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2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas?

  • 00:20: But there’s one state of matter that’s not solid, liquid or gas, but is also not confined to extreme or rare environments.
  • 00:49: Keep heating and it boils into gas - water vapor.
  • 01:43: And these also have boundaries, the crossing of which means changing state - say, by increasing temperature through solid to liquid to gas.
  • 02:02: For example, at low pressures there’s a boundary where increasing temperature takes you directly from solid to gas - we call that sublimation.
  • 02:11: ... proportions we follow the phase transition boundary between liquid and gas. ...
  • 03:00: This is a land with no boundaries - a sort of no-man's land where liquids can skirt around the phase boundary and become gasses without ever boiling.
  • 03:11: In that region, matter becomes a sort of hybrid between liquid and gas called a supercritical fluid, sharing properties of both.
  • 03:19: But this is a genuine, unique state of matter that can do things possible for neither liquid nor gases.
  • 03:32: Or to be a combination of liquid and gas?
  • 03:37: But first, to understand what we’re seeing, we need to remind ourselves of the fundamental properties defining liquids and gasses.
  • 03:56: A key property differentiating liquids and gases is their inclination to change their own volume or density.
  • 04:53: Gases on the other hand will always expand to occupy the entirety of their container, and are also relatively easy to compress by exerting pressure.
  • 05:02: Gas particles zip around without significantly interacting with each other.
  • 05:13: ... the container and the gas will expand, but it’ll take longer for each particle to travel between ...
  • 05:23: Increase temperature and the gas particles move faster, hit harder, again increasing the pressure.
  • 05:29: ... a so-called ideal gas, which has no inter-particle forces, its behavior can be described by a ...
  • 06:31: Now at room temperature it begins to sublimate directly into a gas.
  • 06:50: That liquid fills the bottom of the chamber, while the top of the chamber is mostly filled with CO2 gas at a much lower density.
  • 07:12: ... the temperature rises the pressure of the gas increases a proportional amount, but this temperature is also causing ...
  • 07:27: ... have a sort of feedback loop where the liquid wants to transition to a gas, but the more it tries the less it is allowed to do ...
  • 08:13: Since the gas is being compressed but its mass is not changing by much, its density must increase.
  • 08:24: Eventually the density of the gas and the liquid become the same.
  • 08:27: At that point, microscopic droplets of remaining liquid are free to flow and swirl through the gas phase to diffuse.
  • 08:46: From its visual appearance the supercritical CO2 could easily be a gas.
  • 08:52: And really, it is a lot like a gas.
  • 08:59: The viscosity of supercritical fluids is extremely low, so they flows and diffuse more like a gas than a liquid.
  • 09:07: But it has the density of a liquid, and that leads to behaviors not seen in gases, which I’ll come back to.
  • 09:15: The high density of a supercritical fluid means that its particles do interact with each other, unlike an ideal gas.
  • 09:22: That means the supercritical equation of state is much more complex than the ideal gas law.
  • 09:39: But now with only a gas in the chamber they rattle around as expected.
  • 09:53: On the other hand, if the chamber is opened then pressure drops, and the supercritical fluid transforms straight into a gas.
  • 10:08: Due to its high density compared to a gas, it has more atoms or molecules to bond to the dissolved substance.
  • 10:15: But it still moves like a gas, so it can flow and diffuse into places that liquids can’t access.
  • 10:27: ... bath of supercritical CO2, the fluid will diffuse into the beans like a gas, and bonding with the naturally soluble caffeine and then diffusing out ...
  • 10:39: ... the CO2 can be brought back to gas form, leaving a decaffeinated bean and a fine powder of caffeine ...
  • 11:15: ... replace the water and then you can turn the CO2 back into a low-density gas phase, leaving the gel lattice intact and full of ...
  • 12:33: ... want to avoid actual wetness, or you need it to flow and diffuse like a gas. ...
  • 13:54: Jupiter, Saturn, and probably the other gas giants are also supercritical ocean worlds in a way.
  • 14:11: All of that is buried beneath extremely thick atmospheres of gas-phase mostly-hydrogen.
  • 14:26: ... liquids gases plasmas, bose-einstein condensates and the resulting superconductors and ...
  • 14:55: And while this stuff is rare on this mostly wet and gassy rock, supercritical fluids are surprisingly abundant in other parts of space time.

2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos

  • 08:40: ... currently in a feeding phase - gas from the surrounding galaxy has been driven to the center, forming a ...
  • 09:05: ... light of its accretion disk is hidden from us by a wreath of dust and gas surrounding the ...

2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table?

  • 08:52: That's the reason the Noble Gasses don't interact with anything, because their electron shells are already complete.

2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics?

  • 17:42: ... -  similar age system, similar heavy element abundances, maybe gas  giants in the outer ...

2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained!

  • 04:03: The very first galaxies shone with intense ultraviolet light as the dense, young gas of the early universe collapsed into the first stars.
  • 04:40: ... IR sensitivity allows it to see the cool dust and gas that lives between the stars, as well as peer through that dust which ...

2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There?

  • 00:05: We have solids, liquids and gasses, and plasmas, quark-gluon plasmas, nuclear matter, bose-einstein condensates, neutronium, time crystals, and sand.
  • 00:31: ... know what a state of matter is. There's solids, there's liquids, there's gases - different states that the same element or molecule could occupy based ...
  • 00:56: Heat it further and the weak bonds break, allowing particles to fly freely around the room - and voila, a gas.
  • 01:51: ... on the states of matter you learned in school - solid, liquid, and gas, and plasma for those who stayed in school too long - a simple pattern is ...
  • 02:06: ... when temperature rises above the 273 Kelvin mark; then evaporates into a gas a hundred Kelvin higher, and ionizes into a plasma at several thousand ...
  • 02:51: It shows us that things are much more complicated than solid, liquid, gas.
  • 02:59: ... at temperatures and pressures above the critical point, the line between gas and liquid blurs and we have a supercritical fluid which shares ...
  • 03:37: For example in an ideal gas, pressure is proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to density.
  • 04:16: ... infinite viscosity; liquids are viscous and are incompressible; gasses are compressible and diffuse evenly to fill any size ...
  • 07:24: Our quark-gluon plasma is actually the analogy of gas in atomic matter, even if it’s behavior is more liquid.
  • 09:49: And yet, the grains of sand never stopped being solid and the air never stopped being a gas.
  • 10:11: The crowd behaves in some ways like a gas.
  • 10:40: ... what we know about gases and liquids - about thermodynamics - it’s possible to spot an impending ...

2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics?

  • 15:07: ... of traveling at relativistic speeds through  the dust and gas that lives between the ...

2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible?

  • 03:40: It’s filled with diffuse gas and dust grains.
  • 06:02: It’s 99% gas by mass and 1% very tiny dust grains.
  • 06:08: ... gas is around 90% hydrogen, and most of the rest is helium with traces of ...
  • 07:21: So both the gas and the dust are diffuse, but remember, we’re traveling 4 light years.
  • 10:11: ... happen in our lifetimes, our entire payload could be destroyed by gas without at least some ...
  • 12:35: ... radiation dose from cosmic rays is lower than that of the interstellar gas - it’s not instantly lethal, but will significantly increase cancer ...

2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy

  • 03:22: ... over-dense regions in the hot hydrogen and helium   gas that filled the universe after the Big Bang.  It’s hard to see the ...
  • 05:11: ... have similar properties. For  example, stars that form from the gas of the   same galaxy tend to have similar amounts of ...
  • 07:58: ... become flat disks - but the TLDW is that giant   gas clouds tend to collapse into thin gas disks, and then produce stars ...
  • 08:29: ... to the Milky   Way to create it. It’s made of stars, not gas,  and these stars orbit just a little faster   on orbits that ...
  • 09:11: ... original thin disk to create  the thick disk. Meanwhile, the fresh gas   from the merger replenished and reformed the thin  disk, and ...
  • 12:11: ... half of the galaxy,   a 600,000 lightyear long tail of  gas called the ‘Magellanic Stream.’ And while the Magellanic clouds ...
  • 14:38: ... produce life because those systems would produce   too many gas giants. Some of you asked why that’s  the case. It’s simply because ...
  • 15:22: ... few of you pointed out that even a system with  lots of gas giants could have habitable moons.   Now that’s true. There’s ...
  • 16:02: ... they don’t care about the moon. These are also found on   gas giant moons - so that boosts our  potential abiogenesis location ...

2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life?

  • 00:24: ... system, but   too much heavy elements and it might host only gas giants. Yep, the Sun seems pretty ...
  • 03:40: ... around 5 billion years ago, collapsing from an overdense lump of gas   inside a much larger nebula, probably in one of  the great spiral ...
  • 05:52: ... is  too high, it can lead to the formation of too   many gas giants like Jupiter - and that can also  cause trouble for smaller ...
  • 07:36: ... table   and spraying heavy elements into the surrounding  gas in colossal supernova explosions.   The metallicity of the ...
  • 08:01: ... These stars fell towards the center of  the still-collapsing gas cloud like pebbles in a   pond, forming a growing cluster that ...
  • 09:08: ... protecting the  inner system from infalling comets,   but gas giants can also disrupt or destroy  terrestrial planets. A system ...
  • 10:04: ... the uninhabitable core was forming, pristine  gas continued to pour into the Galaxy’s growing   gravitational ...

2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe?

  • 00:00: ... to consider quantum fields.   First, boil to release dissolved gasses, then make sure the freezing extends through the cube   ...

2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality?

  • 01:24: ... in a closed box with a radioactive atom attached to a vial of poison gas. The atom has a 50-50 chance of decaying, triggering the release of gas ...

2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer

  • 00:30: ... series of whirling collisions, all spiral structure will be obliterated, gas will be compacted to produce waves of supernovae, and the giant ...
  • 00:47: ... gravitational and  hydrodynamic interactions of countless stars and gas and dark matter particles over billions of future ...
  • 07:46: But they also work for another really important  astrophysical situation - flowing gas.
  • 07:52: The universe started as an ocean of gas a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang.
  • 07:57: ... gas is still everywhere - it flows into galaxies from beyond, where it rides ...
  • 08:17: Now we call these hydrodynamic simulations - they simulate the flow of gas using the equations of fluid dynamics.
  • 08:45: ... astrophysics, SPH codes are used to simulate  the flows of gas in galaxies and around quasars, used to simulate star and planet ...
  • 09:53: We can see how stars form in multitudes from  collapsing gas clouds, and how planets then coalesce in the disks surrounding those stars.
  • 10:02: ... can watch as galaxies form, with gas and dark matter interacting to produce waves of star formation and ...

2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT

  • 19:27: ... cut it But actually, even nearly-light-speed travel can be a real gas guzzler, so perhaps Dyson spheres are made to power light sail lasers ...

2021-12-29: How to Find ALIEN Dyson Spheres

  • 05:06: ... example we have protostars - the clouds of gas in the process of collapsing into a new star, circumstellar disks - the ...
  • 05:40: So yeah, we could go flicking through the frequency channels of gas clouds looking for alien TV shows.

2021-10-20: Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics?

  • 00:32: describe some aspect of the universe with numbers - like the temperature, pressure, etc of a gas or the position, velocity, etc. of a particle Step 2.

2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible

  • 18:06: ... expression “Up to 10% or more” of the speed of light, regarding how fast gas can be blasted away from a ...
  • 18:19: ... But also not useful. The broad emission lines of quasars show that the gas is typically moving away from the black hole a few perecent to 10% the ...

2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe

  • 02:35: ... down, so that at Earth’s surface the weight of all that gas on top of your head is about ...
  • 05:48: ... as we go down. Suffusing the crystal   lattice is a gas of electrons - a so-called  degenerate fermi gas that holds up this ...
  • 07:43: ... the  space between the nuclei fills with a   neutron gas. Meanwhile the electron gas gets thinner due to the electron capture ...

2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole

  • 03:31: ... are mostly dark, except when a bunch of gas shows up in the galactic core - then you get this gigantic whirlpool of ...
  • 03:48: They sputter and flare with violent events, for example as dense clumps of gas hitting the center, or magnetic instabilities shaking things up.
  • 04:30: A maelstrom of lower density gas rages above and below and beyond the accretion disk.
  • 04:37: ... gas is accelerated by a combination of the incredible gravitational field of ...
  • 04:51: Pockets of gas within this flow are somehow shielded and so that gas can cool down a bit.
  • 04:57: This gas starts to glow in a different way - not from heat, but from the motion of electrons between their atomic energy levels.
  • 05:22: But in a quasar, the gas is moving fast, and that motion shifts the wavelengths of the light as we see it.
  • 05:40: In the case of the quasar’s emission lines, gas is moving towards us and away from us at many different speeds.
  • 06:02: From the Doppler shift we can tell that the gas is moving fast.
  • 06:05: But that doesn’t tell us what drives the gas.
  • 06:19: The light from this gas is ultimately powered by the light from the accretion disk.
  • 06:23: So when our expanding shell of light rips through this gas the broad lines get supercharged - but in a complicated way.
  • 06:32: First the gas near the center brightens, then the gas further out.
  • 06:35: ... the same time, the response of the gas on the far side of the quasar is slower than the gas of near side ...
  • 06:47: Two totally different scenarios for how gas might be moving.
  • 06:52: One - it’s pouring in, rivers of gas dragged down by the black hole’s gravity.
  • 07:09: Consider case one: if gas is pouring in then it’s accelerating - moving fastest towards the center.
  • 07:17: This means this extreme velocity gas - the far ends of the broad line - should respond first as our flare reverberates out.
  • 07:25: Also, in this scenario the gas on the far side of the black hole is moving towards the black hole and so towards us.
  • 07:36: That gas responds late to the flare because the light has to take this roundabout journey.
  • 07:41: Meanwhile the gas closer to us is actually moving away from us as it falls towards the black hole - it’s redshifted to longer wavelengths.
  • 07:52: ... slowest for the blue side It’s exactly the opposite for case two - if gas is being blasted ...
  • 08:04: Then the gas accelerates outwards, so we expect the faster moving gas to respond later than the slow gas.
  • 08:11: ... now the gas on the far side of the black hole is moving away while the gas on our ...
  • 08:20: Oh, and I forgot the third option: maybe the gas is swirling around in a giant tornado above the accretion disk.
  • 08:28: In that case inner gas is moving faster like in the infall case, but now the red and blue sides should respond at roughly the same time.
  • 08:47: ... emerging picture is that gas falls in along some trajectories, but then gets lifted off the accretion ...

2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe

  • 08:08: ... heat of boiling water is released  into the kinetic energy of gas ...

2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse

  • 15:46: ... away its outer layers. The question is the can you absorb just enough gas to spin up the white dwarf while still allowing the partner star to ...

2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology

  • 15:55: ... or even planets. Stars don’t respond to that field directly. However gas does respond to the galactic magnetic field - it can definitely move gas ...

2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe

  • 09:53: Magnetic fields generated by collapsing gas clouds help to slow the rotation of those clouds - expel angular momentum.
  • 10:09: ... blasts accompany every supernova explosion, and these help to compress gas in the path of that explosion, triggering bursts of new star ...
  • 11:30: ... that black hole is feeding and surrounded by a disk of gas, we have what is known as an active galactic nucleus - the most powerful ...
  • 12:09: Thick flows of gas can be catapulted through the surrounding galaxy in powerful jets.

2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens

  • 00:24: ... that living microbes would metabolize the nutrients and emit radioactive gases. ...
  • 01:55: ... were injected. Now when this is done with Earth samples, new bursts of gas are always observed as the microbes wake up and start feeding. But not ...
  • 02:40: ... to break apart the organic compounds in the nutrients, producing gases that mimicked metabolites of biological ...

2021-03-16: The NEW Crisis in Cosmology

  • 10:40: ... One manifestation of this is when a distant quasar - a giant, gas-guzzling black hole - happens to be   closely aligned behind a more ...

2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump?

  • 01:12: ... spectra - the sharp bands of color produced when a simple tube of gas is ...

2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life!

  • 03:15: These guys speculated about both microbes and larger creatures, alien gas bags perhaps supported by in-built hydrogen balloons.
  • 06:17: ... spotted the characteristic absorption features of phosphine in the two gas giants - but no one screamed life, because there’s a clear mechanism for ...
  • 13:44: We look forward to neighborly relations with the gentle Venusian gas-bag civilization.

2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics

  • 14:47: ... the other hand, if you have a cloud of gas hanging out in space like a nebula - it will be illuminated by stars but ...

2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?

  • 16:54: ... gives you a supernova and leaves nothing behind but a pretty cloud of gas Leandro asks how we manage to get such good sound quality out here in ...

2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other

  • 01:02: A stream dull, red gas now connected the two - the outer envelope of the star falling into the intense gravitational embrace of its old companion.
  • 02:35: But if you pan a bit you find a puff of gas - a beautiful nebula, all that remains of that explosion.
  • 04:31: If the white dwarf has a strong magnetic field, the flow of gas from its companion is channeled by that field.
  • 04:38: ... emit synchrotron radiation, and bright X-ray light is emitted as the gas hits the polar regions of the white dwarf - like a particularly violent ...
  • 05:33: Once again, if the two are close enough, gas is syphoned from the star onto the black hole or neutron star.
  • 05:47: ... the gravitational field of the compact object is so strong, falling gas reaches incredible speeds - which means incredible friction - which ...
  • 06:33: Black hole x-ray binaries seem a bit more boring by comparison, because the black hole has no surface for the gas to fall onto - so no x-ray flares.
  • 08:23: The neutron star’s jets sweep it hundreds of times per second, slowly blasting away its gas.
  • 08:29: That gas forms an enveloping ring around the whole system, which then falls onto the neutron star.
  • 08:35: The same gas blocks any radio light, but allows the more penetrating gamma ray light to pass through.

2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?

  • 06:27: ... one gram of anti-hydrogen cost 62.5 trillion dollars. And you thought gas was expensive. So we’re going to wait a while to be powering starships ...

2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon

  • 07:31: ... example, if there’s a disk of gas surrounding the black hole like in a quasar, then the gas only spirals ...
  • 07:42: By the time the gas reaches the black hole it has lost much of the angular momentum it started with.
  • 07:49: The faster a black hole is rotating, the more angular momentum that gas has to lose in order to fall in.
  • 07:55: ... because space gets dragged around the rotating black hole, giving the gas a sort of boost so it can still orbit even with very little of its own ...
  • 08:06: ... - one that’s rotating nearly fast enough to lose its event horizon - the gas near the event horizon orbits entirely riding on the carousel of ...

2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab

  • 00:16: ... a patch of nothingness in the center of our galaxy, superheated disks of gas pouring into tiny spaces in quasars or X-ray binary systems. ...
  • 09:19: ... Bose-Einstein condensate. Bose-Einstein condensates, or BECs, occur when gases are cooled to almost absolute 0. At these temperatures, quantum effects ...
  • 09:59: When the laser pushes on the gas, the rubidium atoms want to move out of the way of the beam.
  • 10:37: Besides rubidium gas, there are other quantum systems which physicists are using as analogs.

2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets?

  • 04:57: Cellular life massively alters the atmosphere because it excretes gases - oxygen, methane, nitrous oxide as that light metabolizes.
  • 06:03: Perhap more promising are the ocean moons of the gas giants.
  • 06:07: ... surfaces; oceans kept warm by the tidal flexing caused by their parent gas ...

2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient

  • 01:35: ... patches of light on the sky known as spiral nebulae. Were they blobs of gas in the Milky Way, or vast, distant groups of stars - other “Milky Ways”, ...
  • 09:39: ... an awkward mistake - they had been counting bright clouds of hydrogen gas - so-called HII regions - as stars, which threw their numbers off. It ...

2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel?

  • 15:35: ... no. Particularly within a galaxy, the space between the stars is full of gas, radiation, cosmic rays, and dust. When I say "full", I mean it's ...

2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar?

  • 00:47: ... Sun, but it also swarms with smaller black holes, searing hot clouds of gas, massive stars right on the edge of going supernova, and some of the most ...
  • 01:28: In these, the supermassive black hole at the galactic core is in the process of sucking down a blazing hot vortex of gas.
  • 04:06: These “cosmic rays” can then collide with nuclei in the gas between the stars - again, mostly the protons of hydrogen.
  • 06:02: ... on the speed of the gas within the bubbles -measured at nearly 9000 km/s by the Hubble Space ...
  • 06:47: ... a galaxy has a lot of fresh gas and when that gas gets a shake - for example, if the galaxy is shaken by ...
  • 09:54: A mini AGN phase is triggered either by an influx of gas or by a random massive star getting too close to the black hole.
  • 10:02: ... jets and/or winds blast out from the Galactic Centre, and any remaining gas along the path of these outflows would be compressed by shocks, ...

2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time

  • 06:48: ... companion star or, in the case of quasars, a bunch of its host galaxy’s gas - the ISCO is expected to eventually be detectable as a dark circle in ...

2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat?

  • 14:28: ... usually performed in a vacuum, and if not, why doesn’t interaction with gas cause immediate ...

2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality

  • 14:22: If you place any massive body in an accretion disk it will both tug on and be tugged by the surrounding gas.
  • 14:29: ... some places it gives up angular momentum - it's orbital energy - to the gas, causing it to migrate inwards, while in other places it steals angular ...
  • 14:50: Adam Wulg asks whether gas surrounding a pair of merging black holes might significantly affect the gravitational wave signature.
  • 15:01: ... Gas causes the black holes to merge faster, so that should increase the ...
  • 15:10: ... the fact is, almost all gas is going to be ejected from the near region of these merging black holes ...
  • 15:22: LIGO is unlikely to have the sensitivity to distinguish a gassy from a non-gassy merger for any individual merger.

2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes

  • 02:16: ... supermassive black holes, embedded deep in the whirlpools of searing gas that surround some of these monsters? Well today on Space Time Journal ...
  • 04:08: ... black holes at galactic centers are, well, black. But occasionally gas from the surrounding galaxy will find its way into the galactic center ...
  • 04:50: ... through the accretion disk twice every orbit. On each pass a streamer of gas is dragged out of the disk, tugged by the black hole’s gravitational ...
  • 05:37: ... holes should be swept into the accretion disk. There they gorge on the gas of the disk and grow in mass much, much faster than they could in almost ...
  • 05:58: ... If a binary black hole pair gets captured by the disk, the surrounding gas saps their orbital energy much more quickly than by gravitational ...
  • 07:17: ... infant planetary systems, a disk of gas and dust surrounds the newly-formed star - a protoplanetary disk. Lumps ...
  • 09:15: These captured black hole binaries will be surrounded by their own mini-vortices of gas.
  • 09:31: ... Gas that was orbiting the binary suddenly finds itself moving too quickly ...
  • 09:53: ... like the recoil of a gun. This drives the black hole and its surrounding gas through the accretion disk, causing more shocks as gas is rammed ...

2019-12-17: Do Black Holes Create New Universes?

  • 06:13: Stars are formed when giant clouds of gas collapse under their own gravity.
  • 06:18: ... in order for that to happen the gas needs to cool to just a few degrees above absolute zero, rather than the ...
  • 06:30: That cooling is extremely slow if the gas only contains the hydrogen and helium produced in the big bang.
  • 06:48: ... addition, gas needs to be shielded from the heating effect of other stars - and that ...

2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe

  • 09:14: Our solar system has a huge range of planet properties - from the tiny rocky Mercury to the gigantic gaseous Jupiter and Saturn.

2019-09-23: Is Pluto a Planet?

  • 06:54: ... giant orbs of gas aren’t massive enough to ignite nuclear fusion in their cores like a ...
  • 12:39: The inner, rocky planets are very different from the outer gaseous planets.

2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars?

  • 02:05: But even if the planet were warmer, liquid water would still be impossible in that thin atmosphere – it sublimates directly from ice to gas.
  • 10:54: Variations are possible - like introducing “super” greenhouse gases like CFCs.
  • 11:27: ... contain tons of frozen volatiles – gas-forming molecules like CO2, H20 and the presence of molecular nitrogen in comets ...

2019-07-25: Deciphering The Vast Scale of the Universe

  • 01:53: But as far as we knew they were just clouds of gas inside our own galaxy.
  • 07:58: They look small from here, but each is a maelstrom of gas falling into a giant black hole, and each shines out from the core of its own galaxy.

2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet

  • 13:16: It's cool because it's passively cooled by gas flow - for example, helium.
  • 13:20: A gas coolant means that the coolant can't boil, like it did in Chernobyl.

2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy

  • 02:49: ... be inserted into the current electrical grid to replace coal or natural gas plants or you know on a Lunar or Martian settlement or a starship that ...
  • 15:29: ... star formation thing seems like a negative feedback Interaction more gas equals more active black hole equals more outward radiation and wind ...

2019-06-20: The Quasar from The Beginning of Time

  • 03:57: The infrared Andromeda is a swirl of star-forming clouds and gas.
  • 05:43: ... when things had cooled down a bit, the universe was filled with hydrogen gas. It was murky, especially for ultraviolet ...
  • 05:53: Now, that gas collapsed into the very first stars, then the very first galaxies.

2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies

  • 01:35: ... how galaxies formed in short, Small Galaxies collapse from the gas of Big Bang then they smash together to make bigger galaxies this is ...
  • 02:54: ... which would have the large galaxies collapsing directly from the gas Now, Based on our understanding of Physics of the Universe especially ...
  • 05:24: ... those giant galaxies should've kept forming stars Giant reservoirs of gas flowed into those clusters from the outside Universe In our simulations ...
  • 06:33: ... involve a Quasar switching on and blasting the crap out of the galaxy's gas rewinding a bit to the whole galaxy formation thing when galaxies ...
  • 07:21: ... powerful winds and jets can dump an enormous amount of energy into the gas through the surrounding galaxy that can do two things It can drive gas ...

2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions

  • 02:47: ... where along the line of sight to a quasar there are clouds of hydrogen gas and learn about their size and density based on the shape of the ...
  • 13:02: ... Kelvin. And Spluff5 asks us another related question, "how dense was the gas just after recombination?" - well let's figure it out the density of the ...

2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages

  • 02:31: ... that formed from that gas would be the next source of light, and those stars would also burn away ...
  • 02:52: ... They blasted energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons once again. They also died ...
  • 03:52: ... – just as we see it today – with only tattered fragments of neutral gas drifting between the growing galaxy ...
  • 05:45: ... the first, so this is just the tl;dr. When the electron in cold hydrogen gas flips its spin direction it either absorbs or emits a radio photon with ...
  • 06:54: ... stellar corpses found themselves in an all-you-can-eat buffet of the gas-rich proto-galaxies. They fed, they merged with each other, they ...
  • 07:19: ... remnants of neutral hydrogen left over from the cosmic dark ages. That gas left its ...
  • 08:30: Neutral hydrogen gas is hungry for Lyman-alpha, gobbling up any such photon that it encounters.
  • 10:47: ... where the quasar light passed through individual clouds of neutral gas, each of which cut a narrow slice out of the ...

2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole

  • 05:26: ... active – it’s currently surrounded by an accretion disk – a whirlpool of gas heated to millions Kelvin that’s falling into the black ...

2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter?

  • 00:03: ... of dark matter gradually ruling out the possibilities if it were dust or gas we'd see it's obscuring effect on light passing through it if it were ...

2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines

  • 03:49: It goes like this: a paddle wheel immersed in a gas is connected to a cog with a latch that only lets it turn in one direction.
  • 04:00: Individual gas particles are moving around with random – or Brownian motion.
  • 05:01: ... possible engine – It’s a sequence of expansion and contraction of gas in a piston chamber that will provide the maximum possible energy as ...

2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time

  • 02:36: There are three profound differences between the behaviour of matter in this state Compared to the gentle gas nebula of the modern universe.
  • 05:18: The baryons transitioned in phase from a plasma to a gas.
  • 05:57: But the plasma, now hydrogen and helium gas, stalled.
  • 07:22: Well, crazily, we can still see those rings, not made of plasma or gas, but made of galaxies.
  • 08:27: Those rings were further smeared out over the thousands of years it took for the universe to fully transition from plasma to gas.

2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space?

  • 00:37: ... often captured by planetary systems but rather by the giant deceived and gas that precede the formation of planets circled protoplanetary disks these ...

2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens

  • 03:27: As the sun heats the rear surface of the comet, water, ice, and frozen gases, so-called volatiles, evaporate.
  • 03:34: The ejected gases act like jets to propel the comet forward.
  • 07:59: ... it was tidily disrupted, pulled apart by the star or a gas giant from its home system, much like the comet Shoemaker Levy, and then ...

2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation

  • 12:49: ... the very low density of gas along that vast distance slowed down the light a little bit, effectively ...

2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe?

  • 12:51: Patrick points out that what I should've said was that they couldn't induce a second peak of gas release from the same samples.
  • 15:35: Marco Dalla Gasparina points out that The Nothing can be defeated with the help of the Luck Dragon.

2018-08-30: Is There Life on Mars?

  • 06:32: Right away, both probes detected these radioactive gases.

2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get?

  • 00:57: The sun-- a vast ball of incandescent gas.

2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy

  • 03:46: ... founded by the great Ludwig Boltzmann with his kinetic theory of gases. ...

2018-06-27: How Asteroid Mining Will Save Earth

  • 09:23: There's also the Mond process by which carbon monoxide gas reacts with nickel and iron to produce a gas containing these elements.

2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole?

  • 09:19: ... falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this flow of space above the event ...

2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever

  • 03:51: We see hot, newly formed white dwarfs, some of which are still embedded in the nebula of gas injected in the death of their star.

2018-04-25: Black Hole Swarms

  • 05:03: Gas is siphoned off the star into a whirlpool, an accretion disk around the black hole.
  • 05:09: That gas heats up to crazy temperatures.
  • 05:44: X-ray binaries likely spend most of the time in a quieter phase, with the gas just trickling slowly from the companion star.
  • 06:39: ... magnetic fields act like a dam, allowing gas from the companion star to build up and then, fall very suddenly onto ...

2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!)

  • 06:04: Around deep sea vents, the searing gases from Earth's hot interior meet the frigid water of the ocean depths.

2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect

  • 00:06: Every time you accelerate, put your foot on the gas, quicken your step, get out of your chair, you generate an event horizon behind you.

2018-03-28: The Andromeda-Milky Way Collision

  • 01:41: ... originally no way to know whether Andromeda was a much smaller cloud of gas, a nebula inside our galaxy, or whether it was a galaxy in its own right ...
  • 06:29: The resulting super supermassive black hole may briefly power a new quasar as it consumes any gas that also ended up in the core.
  • 06:37: There's also a chance that gas throughout the galaxy will be shocked into a storm of new star formation.
  • 06:42: ... Way and Andromeda will have burned through a lot of their remaining gas ...

2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars

  • 01:05: [MUSIC PLAYING] So the very early universe was full of hydrogen gas and light.
  • 01:27: We can also, try to see the light signature from that very early hydrogen gas.
  • 02:13: Before long, some of that early hydrogen gas collapsed to form the very first stars, long before the first galaxies formed.
  • 02:20: ... the electron spin temperature became connected to the temperature of the gas, instead of the ...
  • 02:31: That change in equilibrium meant the gas was suddenly absorbing more 21 centimeter photons, than it was emitting.
  • 02:38: ... started to spew out x-rays, as they gobbled up hydrogen. This heated the gas and eventually, became too hot to emit, or absorb, 21 centimeter of ...
  • 04:44: Colder gas is better at absorbing 21 centimeter photons.
  • 04:50: Our cosmological models can't explain how this early hydrogen gas could possibly be this cold.
  • 05:41: It's only a hypothesized explanation for the relative coolness of this gas, but it's the one the authors seem to like.

2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun

  • 00:46: They're born inside a cloud of gas and dust.
  • 02:22: ... the core's last gasp, it'll be less than 20 million K. So with no outward flow of energy to ...

2018-02-14: What is Energy?

  • 12:47: But a binary pair will form very close together, from the same knot of collapsing gas.

2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds

  • 00:28: [FUTURISTIC MUSIC] Our story begins where every story begins, in the heart of a vast cloud of gas and dust drifting through interstellar space.
  • 01:49: ... like black holes and neutron stars, as well as the distribution of gas and dark ...
  • 05:45: ... in the inner solar system, but come together further out, giving us gas giants and comets and ...
  • 07:08: ... this can happen if a gas giant ends up in the inner part of the system, either by migration due ...

2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone

  • 01:28: ... when the sun was born, it's initial gravitational collapse from a giant gas cloud was halted as soon as the core became dense enough, dense enough ...
  • 06:07: There are a few plausible scenarios that give the right levels of greenhouse gases.

2018-01-10: What Do Stars Sound Like?

  • 04:45: At the same time, gas moves vertically in and out during the same oscillation, reaching velocities of 0.1 meters per second.
  • 06:58: The Doppler shifts due to local gas moving are completely washed out.

2017-12-06: Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series

  • 13:58: ... echo from a dead quasar that was once in that galaxy, so the cloud of gas ionized by the last burp of energy from an active supermassive black ...

2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery

  • 00:33: The shining light of these stars illuminates or is conspicuously absorbed by gas and dust within those galaxies.
  • 01:26: We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies.
  • 02:38: It's the stuff of stars, planets, gas, dust, you, me.
  • 06:25: On the other hand, if the material is cool enough, then nuclei can recapture their electrons and become a gas instead of a plasma.
  • 06:33: This cool gas then absorbs signature wavelengths from light that passes through it.
  • 06:39: Absorption features in the light of distant quasars reveal this gas lurking between clusters of galaxies.

2017-10-11: Absolute Cold

  • 01:24: We're all familiar with the states of matter-- solid, liquid, gas.
  • 01:32: Pumping more energy in all liquids will vaporize into gas.
  • 01:37: You get more heat causes electrons than any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state.
  • 09:03: So they probably lose angular momentum by dragging against gas in the center of galaxies, but we don't know how long that takes.
  • 09:39: And when galaxies get stirred up by an interaction or collision with another galaxy, we expect that gas will be driven into the core also.

2017-10-04: When Quasars Collide STJC

  • 01:59: Did they get most of their mass from eating gas and stars from their surrounding galaxy?
  • 02:45: When gas from the surrounding galaxy falls into and feeds the central supermassive black hole, you get an active galactic nucleus-- AGN.
  • 08:19: One possibility is that gas can provide the needed friction beyond that point.
  • 08:24: The newly discovered binary definitely has a reservoir of gas.

2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing?

  • 04:48: We see this effect in the sharp spikes or dips in light at specific wavelengths when we observe the spectrum of a gas.
  • 06:48: When a quasar's light passes through giant clouds of gas on its way to us, elements in those clouds absorb photons to produce spectral lines.
  • 08:26: ... really difficult. Photons from these extremely distant quasars and gas clouds are massively redshifted-- their wavelengths stretched out due to ...

2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes

  • 07:41: ... at tens of light years distance and even map the cloud structure of a gas giant, especially if you add a starshade to the aragoscope-- because why ...

2017-08-24: First Detection of Life

  • 07:55: ... HD 189733b for example-- this is a so-called hot Jupiter, a gas giant, even larger than Jupiter, that orbits its star closer than the ...

2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms

  • 00:06: ... are a breeze compared to the great planet-sized tempests of the gas ...
  • 01:31: As with the gas giant storms, these monsters are powered by convection.
  • 04:06: Gas giant storms are a little different.
  • 04:23: They originally collapsed from the vast gas disk left over after the sun's birth.
  • 04:37: As they contract, gas giants convert gravitational potential energy into heat, which in turn powers the largest storms in the solar system.
  • 04:47: As contraction-heated gas rises, it cools.
  • 04:50: ... Earth, the only source of condensation is water, but the gas giants' atmospheres span such a wide range of temperature and pressure ...
  • 05:13: The phase changes from gas to liquid to solid release latent heat that lifts the storm still higher.
  • 05:29: But on the gas giants, it can extend 100 miles into the planet's murky depths, where pressure forces the gas into a metallic liquid state.
  • 06:21: Gas giant storms can last for many years.
  • 07:56: ... potentially life-bearing moons like Europa and to peek under the gas giant's cloud ...

2017-05-31: The Fate of the First Stars

  • 02:32: ... the first ever proto galaxies, born of the pristine hydrogen and helium gas that filled the universe soon after the Big ...
  • 04:30: And by the ideal gas law, temperature increases with pressure.
  • 07:11: This occurs until whatever weak thermal pressure remains can halt the free falling gas.
  • 07:22: But without materials to help cooling, a giant cloud of pristine hydrogen helium gas can't shed its heat quickly enough.
  • 08:03: ... in the gas-rich environment of the old universe, we expect that there were violent waves ...
  • 08:36: ... saw the universe shift from being a hazy, nearly opaque fog of hydrogen gas to the crystal clear and extremely diffuse hydrogen plasma that we see ...

2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain?

  • 00:40: His most incredible insight was the kinetic theory of gases.
  • 00:44: He showed that the laws of thermodynamics can be explained by thinking of gas as a collection of microscopic particles in constant, random motion.
  • 01:04: For example, the hot, dense gas in a recently fired engine piston only expands because it's surrounded by a colder, less dense environment.
  • 01:13: The energy in that burning gasoline does the useful work of driving your car down the street.
  • 01:18: But if you put the compressed piston in an environment that's full of equally hot, dense gas, nothing happens.
  • 01:25: The gas in the piston still contains the same amount of energy, but it's useless energy.
  • 01:31: ... in the latter case, the gas inside the piston is in thermal equilibrium with the gas outside the ...
  • 03:52: ... an incredibly tiny chance that all of the particles in a room of gas will happen to all end up in one corner of the room, due to their random ...

2017-03-15: Time Crystals!

  • 05:48: Different materials become solid, liquid, gas, or plasma at different locations on that phase diagram.

2017-03-01: The Treasures of Trappist-1

  • 02:59: ... intensity of its photon flux and the effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases. ...
  • 06:50: ... planets don't have hydrogen helium atmospheres, which means they aren't gassy planets like ...
  • 11:12: As you suggest, it's when inward gravitational forces and outward gas pressure are in equilibrium.

2017-02-22: The Eye of Sauron Reveals a Forming Solar System!

  • 02:17: Cold and adrift, the mostly hydrogen gas yields to gravity once it reaches the critical Jeans mass.
  • 02:26: As the gas collapses, it builds up heat and density until the pressure of the gas dramatically slows collapse.
  • 02:32: And you have a hot protostar surrounded by a great cloud of dust and gas.
  • 03:10: ... winds from the newborn star in the center disperse this extra gas and dust, revealing whatever planets managed to form from the debris in ...
  • 08:01: In fact, a similar model may explain the locations of our four gas giant planets.
  • 08:07: ... a close encounter destabilized the whole solar system and flung the gas giants into their current, more spread out ...

2017-02-15: Telescopes of Tomorrow

  • 01:52: And young stars lie tucked away in blankets of gas and dust.

2017-02-02: The Geometry of Causality

  • 14:47: These giant black holes have been growing since the dawn of time by creating gas and by merging with other black holes.

2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome

  • 04:09: Now, drive gas into the galactic core.
  • 04:16: That gas descends into the waiting black hole's gravitational well and gains incredible speed on the way.
  • 04:39: Some gas is swallowed, causing the black hole to grow.
  • 04:50: And this same light drives powerful winds of gas back out into the surrounding galaxy.
  • 04:56: ... some cases, for reasons we don't fully understand, some of that gas can also be swept up and collimated, channeled into jets that erupt from ...
  • 05:23: But viewed side on, that disk is obscured by a thick ring of dusty gas.
  • 05:28: Then, we only see hints of the central monster because it lights up gas in the surrounding galaxy.
  • 07:21: The first quasars turned on in a very young universe that was still thick with the raw hydrogen gas produced in the Big Bang.
  • 07:29: As the first galaxies coalesced from this gas, the universe entered a long period of violent star formation.
  • 08:12: However, the same rich gas supplies that fueled those starbursts also gave rise to the epoch of quasars.
  • 08:20: ... some of this gas found its way into the nuclei of galaxies, it encountered there the ...
  • 08:42: However, that's enough to heat gas throughout the galaxy.
  • 08:46: Hot gas doesn't collapse into stars, and so the extreme starburst activity was shut down.

2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer

  • 01:00: This gives us things like quasars, supermassive black holes in galaxy cores that feed on a superheated whirlpool of gas.
  • 02:09: Sag A star is visible in X-rays, which occasionally flash brighter as it gobbles up a wisp of gas.

2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us?

  • 07:33: One of its primary purposes will be to catch the radio emission from hydrogen gas in the extremely early universe.

2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism

  • 15:53: ... pressure-- or even inside Wolverine pressure-- it would expand into a gas cataclysmically and the neutrons would decay to protons and electrons ...

2016-11-16: Strange Stars

  • 04:05: ... think that a type of gas-like quark matter, a so-called quark-gluon plasma, filled the entire universe ...

2016-11-09: Did Dark Energy Just Disappear?

  • 06:35: ... regular energy, and that's mostly dark matter, but also stars, planets, gas, radiation, et ...

2016-11-02: Quantum Vortices and Superconductivity + Drake Equation Challenge Answers

  • 00:36: ... example: going from a gas to a liquid to a solid as temperature drops, and the motion of ...

2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars

  • 04:44: But scrubbed of CO2, that nitrogen-argon mix makes a breathable buffer gas that we top up with 20% oxygen.

2016-09-29: Life on Europa?

  • 01:24: But Europa isn't the only gas giant moon with a possible ice-covered ocean.
  • 03:21: ... so-called black smokers-- volcanic vents in the deep ocean where noxious gases spew out from Earth's mantle and water temperatures exceed 100 degrees ...

2016-09-14: Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination

  • 05:25: After several decades, it decelerates into a neighboring star system, and parks in orbit, or lands on a nice, big asteroid or gas giant moon.
  • 05:49: It builds fuel collectors-- maybe orbiters to harvest deuterium or tritium from gas giant atmospheres.

2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality

  • 11:45: Well, the Sun and other stars don't need rocky cores because they are massive enough for all of that gas to collapse by itself.
  • 12:14: For Jupiter to form its giant ball of gas, it needed a rocky core to start the process.

2016-07-06: Juno to Reveal Jupiter's Violent Past

  • 01:11: It likely grew as fragments of rock and ice clung to each other in the disk of debris and gas surrounding the infant sun, the protoplanetary disk.
  • 03:58: At first, there was the gassy, dusty protoplanetary disk, and then a mess of asteroids and planetesimals left over from the formation of the planets.
  • 05:27: Drag from that gas would have sapped angular momentum from Jupiter, causing it to migrate inwards until it stalled at around 1.5 AU.
  • 07:53: However, the Nice Model posits that the orbits of the four gas giants were much more tightly clustered back then.
  • 08:42: As the three outer gas giants plowed through the great field of planetesimals, they scattered this material through the solar system.

2016-05-25: Is an Ice Age Coming?

  • 05:21: Isotope ratios and greenhouse gas content in those bubbles traces global climate over the past 420,000 years.
  • 11:22: However, the recent increase in greenhouse gases is so large and so sudden that there's no precedent anywhere in the climate record.

2016-05-18: Anti-gravity and the True Nature of Dark Energy

  • 04:30: The internal gas pushes outwards as fast-moving particles collide with the walls.

2016-04-13: Will the Universe Expand Forever?

  • 12:11: And so, by now, it's wandered very far from the giant cloud of gas from which it formed.

2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe

  • 10:28: The Milky Way and our solar system were originally made of gas, giant clouds of the stuff.
  • 10:35: And gas does interact with itself.
  • 10:39: So even though the gas originally had motion in many directions, over time, it sweeps into a single bog flow.
  • 11:14: The reason spiral galaxies are discy is that those discs formed before the stars actually formed, back when the material was mostly gas.

2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat?

  • 08:20: This is not true of things like spiral galaxies, solar systems, and the whirlpools of gas around quasars.
  • 08:42: Let's think about what happens when a vast interstellar cloud of gas and dust collapses to form a star.
  • 09:05: And all of the gas gets swept into the same swirling flow.
  • 09:14: The gas can't fall any closer to the axis of rotation because it's orbiting that axis.
  • 09:37: ... planets further out, but the disk structure remains long after all the gas is ...

2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge

  • 00:23: ... for the hydrogen plasma that filled the universe to become hydrogen gas. ...

2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened

  • 03:51: ... Kelvin, at which point the entire universe slipped from plasma to gas as the first hydrogen atoms ...
  • 11:39: ... of gravitational waves can lower my mortgage and reduce the price of gas at the pump, it remains just a song that nerds sing to put their kids to ...
  • 12:21: At that point, I won't be so worried about the price of gas.

2016-02-17: Planet X Discovered?? + Challenge Winners!

  • 02:03: Given its mass, the best guess is that it would also be a gas giant, something like Neptune or Uranus.
  • 02:39: ... to the original discovery of Pluto, which is way too small to affect the gas giants ...

2015-09-30: What Happens At The Edge Of The Universe?

  • 08:51: By comparison, the cold hydrogen gas that fills our galaxy clumps together in giant clouds.
  • 08:57: But then these clouds radiate light in different ways, allowing the gas to cool even more and collapse into stars.

2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics?

  • 04:54: The gas was ripped away from the stars and now lives between the clusters.
  • 04:58: In the Bullet Cluster, most of the mass actually is in the gas.
  • 05:02: So if dark matter really comes from weirdly behaving gravity, then the cluster's gravity should stay concentrated on the gas.

2015-05-27: Habitable Exoplanets Debunked!

  • 05:13: To be in the habitable zone, a planet has to be small enough to be rocky like Earth instead of gaseous like Jupiter.

2015-04-15: Could NASA Start the Zombie Apocalypse?

  • 04:54: Diarmuld Balfi asked, "If I kept releasing gas over several days, wouldn't eventually I pick up a lot of speed?" In short, no.
  • 05:06: ... if you released a full day's worth of gas every day for a year, you would still only build up to a few millimeters ...
  • 05:14: Now, say you wanted to release decades or something worth of gas.
  • 05:18: At that point, the total amount of gas that you would have released would have been a non-trivial fraction of your body mass.

2015-04-09: How to Weigh a Fart

  • 00:05: ... the typical daily volume output is between half a liter and 2 liters of gas once cooled to room ...
  • 00:20: ... you pretend that the fart obeys the ideal gas law from high school chemistry class, which it probably does to a decent ...
  • 00:31: To get that, we need to know what gases are in a fart and what ratio they're found in.
  • 00:38: ... some average numbers from a paper in a medical journal that measured the gas mix in 10 subjects who had been fed a normal diet plus a bunch of baked ...

2015-04-08: Could You Fart Your Way to the Moon?

  • 00:20: ... you have a suit with a special valve that would allow you to pass gas into the vacuum of ...
  • 01:21: ... raising its temperature and causing it to expand until it becomes a gas of particles bouncing off the walls of the combustion ...
  • 02:12: Flatulence is just throwing gas, as opposed to baseballs or rocket fuel, out of your body.
  • 02:33: But in the near total vacuum of space, expelling gas would have to make you move.
  • 03:05: So your forward momentum must be equal and opposite to the backward momentum of the gas you expel.
  • 03:51: There's simply not enough mass in your gas.
  • 04:03: ... actually took a full 24 hours to build up and release that one gram of gas, flatulating yourself to top speed in small ...
  • 04:54: That's 500 times more than a day's worth of gas.

2015-02-11: What Planet Is Super Mario World?

  • 04:36: ... gas giant planets, like Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn, don't have solid ...
  • 04:59: ... find those with values that are many times Earth g's are thought to be gas ...
  • 05:29: Now I suppose Super Mario World could be a platform at the edge of some gas giant.
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