this interaction? 05:21: Before we look at those more complex interactions, here's another important rule. 05:25: The overall interaction described by a set of Feynman diagrams is defined by the particles going in and the particles going out. 06:06: Each possible diagram that results in the same ingoing and outgoing particles is a valid part of the possibility space for that interaction. 06:52: Let's go back to the simple interaction we looked at in our recent episode. 06:56: Electron scattering can be depicted as two electrons going into an interaction and then two electrons going out. 07:37: Part of the beauty of Feynman diagrams is that each of these diagrams themselves represents an infinite number of specific interactions. 08:16: ... or the second to the first, even though this seems like a very different interaction. ... 09:20: The same particles go in and out, but now, the interactions look very different. 09:51: The interpretation of the interactions is irrelevant. 10:02: ... field theory calculations, vastly reducing the number of contributing interactions that need to be separately ... 01:27: ... diagram represents a family of interactions and tells us the equation needed to calculate the contribution of that ... 01:38: The miracle of Feynman diagrams is that an absurdly simple set of rules allows you to easily find all of the important interactions. 02:12: That means interactions between electrons; their anti-matter counterparts, the positron; and photons. 02:59: Particle/field interactions are represented as a vertex, a point where the lines representing the different particles come together. 03:20: This vertex alone represents six very different seeming interactions. 05:21: Before we look at those more complex interactions, here's another important rule. 07:37: Part of the beauty of Feynman diagrams is that each of these diagrams themselves represents an infinite number of specific interactions. 09:20: The same particles go in and out, but now, the interactions look very different. 09:51: The interpretation of the interactions is irrelevant. 10:02: ... field theory calculations, vastly reducing the number of contributing interactions that need to be separately ...
	2017-07-19: The Real Star Wars 15:30: The so-called bare mass of an electron comes from its interaction with the Higgs field. 15:36: ... not the same as the self energy interaction, but it's analogous in some ways the Higgs field exchange is weak ... 15:51: It's a very different interaction to the self energy interaction, but the result is the same. 15:56: ... mass comes from its interaction with other fields, be it the Higgs field for the bare mass, or the ... 16:51: Every one of those vertices represents an interaction between the electron and the electromagnetic fields. 16:57: The probability of that interaction is governed by the coupling constant between those fields. 17:28: ... every additional interaction between the EM and the electron field, so every additional vertex, ...
	2017-07-12: Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory 03:08: ... field theory, but they also serve to give a general idea of what these interactions look ... 03:38: But Feynman diagrams aren't really just drawings of the interaction. 05:53: With infinite possible interactions behind this one simple process, a perfectly complete quantum field theoretic solution is impossible. 06:32: In the case of electron scattering, the most likely interaction is the exchange of a single photon. 06:43: In fact, the more complicated the interaction, the less it contributes. 06:50: It turns out that the probability amplitude of a particular interaction depends on the number of connections, or vertices, in the diagram. 06:59: Every additional vertex in an interaction reduces its contribution to the probability by a factor of around 100. 07:08: So the most probable interaction for electron scattering is the simple case of one photon exchange with its two vertices. 07:17: A three-vertex interaction would contribute about 1% of the probability of the main two-vertex interaction. 07:24: However, it turns out that for electron scattering, there are no three-vertex interactions. 07:29: ... there are several interactions that include four vertices, and each contributes about 1% of 1% of the ... 07:56: And more complicated interactions add even less to the probability. 08:21: ... is especially true for so-called loop interactions, like when a photon momentarily becomes a virtual particle-anti-particle ... 11:08: ... successfully describe everything from particle scattering, self-energy interactions, matter-anti-media creation and annihilation, to all sorts of decay ... 06:50: It turns out that the probability amplitude of a particular interaction depends on the number of connections, or vertices, in the diagram. 06:59: Every additional vertex in an interaction reduces its contribution to the probability by a factor of around 100. 03:08: ... field theory, but they also serve to give a general idea of what these interactions look ... 05:53: With infinite possible interactions behind this one simple process, a perfectly complete quantum field theoretic solution is impossible. 07:24: However, it turns out that for electron scattering, there are no three-vertex interactions. 07:29: ... there are several interactions that include four vertices, and each contributes about 1% of 1% of the ... 07:56: And more complicated interactions add even less to the probability. 08:21: ... is especially true for so-called loop interactions, like when a photon momentarily becomes a virtual particle-anti-particle ... 11:08: ... successfully describe everything from particle scattering, self-energy interactions, matter-anti-media creation and annihilation, to all sorts of decay ... 07:56: And more complicated interactions add even less to the probability. 11:08: ... successfully describe everything from particle scattering, self-energy interactions, matter-anti-media creation and annihilation, to all sorts of decay ...
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 05:31: However, understanding the behavior of light and its interaction with matter required a different approach. 06:38: ... given quantum event or interaction can happen in multiple different ways and the probability of the ... 08:13: Dirac wasn't the first to come up with this idea but he was the first to successfully apply it to describing electromagnetic interactions. 08:43: And there's another reason this second quantization is better at describing the interactions of light and matter. 09:02: Yet, in particle interactions, particles are created and destroyed all the time. 09:29: The resulting quantum electrodynamics describes the interactions of matter and radiation with stunning success. 06:38: ... can happen in multiple different ways and the probability of the interaction depends on correctly counting those different possible ... 08:13: Dirac wasn't the first to come up with this idea but he was the first to successfully apply it to describing electromagnetic interactions. 08:43: And there's another reason this second quantization is better at describing the interactions of light and matter. 09:02: Yet, in particle interactions, particles are created and destroyed all the time. 09:29: The resulting quantum electrodynamics describes the interactions of matter and radiation with stunning success. 09:02: Yet, in particle interactions, particles are created and destroyed all the time.
	2017-05-03: Are We Living in an Ancestor Simulation? ft. Neil deGrasse Tyson 15:17: That perfect time reversal would include the reverse of every particle interaction that happened in the original expansion. 15:26: Now it's those same particle interactions that gives rise to pressure. 15:33: Interactions can drive particles either outwards or inwards. 15:37: Because particles can be pushed beyond the edge of the cloud, there end up being somewhat more interactions driving particles outwards than inwards. 15:57: ... and velocities could be found such that the subsequent series of interactions leads to a large increase in ... 15:26: Now it's those same particle interactions that gives rise to pressure. 15:33: Interactions can drive particles either outwards or inwards. 15:37: Because particles can be pushed beyond the edge of the cloud, there end up being somewhat more interactions driving particles outwards than inwards. 15:57: ... and velocities could be found such that the subsequent series of interactions leads to a large increase in ... 15:37: Because particles can be pushed beyond the edge of the cloud, there end up being somewhat more interactions driving particles outwards than inwards. 15:57: ... and velocities could be found such that the subsequent series of interactions leads to a large increase in ...
	2017-03-29: How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole 11:53: It refers to any quantum systems whose internal interactions result in a periodic change from one state to another and then back again.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal. 06:08: ... the variations in the forcing signal become too messy and the interaction strength is too weak, then the time crystal effectively melts into ... 07:36: ... asymmetry melting when subjected to too much perturbation or too little interaction ... 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal. 06:08: ... the variations in the forcing signal become too messy and the interaction strength is too weak, then the time crystal effectively melts into regular time ... 07:36: ... asymmetry melting when subjected to too much perturbation or too little interaction strength. ...
	2017-03-01: The Treasures of Trappist-1 03:48: ... be that internal heat left over from formation and generated by tidal interactions with its star and the other planets could warm it to liquid water ...
	2016-10-26: The Many Worlds of the Quantum Multiverse 07:07: ... diverge into different possibilities-- for example, at every particle interaction everywhere in the ...
	2016-09-29: Life on Europa? 11:30: Rather, observation may just mean any interaction that destroys quantum coherence between the entangled particles. 11:37: ... way of saying that is that this measurement interaction effectively entangles the measured particle and its partner with a ...
	2016-09-21: Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate 07:49: Any interaction can destroy the entanglement.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 03:51: But the researchers suggest it could mediate interactions between the so-called dark sector and the visible universe.
	2016-08-10: How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past 07:54: Part of the appeal of the Copenhagen interpretation is that it avoids any physical interaction that moves faster than light. 08:18: But if these wave functions are physical, as the Copenhagen Interpretation would tell us, then there is no real instantaneous physical interaction.
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 09:02: That interaction increases the chance that some paths become real and decreases the chance of others. 09:08: There's an interaction between possible realities that is seen in the distribution of final positions in the interference pattern. 09:02: That interaction increases the chance that some paths become real and decreases the chance of others.
	2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing 12:48: Some interpretations suggest that an observation means any interaction that is thermodynamically irreversible.
	2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! 03:48: We can simplistically think of this interaction region as a solid circle.
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 08:03: ... the interaction of the sun's magnetic field with Venus's think atmosphere actually ... 09:16: ... way of saying that there have been around 13.8 billion years worth of interaction and change since the Big Bang for things in our reference ...
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 06:17: ... massless light speed components confined not by mirrored walls, but by interactions with other particles and force ... 06:28: ... and quarks are composites of massless particles confined by the Higgs interaction. ... 06:42: In this analogy, those clock ticks become interactions between the internal parts of our atoms and nucleons. 06:50: At each interaction, particles exchange energy, charge, and other properties that result in change. 08:14: Those interactions which proceed by causal connections. 08:50: ... become emergent properties of the causal propagation of patterns of interactions between timeless, massless ... 09:04: And what is the nature of these most elementary causal interactions? 06:50: At each interaction, particles exchange energy, charge, and other properties that result in change. 06:17: ... massless light speed components confined not by mirrored walls, but by interactions with other particles and force ... 06:42: In this analogy, those clock ticks become interactions between the internal parts of our atoms and nucleons. 08:14: Those interactions which proceed by causal connections. 08:50: ... become emergent properties of the causal propagation of patterns of interactions between timeless, massless ... 09:04: And what is the nature of these most elementary causal interactions?
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 01:06: Every tick is the result of countless interactions between the tiniest subatomic elements. 06:38: ... in an atom, that ticking corresponds to interactions between its component particles and fields, in which the internal parts ... 06:52: ... rate of these interactions, this ticking, represents the rate at which the atom will change from one ... 07:03: In a fast moving object, the interactions driving this evolution appears to happen more slowly. 01:06: Every tick is the result of countless interactions between the tiniest subatomic elements. 06:38: ... in an atom, that ticking corresponds to interactions between its component particles and fields, in which the internal parts ... 06:52: ... rate of these interactions, this ticking, represents the rate at which the atom will change from one ... 07:03: In a fast moving object, the interactions driving this evolution appears to happen more slowly.
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 04:16: ... squared, because the underlying cause is the same-- the confinement of interactions that themselves travel at the speed of ... 04:36: Photons in the photon box, but even in the spring, the density wave is ultimately communicated by electromagnetic interactions between the atoms. 04:46: That itself is a speed of light interaction, even if the resulting density wave isn't. 07:44: OK, so mass is an emergent property of the interactions of massless particles. 04:16: ... squared, because the underlying cause is the same-- the confinement of interactions that themselves travel at the speed of ... 04:36: Photons in the photon box, but even in the spring, the density wave is ultimately communicated by electromagnetic interactions between the atoms. 07:44: OK, so mass is an emergent property of the interactions of massless particles.
	2015-06-24: The Calendar, Australia & White Christmas 04:40: ... is also slowly spinning down due to its interactions with the moon, so that the mean solar day is getting longer, by about ...
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 07:12: For instance, there's the potential energy associated with the interactions of electrons and quarks with the Higgs field.

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