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	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 17:53: ... tool to describe fluctuation quantum fields, what does that mean for Hawking ... 18:07: After all, Hawking radiation is sometimes portrayed as a virtual particle-antiparticle pair being separated by a black hole event horizon. 18:28: Hawking’s original derived his radiation by calculating the disturbances on the quantum fields due to the appearance of an event horizon. 18:49: I suggest searching for hawking radiation in our channel’s search window of an unreasonably deep dive into all of that. 17:53: ... tool to describe fluctuation quantum fields, what does that mean for Hawking radiation? ... 18:07: After all, Hawking radiation is sometimes portrayed as a virtual particle-antiparticle pair being separated by a black hole event horizon. 18:49: I suggest searching for hawking radiation in our channel’s search window of an unreasonably deep dive into all of that. 18:28: Hawking’s original derived his radiation by calculating the disturbances on the quantum fields due to the appearance of an event horizon.
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 15:31: Clay Farris Naff asks whether Zeilinger description of informational quantum mechanics is consistent with Hawking's late-in-life anti-realist stance? 15:43: In his book The Grand Design” Hawking says, and I quote, “There is no picture- or theory-independent concept of reality. 18:11: ... from the entangled particles that emerge from a black hole as Hawking radiation, could we in principle learn about the inside of the black ... 18:31: ... answer is yes - if hawking radiation really is entangled with the black hole then in principle we ... 19:18: The answer is that we’ve never detected hawking radiation, but several lines of pretty sound reasoning indicate it must be real. 19:30: Hawking’s original argument talked about perturbing the positive and negative frequency modes of the quantum vacuum. 19:45: Check out our hawking radiation episode for a pretty details description. 18:11: ... from the entangled particles that emerge from a black hole as Hawking radiation, could we in principle learn about the inside of the black hole, given ... 18:31: ... answer is yes - if hawking radiation really is entangled with the black hole then in principle we can learn ... 19:18: The answer is that we’ve never detected hawking radiation, but several lines of pretty sound reasoning indicate it must be real. 19:45: Check out our hawking radiation episode for a pretty details description. 15:31: Clay Farris Naff asks whether Zeilinger description of informational quantum mechanics is consistent with Hawking's late-in-life anti-realist stance? 19:30: Hawking’s original argument talked about perturbing the positive and negative frequency modes of the quantum vacuum. 15:31: Clay Farris Naff asks whether Zeilinger description of informational quantum mechanics is consistent with Hawking's late-in-life anti-realist stance? 19:30: Hawking’s original argument talked about perturbing the positive and negative frequency modes of the quantum vacuum.
	2022-06-15: Can Wormholes Solve The Black Hole Information Paradox? 01:40: ... angle. A little review from me, should be enough.   Stephen Hawking discovered that black holes aren’t quite as, well, black and ... 03:20: ... But those virtual particle pairs are entangled, which means that Hawking radiation and the   interior of the black hole are entangled. ... 04:44: ... might wonder if the Hawking radiation itself can serve as an escape route for that ... 05:20: ... information leaks out this way, then the  von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   should rise over time as more  and more ... 08:14: ... as its geometry changes with each  outgoing particle of Hawking ... 08:36: ... Stephen Hawking did his original calculation, he didn’t think it was necessary to ... 10:42: ... holes interact with each other, the entropy doesn’t change from Hawkings’ original result.   But there’s another geometry that  ... 11:13: ... you end up with a new equation for  the entropy of the Hawking ... 12:09: ... island rule, the physicists found that the von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   exactly follows the Page curve. Somehow  ... 01:40: ... angle. A little review from me, should be enough.   Stephen Hawking discovered that black holes aren’t quite as, well, black and ... 03:20: ... But those virtual particle pairs are entangled, which means that Hawking radiation and the   interior of the black hole are entangled. The  ... 04:44: ... might wonder if the Hawking radiation itself can serve as an escape route for that ... 05:20: ... exact evolution of von Neumann entropy   that must occur if Hawking radiation is our information escape route from the black hole. Any theory ... 08:14: ... as its geometry changes with each  outgoing particle of Hawking radiation. ... 08:36: ... to get a proper calculation of the von Neuman   entropy of Hawking radiation, you need to consider all transitional states of the evaporating ... 11:13: ... you end up with a new equation for  the entropy of the Hawking radiation. ... 04:44: ... might wonder if the Hawking radiation itself can serve as an escape route for that information.   But according ... 05:20: ... information leaks out this way, then the  von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   should rise over time as more  and more radiation is ... 12:09: ... island rule, the physicists found that the von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation   exactly follows the Page curve. Somehow  these imaginary ... 03:20: ... a particle you can entangle a black hole. One way to think about Hawking   radiation is that the black hole is swallowing and emitting virtual ... 01:40: ... black and inescapable   as we thought. They radiate, and this Hawking radiation causes them to slowly evaporate.   But that means that all the ... 04:44: ... as an escape route for that information.   But according to Hawking’s original formula,  and according to the no-hair ... 10:42: ... holes interact with each other, the entropy doesn’t change from Hawkings’ original result.   But there’s another geometry that  ... 04:44: ... as an escape route for that information.   But according to Hawking’s original formula,  and according to the no-hair theorem,   Hawking ... 10:42: ... holes interact with each other, the entropy doesn’t change from Hawkings’ original result.   But there’s another geometry that  turns out to ... 04:44: ... as an escape route for that information.   But according to Hawking’s original formula,  and according to the no-hair theorem,   Hawking radiation ... 10:42: ... holes interact with each other, the entropy doesn’t change from Hawkings’ original result.   But there’s another geometry that  turns out to totally change the ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 11:22: ... to something called the transplanckian problem, which is to do with how Hawking radiation seems to emerge from sub-Planck-wavelength radiation at the ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 16:10: ... of you asked about the possibility of detecting Hawking radiation in the case that the universe is a black hole. Actually, we ...
	2022-03-30: Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole? 10:48: ... 1999, Stephen Hawking once showed that if a black hole is leaking its mass via Hawking ... 11:08: ... for white holes to make them look like our universe from within, and Hawking’s argument that equates white holes with black holes, then there’s a ... 10:48: ... Stephen Hawking once showed that if a black hole is leaking its mass via Hawking radiation in perfect equilibrium with the radiation that it absorbs - for example, ... 11:08: ... for white holes to make them look like our universe from within, and Hawking’s argument that equates white holes with black holes, then there’s a ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 18:15: ... asks a related question, but now it’s for black holes that shrink due to Hawking radiation. This is a lot more speculative. Some physicists think that ... 18:37: ... a black hole, but in its formation, but in its original formulation Hawking radiation is supposed to be completely random - information free - and ... 18:15: ... asks a related question, but now it’s for black holes that shrink due to Hawking radiation. This is a lot more speculative. Some physicists think that the Hawking ... 18:37: ... a black hole, but in its formation, but in its original formulation Hawking radiation is supposed to be completely random - information free - and so that ...
	2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole? 09:56: That’s ignoring the whole Hawking radiation, black hole evaporation thing.
	2021-12-20: What Happens If A Black Hole Hits Earth? 03:00: ... then they'd have all evaporated by now by leaking away their mass in Hawking ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 03:13: Black holes evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. 03:17: ... talked about this previously, but the TL;DW is that Hawking radiation should be completely random, and so leaks away the black ... 04:32: A theory of quantum gravity would have really helped Stephen Hawking in deriving his eponymous radiation. 04:44: Instead Hawking used a hack - something called the semi-classical approximation. 07:53: For instance, the profile of the radiation emitted by the strings precisely matched that of traditional Hawking radiation. 03:13: Black holes evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. 03:17: ... talked about this previously, but the TL;DW is that Hawking radiation should be completely random, and so leaks away the black hole’s mass ... 07:53: For instance, the profile of the radiation emitted by the strings precisely matched that of traditional Hawking radiation.
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 14:56: The problem then is that the black hole will immediately Hawking-radiate back down to a Planck relic. 15:32: ... relics would emit high-energy radiation as the relics merged and then Hawking-radiated again This is the sort of extremely cool thought that astrophysicists ... 14:56: The problem then is that the black hole will immediately Hawking-radiate back down to a Planck relic. 15:32: ... relics would emit high-energy radiation as the relics merged and then Hawking-radiated again This is the sort of extremely cool thought that astrophysicists ...
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 00:50: ... in 1974, a young genius named Stephen Hawking showed that if you bring quantum mechanics into the equation, quite ... 01:01: He showed that black holes must radiate, and so slowly leak away their mass in what we now call Hawking radiation. 01:35: To understand Planck relics we need a quick review of Hawking radiation. 01:46: Hawking’s discovery of his black hole radiation was really ingenious. 02:06: ... Hawking used a sort of a hack - a brilliant workaround - to prove that if an ... 02:23: Hawking even figured out what that radiation should look like: it should be thermal. 02:36: In the common pop-sci description of Hawking radiation you often hear about particle-antiparticle pairs appearing at the event horizon. 03:08: ... such black holes the Hawking radiation is just photons - electromagnetic waves with kilometers-long ... 03:25: But as the black hole shrinks in mass and in size, its Hawking radiation also decreases in wavelength - but it increases in energy. 03:45: ... and we only have black holes, which one by one vanish in bright pops of Hawking ... 03:57: These days most physicists agree that Hawking radiation is a thing. 04:26: ... Hawking made that assumption, it enabled him to mathematically connect the ... 04:37: ... reasonable for most sizes of black hole, but Hawking’s entire calculation falls apart when the black hole has shrunk down to ... 06:05: In which case the Hawking radiation ceases, and the black hole becomes stable. 06:11: If it happens at all, it’ll be when the average energy of the Hawking radiation is close to the entire rest-mass energy of the remaining black hole. 09:02: ... is that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was introduced with Hawking radiation - the black hole information ... 01:01: He showed that black holes must radiate, and so slowly leak away their mass in what we now call Hawking radiation. 01:35: To understand Planck relics we need a quick review of Hawking radiation. 02:36: In the common pop-sci description of Hawking radiation you often hear about particle-antiparticle pairs appearing at the event horizon. 03:08: ... such black holes the Hawking radiation is just photons - electromagnetic waves with kilometers-long ... 03:25: But as the black hole shrinks in mass and in size, its Hawking radiation also decreases in wavelength - but it increases in energy. 03:45: ... and we only have black holes, which one by one vanish in bright pops of Hawking radiation. ... 03:57: These days most physicists agree that Hawking radiation is a thing. 04:26: ... near the black hole with a very distant zero-gravity region where the Hawking radiation is ... 06:05: In which case the Hawking radiation ceases, and the black hole becomes stable. 06:11: If it happens at all, it’ll be when the average energy of the Hawking radiation is close to the entire rest-mass energy of the remaining black hole. 09:02: ... is that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was introduced with Hawking radiation - the black hole information ... 06:05: In which case the Hawking radiation ceases, and the black hole becomes stable. 07:29: The smallest such black holes will take something like 10^66 years to Hawking-radiate their entire mass away. 01:46: Hawking’s discovery of his black hole radiation was really ingenious. 04:37: ... reasonable for most sizes of black hole, but Hawking’s entire calculation falls apart when the black hole has shrunk down to ... 01:46: Hawking’s discovery of his black hole radiation was really ingenious. 04:37: ... reasonable for most sizes of black hole, but Hawking’s entire calculation falls apart when the black hole has shrunk down to the ...
	2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens 14:48: ... warp drives are really possible, but the opposite is also true. Stephen hawking’s chronology protection conjecture states that the universe will always ...
	2021-04-13: What If Dark Matter Is Just Black Holes? 06:06: We can rule these out because by now all of these would have evaporated as Hawking radiation.
	2020-10-27: How The Penrose Singularity Theorem Predicts The End of Space Time 09:31: ... theorem in a very different way. That student was Stephen Hawking. In his PhD thesis Hawking   showed that you could use the same ... 10:36: ... Hawking showed that Penrose’s arguments  about black holes also applied to ... 09:31: ... different way. That student was Stephen Hawking. In his PhD thesis Hawking   showed that you could use the same arguments to investigate the ...
	2020-07-20: The Boundary Between Black Holes & Neutron Stars 13:26: Hawking evaporation is excrutiatingly slow - much slower than your rapid plummet to doom from your pespective. 13:34: ... the black hole shrank - but it would itslef be as hopelessly scrambled hawking ... 13:26: Hawking evaporation is excrutiatingly slow - much slower than your rapid plummet to doom from your pespective. 13:34: ... the black hole shrank - but it would itslef be as hopelessly scrambled hawking radiation. ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 05:29: Normal black holes leak their mass away by emitting Hawking radiation. 05:45: In very massive black holes the Hawking radiation has trouble mustering the energy for anything but weak photons. 06:21: Hawking radiation is a direct result of there being an event horizon. 05:29: Normal black holes leak their mass away by emitting Hawking radiation. 05:45: In very massive black holes the Hawking radiation has trouble mustering the energy for anything but weak photons. 06:21: Hawking radiation is a direct result of there being an event horizon. 06:25: So naked singularities don’t Hawking-radiate, and extremal black holes radiate only very slowly.
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 03:26: ... of fluid flow resembles a black hole - right down to the emission of Hawking radiation. The details are a bit dense for YouTube, but I’ll link a ... 05:25: ... horizons, physicists can look for black hole-like behavior. For example, Hawking radiation. All the gory details of hawking radiation are in our previous ... 06:33: ... of the surface ripples have properties that are closely analogous to Hawking radiation. One aspect of Hawking radiation that can only be studied with ... 09:19: ... useful as classical analogs are, Hawking radiation is ultimately a quantum mechanical effect. Deeper insights may ... 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the existence, but also the ... 11:04: ... real black holes? Early arguments in the late ‘90s claimed that because Hawking radiation should appear for a variety of systems—you just need some sort ... 11:55: ... acknowledge the experimental evidence of analog Hawking radiation in these other systems means something, and may be ... 12:34: ... the bathtub vortex may give us the next great insight into black holes, Hawking radiation, and the nature of the underlying, you guessed it, ... 05:25: ... radiation are in our previous episode, but let’s review. In 1974 Stephen Hawking predicted that real black holes would, contrary to prior thought, leak away their ... 03:26: ... of fluid flow resembles a black hole - right down to the emission of Hawking radiation. The details are a bit dense for YouTube, but I’ll link a lovely paper by ... 05:25: ... horizons, physicists can look for black hole-like behavior. For example, Hawking radiation. All the gory details of hawking radiation are in our previous episode, ... 06:33: ... of the surface ripples have properties that are closely analogous to Hawking radiation. One aspect of Hawking radiation that can only be studied with analog ... 09:19: ... useful as classical analogs are, Hawking radiation is ultimately a quantum mechanical effect. Deeper insights may require ... 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the existence, but also the temperature of ... 11:04: ... real black holes? Early arguments in the late ‘90s claimed that because Hawking radiation should appear for a variety of systems—you just need some sort of ... 11:55: ... acknowledge the experimental evidence of analog Hawking radiation in these other systems means something, and may be complementary ... 12:34: ... the bathtub vortex may give us the next great insight into black holes, Hawking radiation, and the nature of the underlying, you guessed it, ... 06:33: ... energy. This effect on the black hole is called the backreaction of the Hawking radiation - and actually, it’s somewhat contentious exactly what happens here. In ... 11:55: ... not a true proxy. And some remain quite skeptical, claiming that analog Hawking radiation doesn’t even meet the standard of complementary ... 06:33: ... in fact Hawking-like radiation has been observed in these analog black holes. Or at least, ... 07:24: ... the analog of energy and angular momentum seems to be sapped by this Hawking-like ... 06:33: ... in fact Hawking-like radiation has been observed in these analog black holes. Or at least, ... 07:24: ... the analog of energy and angular momentum seems to be sapped by this Hawking-like ... 06:33: ... in fact Hawking-like radiation has been observed in these analog black holes. Or at least, the ... 07:24: ... the analog of energy and angular momentum seems to be sapped by this Hawking-like radiation. ... 06:33: ... - and actually, it’s somewhat contentious exactly what happens here. In Hawking's own early papers, he totally glosses over the effect, essentially just ...
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 07:06: ... will die and their remnants will decay - black holes will evaporate by Hawking radiation, and particles of matter will decay into their lightest ...
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... quantum information made it be destroyed in particular when Stephen Hawking realized that black holes must radiate and the radiation produced by ...
	2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel? 11:03: ... that the universe has to make sense at a fundamental level. Stephen Hawking expressed this in his chronology protection conjecture - there can be no ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 09:14: ... Bekenstein and Steven Hawking showed that the maximum amount of entropy in any region of space is ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 11:58: ... scattering experiment without understanding the internal physics, Steven Hawking's derivation of Hawking ...
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 15:23: Or maybe Stephen Hawking's chronology projection conjecture prohibits anyone from remembering to post addresses to time traveler parties.
	2019-10-21: Is Time Travel Impossible? 07:55: Stephen Hawking showed that unless the cylinder is infinitely long this doesn’t work – unless you also modify the spacetime with negative energy. 10:00: Stephen Hawking put it nicely with his Chronology Protection Conjecture. 11:59: Stephen Hawking put this to rigorous test when he organized a cocktail party for time travelers, only advertising the event after it ended.
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 11:20: ... has some other successes, for example, the theory seems to predict Hawking radiation and black hole entropy consistent with Hawking and ...
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 10:04: ... and with the holographic principle, as described in one of Stephen Hawking's last ...
	2019-07-18: Did Time Start at the Big Bang? 11:36: ... two to say about that from quantum fluctuations from nothing - Stephen Hawking's timeless interpretation of internal inflation that draws on the ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 11:22: ... example, you can check out Stephen Hawking's Favorite Places, which explores the life of the late, great Hawking, as ...
	2019-04-10: The Holographic Universe Explained 02:01: Steven Hawking confirmed the Bekenstein bound by calculating the amount of information leaked by a black hole as it evaporated in Hawking radiation. 02:11: ... discovery of Hawking radiation led to the black hole information paradox, because this ... 02:30: ... that fell into the black hole could be imprinted on that outgoing Hawking ... 02:01: Steven Hawking confirmed the Bekenstein bound by calculating the amount of information leaked by a black hole as it evaporated in Hawking radiation. 02:11: ... discovery of Hawking radiation led to the black hole information paradox, because this radiation was ... 02:30: ... that fell into the black hole could be imprinted on that outgoing Hawking radiation. ... 02:11: ... discovery of Hawking radiation led to the black hole information paradox, because this radiation was ...
	2019-04-03: The Edge of an Infinite Universe 08:09: The most famous use of this is by Steven Hawking, as we saw in our Hawking radiation episode. 08:44: He concluded that the black hole must generate particles – Hawking radiation. 08:09: The most famous use of this is by Steven Hawking, as we saw in our Hawking radiation episode. 08:44: He concluded that the black hole must generate particles – Hawking radiation. 08:09: The most famous use of this is by Steven Hawking, as we saw in our Hawking radiation episode.
	2018-11-07: Why String Theory is Right 15:40: Those horizons perturb the vacuum which can lead to the creation of very real particles, as in Hawking radiation.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 00:21: Near black holes, virtual matter and antimatter pairs are separated by the event horizon to create Hawking radiation. 10:59: The classic example of this is Hawking radiation. 11:03: Stephen Hawking himself was the first to use virtual particles as an intuitive way to describe his radiation. 11:22: But Hawking himself also cautioned against taking this picture too seriously. 11:50: ... also did episodes on these, and just like with Hawking radiation, you don't need for virtual particles to have an independent ... 00:21: Near black holes, virtual matter and antimatter pairs are separated by the event horizon to create Hawking radiation. 10:59: The classic example of this is Hawking radiation. 11:50: ... also did episodes on these, and just like with Hawking radiation, you don't need for virtual particles to have an independent existence to ...
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 14:22: ... mentioned in the video that you'd read off the result in Hawking radiation, which would take until long after the last star in universe ... 14:33: The slow readout by Hawking radiation is equivalent to the time dilation issue. 14:22: ... mentioned in the video that you'd read off the result in Hawking radiation, which would take until long after the last star in universe has died to ... 14:33: The slow readout by Hawking radiation is equivalent to the time dilation issue.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 04:50: Again, the Bekenstein bound is the event horizon surface area in Planck areas with an extra factor of a quarter that Stephen Hawking figured out. 10:26: ... you can only read out the simulation results in Hawking radiation as those black holes evaporate, which will take 10 to the ... 04:50: Again, the Bekenstein bound is the event horizon surface area in Planck areas with an extra factor of a quarter that Stephen Hawking figured out. 10:26: ... you can only read out the simulation results in Hawking radiation as those black holes evaporate, which will take 10 to the power of 70 ...
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 03:33: ... from the universe, especially when those black holes evaporate via Hawking ... 03:50: But that same Hawking radiation offers part of the solution to the information paradox. 03:54: ... the work of Hawking, Jacob Bekenstein, and Gerard 't Hooft and others, it has become clear ... 04:07: In a sense, both the source and the solution to the information paradox came from the discover of Hawking radiation. 04:14: Hawking, actually, derived the latter by finding a way to unite general relativity and-- in quantum field theory. 12:57: If our modern understanding of Hawking radiation is right, they will evaporate catastrophically long before they reach you. 03:54: ... the work of Hawking, Jacob Bekenstein, and Gerard 't Hooft and others, it has become clear that ... 03:33: ... from the universe, especially when those black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation. ... 03:50: But that same Hawking radiation offers part of the solution to the information paradox. 03:54: ... by black holes can be radiated back out into the universe via their Hawking radiation. ... 04:07: In a sense, both the source and the solution to the information paradox came from the discover of Hawking radiation. 12:57: If our modern understanding of Hawking radiation is right, they will evaporate catastrophically long before they reach you. 03:50: But that same Hawking radiation offers part of the solution to the information paradox.
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 13:24: Spencer Twiddy is amused at my use of the word "prompt" for the time scale of evaporation by Hawking radiation.
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 02:30: ... if black holes evaporate, as Hawking discovered and we also covered, this evaporation should destroy a black ... 02:55: From there it could be imprinted on the outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing the information to escape back into the universe. 05:30: And then why not radiate the entropy back into the universe as Hawking radiation? 06:09: So you know how nothing can escape black holes, ignoring Hawking radiation for the moment. 06:48: But there's one property of black holes that no process other than Hawking radiation can decrease. 08:48: Bekenstein's connection between surface area and entropy could have been a coincidence, at least until Stephen Hawking came along. 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper. 09:26: ... Hawking just plugged his Hawking temperature into that equation along with ... 02:30: ... if black holes evaporate, as Hawking discovered and we also covered, this evaporation should destroy a black hole's ... 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper. 02:55: From there it could be imprinted on the outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing the information to escape back into the universe. 05:30: And then why not radiate the entropy back into the universe as Hawking radiation? 06:09: So you know how nothing can escape black holes, ignoring Hawking radiation for the moment. 06:48: But there's one property of black holes that no process other than Hawking radiation can decrease. 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper. 02:55: From there it could be imprinted on the outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing the information to escape back into the universe. 08:56: In 1974, a year after Bekenstein's first paper on black-hole thermodynamics, Hawking published his first Hawking radiation paper. 09:26: ... Hawking just plugged his Hawking temperature into that equation along with black-hole mass for internal energy and ...
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 07:38: But all black holes evaporate over time via Hawking radiation, something we've discussed in detail. 08:14: ... holes themselves can be used as engines through Hawking radiation, as we've also discussed previously, but also via other ... 11:14: ... to the power of 10 to the power of 26 years, then promptly evaporate by Hawking ... 07:38: But all black holes evaporate over time via Hawking radiation, something we've discussed in detail. 08:14: ... holes themselves can be used as engines through Hawking radiation, as we've also discussed previously, but also via other mechanisms that ... 11:14: ... to the power of 10 to the power of 26 years, then promptly evaporate by Hawking radiation. ...
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 00:07: Stephen Hawking found a way to vanquish the black hole with his eponymous radiation. 00:44: It gradually leaks away through Hawking radiation over unthinkably long time scales. 00:50: But in a way, that same Hawking radiation may be more destructive than the black hole itself. 00:59: The apparent destruction of quantum information by Hawking radiation defies our current understanding of quantum mechanics. 02:38: But this is where Hawking radiation comes in. 02:40: Hawking radiation is like a cosmic whiteboard eraser. 03:13: According to Hawking's calculation, those particles should come out with energies that follow the black-body spectrum. 03:20: In other words, Hawking radiation should look exactly like the thermal radiation of heat. 03:39: The key here is that Hawking radiation doesn't depend at all on what the black hole is made of. 03:59: ... his radiation, Stephen Hawking found a way to erase quantum information, which is in severe violation ... 04:11: And when Hawking first pointed out the paradox in the mid-70s, physicists were skeptical that there was a real problem. 04:18: After all, without a theory of quantum gravity, Hawking had to hack both general relativity and quantum-field theory to do the calculation. 04:26: ... quote theoretical physicist John Preskill, "I was inclined to dismiss Hawking's proposal as an unwarranted extrapolation from an untrustworthy ... 04:41: ... on to say, "I have come to believe more and more, only 15 years behind Hawking, that the accepted principles lead to a truly paradoxical conclusion." So ... 05:21: One of the early solutions is the most outlandish but was strongly supported by Hawking. 05:49: This solution to the paradox has been attributed to Freeman Dyson, who was championed by Hawking for many years. 05:55: The competing idea is that the information of everything that falls into the black hole becomes imprinted on the Hawking radiation itself. 06:36: On the other side, Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne bet that it was forever lost from our universe. 06:49: To resolve the bet, physicists had to figure out how quantum information could be transferred to Hawking radiation. 06:59: One, there's no known mechanism for that infalling stuff to leave enough of an information imprint to affect Hawking radiation. 07:16: ... turns out that by transferring quantum information to Hawking radiation, you may still violate the law of conservation of information ... 09:03: And, in principle, those distortions could potentially influence outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing them to carry away their information. 10:00: ... how the information on an event horizon gets attached to Hawking radiation is still contentious, but a number of physicists have proposed ... 10:09: ... Hawking himself has also jumped into that game, suggesting that quantum ... 10:20: But to enter the game, Hawking had to concede the old bet and admit that information does escape black holes. 10:28: ... him the ashes of one to better reflect the scrambled information in Hawking ... 10:51: ... suggests that each particle of Hawking radiation should be simultaneously entangled with the interior of the ... 11:22: ... cute little 1974 paper in which the young Stephen Hawking showed that black holes must leak very slightly has led to radical new ... 00:44: It gradually leaks away through Hawking radiation over unthinkably long time scales. 00:50: But in a way, that same Hawking radiation may be more destructive than the black hole itself. 00:59: The apparent destruction of quantum information by Hawking radiation defies our current understanding of quantum mechanics. 02:38: But this is where Hawking radiation comes in. 02:40: Hawking radiation is like a cosmic whiteboard eraser. 03:20: In other words, Hawking radiation should look exactly like the thermal radiation of heat. 03:39: The key here is that Hawking radiation doesn't depend at all on what the black hole is made of. 04:41: ... quantum-field theory are correct as we currently understand them, then Hawking radiation must exist, and it must erase quantum ... 05:55: The competing idea is that the information of everything that falls into the black hole becomes imprinted on the Hawking radiation itself. 06:49: To resolve the bet, physicists had to figure out how quantum information could be transferred to Hawking radiation. 06:59: One, there's no known mechanism for that infalling stuff to leave enough of an information imprint to affect Hawking radiation. 07:16: ... turns out that by transferring quantum information to Hawking radiation, you may still violate the law of conservation of information just as ... 09:03: And, in principle, those distortions could potentially influence outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing them to carry away their information. 10:00: ... how the information on an event horizon gets attached to Hawking radiation is still contentious, but a number of physicists have proposed ... 10:28: ... him the ashes of one to better reflect the scrambled information in Hawking radiation. ... 10:51: ... suggests that each particle of Hawking radiation should be simultaneously entangled with the interior of the black hole ... 09:03: And, in principle, those distortions could potentially influence outgoing Hawking radiation, allowing them to carry away their information. 00:59: The apparent destruction of quantum information by Hawking radiation defies our current understanding of quantum mechanics. 03:39: The key here is that Hawking radiation doesn't depend at all on what the black hole is made of. 03:13: According to Hawking's calculation, those particles should come out with energies that follow the black-body spectrum. 04:26: ... quote theoretical physicist John Preskill, "I was inclined to dismiss Hawking's proposal as an unwarranted extrapolation from an untrustworthy ... 03:13: According to Hawking's calculation, those particles should come out with energies that follow the black-body spectrum. 04:26: ... quote theoretical physicist John Preskill, "I was inclined to dismiss Hawking's proposal as an unwarranted extrapolation from an untrustworthy approximation." ...
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 10:45: Yet Stephen Hawking showed that black holes may break this rule, revealing a conundrum that we now call the information paradox. 13:53: ... most likely get radiated back out over countless of billions of years as Hawking radiation where it can be collected and giggled at by a future ...
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 09:50: That's the case of black holes and Hawking radiation. 09:54: Stephen Hawking's eponymous radiation appears to destroy quantum information leading to the famous black hole information paradox. 09:50: That's the case of black holes and Hawking radiation. 09:54: Stephen Hawking's eponymous radiation appears to destroy quantum information leading to the famous black hole information paradox.
	2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever 09:44: A popular one seems to be, rotating black holes or harvesting Hawking radiation from black holes.
	2018-04-25: Black Hole Swarms 09:00: Check out Stephen Hawking's "Favorite Places." for a pretty amazing cosmic journey.
	2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) 12:59: ... horizon should produce a type of Hawking radiation, but its wavelength would be comparable to the distance to ... 13:17: The inflating universe should have been bathed in intense Hawking radiation. 12:59: ... horizon should produce a type of Hawking radiation, but its wavelength would be comparable to the distance to that horizon, ... 13:17: The inflating universe should have been bathed in intense Hawking radiation.
	2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect 00:23: ... MUSIC] Around the same time that Stephen Hawking was demonstrating the existence of the black hole radiation that would ... 06:00: And just as with Hawking radiation, that horizon cuts off your access to certain fundamental frequency modes of the quantum vacuum. 06:08: ... via the beloved Bogoliubov transformations, which are also used in the Hawking ... 06:31: Those particles should have the same type of spectrum as Hawking radiation, a thermal spectrum. 06:43: Now, there's a big difference between the Unruh and Hawking effects. 06:47: In the case of Hawking radiation, an inertial observer far from the black hole sees the radiation. 07:00: The only observers who don't see Hawking radiation are those plummeting in freefall towards the event horizon. 10:29: ... seen by someone hovering at the event horizon and the particles of Hawking radiation seen by a distant ... 06:08: ... via the beloved Bogoliubov transformations, which are also used in the Hawking derivation. ... 06:43: Now, there's a big difference between the Unruh and Hawking effects. 06:00: And just as with Hawking radiation, that horizon cuts off your access to certain fundamental frequency modes of the quantum vacuum. 06:31: Those particles should have the same type of spectrum as Hawking radiation, a thermal spectrum. 06:47: In the case of Hawking radiation, an inertial observer far from the black hole sees the radiation. 07:00: The only observers who don't see Hawking radiation are those plummeting in freefall towards the event horizon. 10:29: ... seen by someone hovering at the event horizon and the particles of Hawking radiation seen by a distant ...
	2018-03-15: Hawking Radiation 00:06: Stephen Hawking peered behind the curtain of reality and glimpsed the true workings of the universe. 00:24: Our tribute is to bring you Stephen Hawking's most famous discovery. 00:30: This is "Space Time." And it's time for Hawking radiation. 01:15: ... or so we thought, until 1974 when a young physicist named Stephen Hawking published a paper in "Nature" entitled black hole ... 01:43: They should admit what we now know as Hawking radiation. 01:47: There's a popular description of how Hawking radiation works. 02:24: In fact, if we follow the narrative of Hawking's original calculation, the story sounds rather different. 02:40: ... quantum field theory of curved space time to glimpse the true nature of Hawking ... 04:25: Stephen Hawking knew that black holes with their insane spacetime curvature would wreak havoc on quantum fields in their vicinity. 04:48: Not to be deterred by the impossible, Hawking came up with an ingenious workaround. 04:54: The narrative of Hawking's mathematics goes something like this. 05:21: Hawking imagined a simple quantum field tracing this path, a field that is in a perfect vacuum state before the formation of the black hole. 05:49: Hawking's imaginary path from the distant past to the distant future was brilliant. 06:14: In the absence of a theory of quantum gravity, Hawking needed a hack. 06:46: Hawking's calculation talks about scattering. 07:14: The nature of the lost modes tells us what Hawking radiation should look like. 07:39: Hawking calculated the frequency distribution of this radiation and found something incredible. 08:13: So Hawking's math describes splitting or mixing of these pure positive and negative frequency modes. 08:51: Remember that Hawking radiation has wavelengths the size of the event horizon, the size of the entire black hole. 09:06: Hawking radiation must appear to come from the global black hole. 09:36: We'll look at its relationship to Hawking radiation in the future. 09:39: By the way, Hawking radiation is mostly going to be photons and other massless particles. 09:52: ... its OK to interpret the narrative of Hawking's calculation as the splitting of entangled matter and antimatter pairs, ... 10:12: Other physicists have derived Hawking's result with very different seeming narratives. 10:17: ... example, in 2001, Parikh and Wilczek got the same thermal spectrum for Hawking radiation by thinking about particles escaping from beneath the event ... 11:00: It's hard to make Hawking radiation go away in the math. 11:03: And believe me-- Stephen Hawking himself tried. 11:13: Without a full quantum theory of gravity, the origin of Hawking radiation will remain mysterious. 11:32: ... then there's the famous information paradox in which Hawking radiation appears to destroy what should be a conserved quantity-- ... 11:49: ... relativity are ultimately unraveled by the brilliant mind of Stephen Hawking and a mysterious quirk of quantum ... 07:39: Hawking calculated the frequency distribution of this radiation and found something incredible. 05:21: Hawking imagined a simple quantum field tracing this path, a field that is in a perfect vacuum state before the formation of the black hole. 04:25: Stephen Hawking knew that black holes with their insane spacetime curvature would wreak havoc on quantum fields in their vicinity. 06:14: In the absence of a theory of quantum gravity, Hawking needed a hack. 00:06: Stephen Hawking peered behind the curtain of reality and glimpsed the true workings of the universe. 01:15: ... or so we thought, until 1974 when a young physicist named Stephen Hawking published a paper in "Nature" entitled black hole ... 00:30: This is "Space Time." And it's time for Hawking radiation. 01:43: They should admit what we now know as Hawking radiation. 01:47: There's a popular description of how Hawking radiation works. 02:40: ... quantum field theory of curved space time to glimpse the true nature of Hawking radiation. ... 07:14: The nature of the lost modes tells us what Hawking radiation should look like. 08:51: Remember that Hawking radiation has wavelengths the size of the event horizon, the size of the entire black hole. 09:06: Hawking radiation must appear to come from the global black hole. 09:36: We'll look at its relationship to Hawking radiation in the future. 09:39: By the way, Hawking radiation is mostly going to be photons and other massless particles. 10:17: ... example, in 2001, Parikh and Wilczek got the same thermal spectrum for Hawking radiation by thinking about particles escaping from beneath the event horizon ... 11:00: It's hard to make Hawking radiation go away in the math. 11:13: Without a full quantum theory of gravity, the origin of Hawking radiation will remain mysterious. 11:32: ... then there's the famous information paradox in which Hawking radiation appears to destroy what should be a conserved quantity-- quantum ... 01:47: There's a popular description of how Hawking radiation works. 00:24: Our tribute is to bring you Stephen Hawking's most famous discovery. 02:24: In fact, if we follow the narrative of Hawking's original calculation, the story sounds rather different. 04:54: The narrative of Hawking's mathematics goes something like this. 05:49: Hawking's imaginary path from the distant past to the distant future was brilliant. 06:46: Hawking's calculation talks about scattering. 08:13: So Hawking's math describes splitting or mixing of these pure positive and negative frequency modes. 09:52: ... its OK to interpret the narrative of Hawking's calculation as the splitting of entangled matter and antimatter pairs, ... 10:12: Other physicists have derived Hawking's result with very different seeming narratives. 06:46: Hawking's calculation talks about scattering. 09:52: ... its OK to interpret the narrative of Hawking's calculation as the splitting of entangled matter and antimatter pairs, even if it ... 06:46: Hawking's calculation talks about scattering. 05:49: Hawking's imaginary path from the distant past to the distant future was brilliant. 08:13: So Hawking's math describes splitting or mixing of these pure positive and negative frequency modes. 04:54: The narrative of Hawking's mathematics goes something like this. 02:24: In fact, if we follow the narrative of Hawking's original calculation, the story sounds rather different. 10:12: Other physicists have derived Hawking's result with very different seeming narratives.
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 11:50: [INAUDIBLE] makes a good point about the pop sci explanation of Hawking radiation. 12:13: In fact, as far as I know, there is no derivation of Hawking radiation that invokes the splitting of particle-antiparticle pairs. 12:25: Very soon we'll be talking about the exact line of reasoning that Stephen Hawking used to hypothesize his radiation. 11:50: [INAUDIBLE] makes a good point about the pop sci explanation of Hawking radiation. 12:13: In fact, as far as I know, there is no derivation of Hawking radiation that invokes the splitting of particle-antiparticle pairs.
	2018-01-17: Horizon Radiation 01:53: ... coming episodes, we will be delving into Hawking radiation and the Unruh effect, both of which are very similar and are ... 02:03: ... are a couple of compelling, but inaccurate explanations of Hawking radiation around, and here at Space Time, we want to be as simple as we ... 11:46: In upcoming episodes, we'll apply these ideas to finally understand Unruh and Hawking radiation. 01:53: ... coming episodes, we will be delving into Hawking radiation and the Unruh effect, both of which are very similar and are results of ... 02:03: ... are a couple of compelling, but inaccurate explanations of Hawking radiation around, and here at Space Time, we want to be as simple as we can, but ... 11:46: In upcoming episodes, we'll apply these ideas to finally understand Unruh and Hawking radiation.
	2017-12-06: Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series 00:16: ... Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and ultimately, quantum fields and Hawking ... 01:25: If we fully unravel this idea, we'll be on the verge of tackling things like Hawking radiation. 10:12: So what does this old-school quantum mechanics have to do with quantum field theory and Hawking radiation? 11:01: ... how the quantum vacuum changes to give us phenomena like Unruh and Hawking radiation, which you will soon understand as some of the weirdest ... 00:16: ... Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and ultimately, quantum fields and Hawking radiation. ... 01:25: If we fully unravel this idea, we'll be on the verge of tackling things like Hawking radiation. 10:12: So what does this old-school quantum mechanics have to do with quantum field theory and Hawking radiation? 11:01: ... how the quantum vacuum changes to give us phenomena like Unruh and Hawking radiation, which you will soon understand as some of the weirdest behaviors of ...
	2017-11-22: Suicide Space Robots 12:39: So thanks for keeping us straight Tommy Atkins asks what about Hawking radiation? 12:46: Hawking radiation is related to this whole vacuum energy virtual particle thing. 12:53: This stuff is just a prelude to doing Hawking radiation and doing it properly. 12:39: So thanks for keeping us straight Tommy Atkins asks what about Hawking radiation? 12:46: Hawking radiation is related to this whole vacuum energy virtual particle thing. 12:53: This stuff is just a prelude to doing Hawking radiation and doing it properly.
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 12:21: ... speed of light, can't they escape the event horizon of black holes via Hawking ...
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 03:07: We'll come back to those when we talk about Hawking radiation in the future.
	2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us? 14:57: ... so the final burst of Hawking radiation as a black hole evaporates will be accompanied by all of the ... 15:16: Its matter became part of the black hole and re-emerges as that Hawking radiation. 14:57: ... so the final burst of Hawking radiation as a black hole evaporates will be accompanied by all of the remaining ... 15:16: Its matter became part of the black hole and re-emerges as that Hawking radiation.
	2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon? 01:07: ... ignoring the complications of Hawking radiation or black hole rotational growth, the simplest black hole of ...
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 13:09: ... I'm going to have to go through the black hole information paradox, Hawking radiation, some string theory, the holographic principle, other ...
	2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars 08:02: ... lectures, and original exclusive documentaries from people like Stephen Hawking and Jason ...
	2016-10-12: Black Holes from the Dawn of Time 04:19: They would have all evaporated away due to Hawking radiation. 07:24: ... course, primordial black holes that have already evaporated due to Hawking radiation definitely are not dark matter, and that rules out any PBHs ... 07:35: But that last stage of Hawking evaporation is very fast. 09:38: However, through a deposit something like a billion joules of Hawking radiation on its way through. 07:35: But that last stage of Hawking evaporation is very fast. 04:19: They would have all evaporated away due to Hawking radiation. 07:24: ... course, primordial black holes that have already evaporated due to Hawking radiation definitely are not dark matter, and that rules out any PBHs lighter than ... 09:38: However, through a deposit something like a billion joules of Hawking radiation on its way through.
	2016-08-24: Should We Build a Dyson Sphere? 07:22: ... can be harvested from a black hole, either from the Hawking radiation, from heat generated from infalling material, or by extracting ... 07:43: ... the Hawking radiation from an artificial black hole is appealing, because once ... 07:54: ... to pump new matter into the proton-sized Kugelblitz against the tide of Hawking ... 07:22: ... can be harvested from a black hole, either from the Hawking radiation, from heat generated from infalling material, or by extracting angular ... 07:43: ... the Hawking radiation from an artificial black hole is appealing, because once formed, we ... 07:54: ... to pump new matter into the proton-sized Kugelblitz against the tide of Hawking radiation. ...
	2016-05-04: Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed? 07:47: Stephen Hawking and Mark Zuckerberg form the board.
	2015-10-28: Is The Alcubierre Warp Drive Possible? 04:04: Except Stephen Hawking chronology protection conjecture states that quantum mechanics will always stop causality-breaking actions. 04:21: One possible quantum disaster is that the extreme spacetime curvature of the warp bubble walls would roast the interior with crazy Hawking radiation. 04:30: Does anyone else get the idea that Stephen Hawking really doesn't want us to build time machines? 04:04: Except Stephen Hawking chronology protection conjecture states that quantum mechanics will always stop causality-breaking actions. 04:21: One possible quantum disaster is that the extreme spacetime curvature of the warp bubble walls would roast the interior with crazy Hawking radiation.
	2015-10-15: 5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel 08:07: A black hole of the right size radiates Hawking radiation like crazy.
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 08:53: Agen0000, and others, pointed out that Hawking radiation will eventually cause a black hole to evaporate. 09:07: And would this save the monkey;s life or fry it in an eternity of Hawking radiation? 09:26: And so in its reference frame, the rate of Hawking radiation is not time dilated. 09:30: The idea of the event horizon as this boiling hot sea of Hawking radiation isn't right. 10:07: The distant observer does witness the instance that the black hole evaporates, with a huge burst of Hawking radiation. 08:53: Agen0000, and others, pointed out that Hawking radiation will eventually cause a black hole to evaporate. 09:07: And would this save the monkey;s life or fry it in an eternity of Hawking radiation? 09:26: And so in its reference frame, the rate of Hawking radiation is not time dilated. 09:30: The idea of the event horizon as this boiling hot sea of Hawking radiation isn't right. 10:07: The distant observer does witness the instance that the black hole evaporates, with a huge burst of Hawking radiation. 09:30: The idea of the event horizon as this boiling hot sea of Hawking radiation isn't right.
	2015-08-19: Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen? 00:24: That means no Hawking radiation, no string theory, and no quantum anything-- baby steps.
	2015-04-01: Is the Moon in Majora’s Mask a Black Hole? 06:11: Well, Hawking radiation, for one.

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