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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 00:20: But there’s one state of matter that’s not solid, liquid or gas, but is also not confined to extreme or rare environments. 00:49: Keep heating and it boils into gas - water vapor. 01:43: And these also have boundaries, the crossing of which means changing state - say, by increasing temperature through solid to liquid to gas. 02:02: For example, at low pressures there’s a boundary where increasing temperature takes you directly from solid to gas - we call that sublimation. 02:11: ... proportions we follow the phase transition boundary between liquid and gas. ... 03:00: This is a land with no boundaries - a sort of no-man's land where liquids can skirt around the phase boundary and become gasses without ever boiling. 03:11: In that region, matter becomes a sort of hybrid between liquid and gas called a supercritical fluid, sharing properties of both. 03:19: But this is a genuine, unique state of matter that can do things possible for neither liquid nor gases. 03:32: Or to be a combination of liquid and gas? 03:37: But first, to understand what we’re seeing, we need to remind ourselves of the fundamental properties defining liquids and gasses. 03:56: A key property differentiating liquids and gases is their inclination to change their own volume or density. 04:53: Gases on the other hand will always expand to occupy the entirety of their container, and are also relatively easy to compress by exerting pressure. 05:02: Gas particles zip around without significantly interacting with each other. 05:13: ... the container and the gas will expand, but it’ll take longer for each particle to travel between ... 05:23: Increase temperature and the gas particles move faster, hit harder, again increasing the pressure. 05:29: ... a so-called ideal gas, which has no inter-particle forces, its behavior can be described by a ... 06:31: Now at room temperature it begins to sublimate directly into a gas. 06:50: That liquid fills the bottom of the chamber, while the top of the chamber is mostly filled with CO2 gas at a much lower density. 07:12: ... the temperature rises the pressure of the gas increases a proportional amount, but this temperature is also causing ... 07:27: ... have a sort of feedback loop where the liquid wants to transition to a gas, but the more it tries the less it is allowed to do ... 08:13: Since the gas is being compressed but its mass is not changing by much, its density must increase. 08:24: Eventually the density of the gas and the liquid become the same. 08:27: At that point, microscopic droplets of remaining liquid are free to flow and swirl through the gas phase to diffuse. 08:46: From its visual appearance the supercritical CO2 could easily be a gas. 08:52: And really, it is a lot like a gas. 08:59: The viscosity of supercritical fluids is extremely low, so they flows and diffuse more like a gas than a liquid. 09:07: But it has the density of a liquid, and that leads to behaviors not seen in gases, which I’ll come back to. 09:15: The high density of a supercritical fluid means that its particles do interact with each other, unlike an ideal gas. 09:22: That means the supercritical equation of state is much more complex than the ideal gas law. 09:39: But now with only a gas in the chamber they rattle around as expected. 09:53: On the other hand, if the chamber is opened then pressure drops, and the supercritical fluid transforms straight into a gas. 10:08: Due to its high density compared to a gas, it has more atoms or molecules to bond to the dissolved substance. 10:15: But it still moves like a gas, so it can flow and diffuse into places that liquids can’t access. 10:27: ... bath of supercritical CO2, the fluid will diffuse into the beans like a gas, and bonding with the naturally soluble caffeine and then diffusing out ... 10:39: ... the CO2 can be brought back to gas form, leaving a decaffeinated bean and a fine powder of caffeine ... 11:15: ... replace the water and then you can turn the CO2 back into a low-density gas phase, leaving the gel lattice intact and full of ... 12:33: ... want to avoid actual wetness, or you need it to flow and diffuse like a gas. ... 13:54: Jupiter, Saturn, and probably the other gas giants are also supercritical ocean worlds in a way. 14:26: ... liquids gases plasmas, bose-einstein condensates and the resulting superconductors and ... 00:49: Keep heating and it boils into gas - water vapor. 02:02: For example, at low pressures there’s a boundary where increasing temperature takes you directly from solid to gas - we call that sublimation. 00:49: Keep heating and it boils into gas - water vapor. 03:11: In that region, matter becomes a sort of hybrid between liquid and gas called a supercritical fluid, sharing properties of both. 10:39: ... the CO2 can be brought back to gas form, leaving a decaffeinated bean and a fine powder of caffeine molecules - I ... 13:54: Jupiter, Saturn, and probably the other gas giants are also supercritical ocean worlds in a way. 07:12: ... the temperature rises the pressure of the gas increases a proportional amount, but this temperature is also causing thermal ... 05:29: ... relationship between pressure, temperature and volume given by the Ideal Gas Law: ... 09:22: That means the supercritical equation of state is much more complex than the ideal gas law. 05:02: Gas particles zip around without significantly interacting with each other. 05:23: Increase temperature and the gas particles move faster, hit harder, again increasing the pressure. 05:02: Gas particles zip around without significantly interacting with each other. 08:27: At that point, microscopic droplets of remaining liquid are free to flow and swirl through the gas phase to diffuse. 11:15: ... replace the water and then you can turn the CO2 back into a low-density gas phase, leaving the gel lattice intact and full of ... 03:19: But this is a genuine, unique state of matter that can do things possible for neither liquid nor gases. 03:56: A key property differentiating liquids and gases is their inclination to change their own volume or density. 04:53: Gases on the other hand will always expand to occupy the entirety of their container, and are also relatively easy to compress by exerting pressure. 09:07: But it has the density of a liquid, and that leads to behaviors not seen in gases, which I’ll come back to. 14:26: ... liquids gases plasmas, bose-einstein condensates and the resulting superconductors and ... 03:19: But this is a genuine, unique state of matter that can do things possible for neither liquid nor gases. 03:56: A key property differentiating liquids and gases is their inclination to change their own volume or density. 04:53: Gases on the other hand will always expand to occupy the entirety of their container, and are also relatively easy to compress by exerting pressure. 09:07: But it has the density of a liquid, and that leads to behaviors not seen in gases, which I’ll come back to. 14:26: ... liquids gases plasmas, bose-einstein condensates and the resulting superconductors and ... 14:11: All of that is buried beneath extremely thick atmospheres of gas-phase mostly-hydrogen. 03:00: This is a land with no boundaries - a sort of no-man's land where liquids can skirt around the phase boundary and become gasses without ever boiling. 03:37: But first, to understand what we’re seeing, we need to remind ourselves of the fundamental properties defining liquids and gasses. 03:00: This is a land with no boundaries - a sort of no-man's land where liquids can skirt around the phase boundary and become gasses without ever boiling. 03:37: But first, to understand what we’re seeing, we need to remind ourselves of the fundamental properties defining liquids and gasses. 14:55: And while this stuff is rare on this mostly wet and gassy rock, supercritical fluids are surprisingly abundant in other parts of space time.
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 08:40: ... currently in a feeding phase - gas from the surrounding galaxy has been driven to the center, forming a ... 09:05: ... light of its accretion disk is hidden from us by a wreath of dust and gas surrounding the ...
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 08:52: That's the reason the Noble Gasses don't interact with anything, because their electron shells are already complete.
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 17:42: ... -  similar age system, similar heavy element abundances, maybe gas  giants in the outer ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 04:03: The very first galaxies shone with intense ultraviolet light as the dense, young gas of the early universe collapsed into the first stars. 04:40: ... IR sensitivity allows it to see the cool dust and gas that lives between the stars, as well as peer through that dust which ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 00:05: We have solids, liquids and gasses, and plasmas, quark-gluon plasmas, nuclear matter, bose-einstein condensates, neutronium, time crystals, and sand. 00:31: ... know what a state of matter is. There's solids, there's liquids, there's gases - different states that the same element or molecule could occupy based ... 00:56: Heat it further and the weak bonds break, allowing particles to fly freely around the room - and voila, a gas. 01:51: ... on the states of matter you learned in school - solid, liquid, and gas, and plasma for those who stayed in school too long - a simple pattern is ... 02:06: ... when temperature rises above the 273 Kelvin mark; then evaporates into a gas a hundred Kelvin higher, and ionizes into a plasma at several thousand ... 02:51: It shows us that things are much more complicated than solid, liquid, gas. 02:59: ... at temperatures and pressures above the critical point, the line between gas and liquid blurs and we have a supercritical fluid which shares ... 03:37: For example in an ideal gas, pressure is proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to density. 04:16: ... infinite viscosity; liquids are viscous and are incompressible; gasses are compressible and diffuse evenly to fill any size ... 07:24: Our quark-gluon plasma is actually the analogy of gas in atomic matter, even if it’s behavior is more liquid. 09:49: And yet, the grains of sand never stopped being solid and the air never stopped being a gas. 10:11: The crowd behaves in some ways like a gas. 10:40: ... what we know about gases and liquids - about thermodynamics - it’s possible to spot an impending ... 03:37: For example in an ideal gas, pressure is proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to density. 00:31: ... know what a state of matter is. There's solids, there's liquids, there's gases - different states that the same element or molecule could occupy based ... 10:40: ... what we know about gases and liquids - about thermodynamics - it’s possible to spot an impending ... 00:31: ... know what a state of matter is. There's solids, there's liquids, there's gases - different states that the same element or molecule could occupy based ... 10:40: ... what we know about gases and liquids - about thermodynamics - it’s possible to spot an impending ... 00:31: ... know what a state of matter is. There's solids, there's liquids, there's gases - different states that the same element or molecule could occupy based on ... 00:05: We have solids, liquids and gasses, and plasmas, quark-gluon plasmas, nuclear matter, bose-einstein condensates, neutronium, time crystals, and sand. 04:16: ... infinite viscosity; liquids are viscous and are incompressible; gasses are compressible and diffuse evenly to fill any size ... 00:05: We have solids, liquids and gasses, and plasmas, quark-gluon plasmas, nuclear matter, bose-einstein condensates, neutronium, time crystals, and sand. 04:16: ... infinite viscosity; liquids are viscous and are incompressible; gasses are compressible and diffuse evenly to fill any size ...
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 15:07: ... of traveling at relativistic speeds through  the dust and gas that lives between the ...
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 03:40: It’s filled with diffuse gas and dust grains. 06:02: It’s 99% gas by mass and 1% very tiny dust grains. 06:08: ... gas is around 90% hydrogen, and most of the rest is helium with traces of ... 07:21: So both the gas and the dust are diffuse, but remember, we’re traveling 4 light years. 10:11: ... happen in our lifetimes, our entire payload could be destroyed by gas without at least some ... 12:35: ... radiation dose from cosmic rays is lower than that of the interstellar gas - it’s not instantly lethal, but will significantly increase cancer ... 06:08: ... most of the rest is helium with traces of heavier elements The average gas density through the Milky Way disk is around 1 atom per cubic centimeter, ...
	2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy 03:22: ... over-dense regions in the hot hydrogen and helium   gas that filled the universe after the Big Bang.  It’s hard to see the ... 05:11: ... have similar properties. For  example, stars that form from the gas of the   same galaxy tend to have similar amounts of ... 07:58: ... become flat disks - but the TLDW is that giant   gas clouds tend to collapse into thin gas disks, and then produce stars ... 12:11: ... half of the galaxy,   a 600,000 lightyear long tail of  gas called the ‘Magellanic Stream.’ And while the Magellanic clouds ... 14:38: ... produce life because those systems would produce   too many gas giants. Some of you asked why that’s  the case. It’s simply because ... 15:22: ... few of you pointed out that even a system with  lots of gas giants could have habitable moons.   Now that’s true. There’s ... 16:02: ... they don’t care about the moon. These are also found on   gas giant moons - so that boosts our  potential abiogenesis location ... 12:11: ... half of the galaxy,   a 600,000 lightyear long tail of  gas called the ‘Magellanic Stream.’ And while the Magellanic clouds ... 07:58: ... become flat disks - but the TLDW is that giant   gas clouds tend to collapse into thin gas disks, and then produce stars that ... 16:02: ... they don’t care about the moon. These are also found on   gas giant moons - so that boosts our  potential abiogenesis location number ... 14:38: ... produce life because those systems would produce   too many gas giants. Some of you asked why that’s  the case. It’s simply because gas ... 15:22: ... few of you pointed out that even a system with  lots of gas giants could have habitable moons.   Now that’s true. There’s a good ... 14:38: ... giants. Some of you asked why that’s  the case. It’s simply because gas giants form when   a large enough rocky or icy core forms to start  ... 12:11: ... When that merger happens the Milky Way will get a fresh infusion of gas, probably   triggering another bout of star formation in about  2 billion ... 14:38: ... happen before the star turns on and blasts away all of the lighter gases. ... 08:29: ... to the Milky   Way to create it. It’s made of stars, not gas,  and these stars orbit just a little faster   on orbits that ... 03:22: ... were raging storms of  star formation due to the abundance of gas   back then. We only see the brightest of  those first galaxies. But ... 09:11: ... original thin disk to create  the thick disk. Meanwhile, the fresh gas   from the merger replenished and reformed the thin  disk, and ...
	2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life? 03:40: ... vast atmospheres of hydrogen and helium and became   the gas giants. At the same time, the core  of the collapsing protostar ... 05:52: ... is  too high, it can lead to the formation of too   many gas giants like Jupiter - and that can also  cause trouble for smaller ... 07:36: ... table   and spraying heavy elements into the surrounding  gas in colossal supernova explosions.   The metallicity of the ... 08:01: ... These stars fell towards the center of  the still-collapsing gas cloud like pebbles in a   pond, forming a growing cluster that ... 09:08: ... protecting the  inner system from infalling comets,   but gas giants can also disrupt or destroy  terrestrial planets. A system ... 10:04: ... the uninhabitable core was forming, pristine  gas continued to pour into the Galaxy’s growing   gravitational ... 08:01: ... These stars fell towards the center of  the still-collapsing gas cloud like pebbles in a   pond, forming a growing cluster that would ... 10:04: ... the uninhabitable core was forming, pristine  gas continued to pour into the Galaxy’s growing   gravitational field. It ... 03:40: ... vast atmospheres of hydrogen and helium and became   the gas giants. At the same time, the core  of the collapsing protostar became ... 05:52: ... is  too high, it can lead to the formation of too   many gas giants like Jupiter - and that can also  cause trouble for smaller ... 09:08: ... protecting the  inner system from infalling comets,   but gas giants can also disrupt or destroy  terrestrial planets. A system with ... 00:24: ... system, but   too much heavy elements and it might host only gas giants. Yep, the Sun seems pretty ... 03:40: ... around 5 billion years ago, collapsing from an overdense lump of gas   inside a much larger nebula, probably in one of  the great spiral ...
	2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe? 00:00: ... to consider quantum fields.   First, boil to release dissolved gasses, then make sure the freezing extends through the cube   ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 01:24: ... in a closed box with a radioactive atom attached to a vial of poison gas. The atom has a 50-50 chance of decaying, triggering the release of gas ...
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 00:30: ... series of whirling collisions, all spiral structure will be obliterated, gas will be compacted to produce waves of supernovae, and the giant ... 00:47: ... gravitational and  hydrodynamic interactions of countless stars and gas and dark matter particles over billions of future ... 07:46: But they also work for another really important  astrophysical situation - flowing gas. 07:52: The universe started as an ocean of gas a few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. 07:57: ... gas is still everywhere - it flows into galaxies from beyond, where it rides ... 08:17: Now we call these hydrodynamic simulations - they simulate the flow of gas using the equations of fluid dynamics. 08:45: ... astrophysics, SPH codes are used to simulate  the flows of gas in galaxies and around quasars, used to simulate star and planet ... 09:53: We can see how stars form in multitudes from  collapsing gas clouds, and how planets then coalesce in the disks surrounding those stars. 10:02: ... can watch as galaxies form, with gas and dark matter interacting to produce waves of star formation and ... 09:53: We can see how stars form in multitudes from  collapsing gas clouds, and how planets then coalesce in the disks surrounding those stars.
	2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT 19:27: ... cut it But actually, even nearly-light-speed travel can be a real gas guzzler, so perhaps Dyson spheres are made to power light sail lasers ...
	2021-12-29: How to Find ALIEN Dyson Spheres 05:06: ... example we have protostars - the clouds of gas in the process of collapsing into a new star, circumstellar disks - the ... 05:40: So yeah, we could go flicking through the frequency channels of gas clouds looking for alien TV shows. 05:06: ... collapsing into a new star, circumstellar disks - the luke-warm disk of gas surrounding a new-born star that will eventually form planetary ...
	2021-10-20: Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics? 00:32: describe some aspect of the universe with numbers - like the temperature, pressure, etc of a gas or the position, velocity, etc. of a particle Step 2.
	2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible 18:06: ... expression “Up to 10% or more” of the speed of light, regarding how fast gas can be blasted away from a ... 18:19: ... But also not useful. The broad emission lines of quasars show that the gas is typically moving away from the black hole a few perecent to 10% the ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 02:35: ... down, so that at Earth’s surface the weight of all that gas on top of your head is about ... 05:48: ... as we go down. Suffusing the crystal   lattice is a gas of electrons - a so-called  degenerate fermi gas that holds up this ... 07:43: ... the  space between the nuclei fills with a   neutron gas. Meanwhile the electron gas gets thinner due to the electron capture ...
	2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole 03:31: ... are mostly dark, except when a bunch of gas shows up in the galactic core - then you get this gigantic whirlpool of ... 03:48: They sputter and flare with violent events, for example as dense clumps of gas hitting the center, or magnetic instabilities shaking things up. 04:30: A maelstrom of lower density gas rages above and below and beyond the accretion disk. 04:37: ... gas is accelerated by a combination of the incredible gravitational field of ... 04:51: Pockets of gas within this flow are somehow shielded and so that gas can cool down a bit. 04:57: This gas starts to glow in a different way - not from heat, but from the motion of electrons between their atomic energy levels. 05:22: But in a quasar, the gas is moving fast, and that motion shifts the wavelengths of the light as we see it. 05:40: In the case of the quasar’s emission lines, gas is moving towards us and away from us at many different speeds. 06:02: From the Doppler shift we can tell that the gas is moving fast. 06:05: But that doesn’t tell us what drives the gas. 06:19: The light from this gas is ultimately powered by the light from the accretion disk. 06:23: So when our expanding shell of light rips through this gas the broad lines get supercharged - but in a complicated way. 06:32: First the gas near the center brightens, then the gas further out. 06:35: ... the same time, the response of the gas on the far side of the quasar is slower than the gas of near side ... 06:47: Two totally different scenarios for how gas might be moving. 06:52: One - it’s pouring in, rivers of gas dragged down by the black hole’s gravity. 07:09: Consider case one: if gas is pouring in then it’s accelerating - moving fastest towards the center. 07:17: This means this extreme velocity gas - the far ends of the broad line - should respond first as our flare reverberates out. 07:25: Also, in this scenario the gas on the far side of the black hole is moving towards the black hole and so towards us. 07:36: That gas responds late to the flare because the light has to take this roundabout journey. 07:41: Meanwhile the gas closer to us is actually moving away from us as it falls towards the black hole - it’s redshifted to longer wavelengths. 07:52: ... slowest for the blue side It’s exactly the opposite for case two - if gas is being blasted ... 08:04: Then the gas accelerates outwards, so we expect the faster moving gas to respond later than the slow gas. 08:11: ... now the gas on the far side of the black hole is moving away while the gas on our ... 08:20: Oh, and I forgot the third option: maybe the gas is swirling around in a giant tornado above the accretion disk. 08:28: In that case inner gas is moving faster like in the infall case, but now the red and blue sides should respond at roughly the same time. 08:47: ... emerging picture is that gas falls in along some trajectories, but then gets lifted off the accretion ... 07:17: This means this extreme velocity gas - the far ends of the broad line - should respond first as our flare reverberates out. 08:04: Then the gas accelerates outwards, so we expect the faster moving gas to respond later than the slow gas. 07:41: Meanwhile the gas closer to us is actually moving away from us as it falls towards the black hole - it’s redshifted to longer wavelengths. 06:52: One - it’s pouring in, rivers of gas dragged down by the black hole’s gravity. 08:47: ... emerging picture is that gas falls in along some trajectories, but then gets lifted off the accretion disk ... 03:48: They sputter and flare with violent events, for example as dense clumps of gas hitting the center, or magnetic instabilities shaking things up. 04:30: A maelstrom of lower density gas rages above and below and beyond the accretion disk. 07:36: That gas responds late to the flare because the light has to take this roundabout journey. 08:11: ... away while the gas on our side is moving towards us - so the redshifted gas responds after the blueshifted ... 07:36: That gas responds late to the flare because the light has to take this roundabout journey. 04:57: This gas starts to glow in a different way - not from heat, but from the motion of electrons between their atomic energy levels.
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 08:08: ... heat of boiling water is released  into the kinetic energy of gas ...
	2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse 15:46: ... away its outer layers. The question is the can you absorb just enough gas to spin up the white dwarf while still allowing the partner star to ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 15:55: ... or even planets. Stars don’t respond to that field directly. However gas does respond to the galactic magnetic field - it can definitely move gas ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 09:53: Magnetic fields generated by collapsing gas clouds help to slow the rotation of those clouds - expel angular momentum. 10:09: ... blasts accompany every supernova explosion, and these help to compress gas in the path of that explosion, triggering bursts of new star ... 11:30: ... that black hole is feeding and surrounded by a disk of gas, we have what is known as an active galactic nucleus - the most powerful ... 12:09: Thick flows of gas can be catapulted through the surrounding galaxy in powerful jets. 09:53: Magnetic fields generated by collapsing gas clouds help to slow the rotation of those clouds - expel angular momentum.
	2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens 00:24: ... that living microbes would metabolize the nutrients and emit radioactive gases. ... 01:55: ... were injected. Now when this is done with Earth samples, new bursts of gas are always observed as the microbes wake up and start feeding. But not ... 02:40: ... to break apart the organic compounds in the nutrients, producing gases that mimicked metabolites of biological ... 00:24: ... that living microbes would metabolize the nutrients and emit radioactive gases. ... 02:40: ... to break apart the organic compounds in the nutrients, producing gases that mimicked metabolites of biological ... 00:24: ... that living microbes would metabolize the nutrients and emit radioactive gases. ... 02:40: ... to break apart the organic compounds in the nutrients, producing gases that mimicked metabolites of biological ...
	2021-03-16: The NEW Crisis in Cosmology 10:40: ... One manifestation of this is when a distant quasar - a giant, gas-guzzling black hole - happens to be   closely aligned behind a more ...
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 01:12: ... spectra - the sharp bands of color produced when a simple tube of gas is ...
	2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life! 03:15: These guys speculated about both microbes and larger creatures, alien gas bags perhaps supported by in-built hydrogen balloons. 06:17: ... spotted the characteristic absorption features of phosphine in the two gas giants - but no one screamed life, because there’s a clear mechanism for ... 03:15: These guys speculated about both microbes and larger creatures, alien gas bags perhaps supported by in-built hydrogen balloons. 06:17: ... spotted the characteristic absorption features of phosphine in the two gas giants - but no one screamed life, because there’s a clear mechanism for ... 13:44: We look forward to neighborly relations with the gentle Venusian gas-bag civilization.
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 14:47: ... the other hand, if you have a cloud of gas hanging out in space like a nebula - it will be illuminated by stars but ...
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 16:54: ... gives you a supernova and leaves nothing behind but a pretty cloud of gas Leandro asks how we manage to get such good sound quality out here in ...
	2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other 01:02: A stream dull, red gas now connected the two - the outer envelope of the star falling into the intense gravitational embrace of its old companion. 02:35: But if you pan a bit you find a puff of gas - a beautiful nebula, all that remains of that explosion. 04:31: If the white dwarf has a strong magnetic field, the flow of gas from its companion is channeled by that field. 04:38: ... emit synchrotron radiation, and bright X-ray light is emitted as the gas hits the polar regions of the white dwarf - like a particularly violent ... 05:33: Once again, if the two are close enough, gas is syphoned from the star onto the black hole or neutron star. 05:47: ... the gravitational field of the compact object is so strong, falling gas reaches incredible speeds - which means incredible friction - which ... 06:33: Black hole x-ray binaries seem a bit more boring by comparison, because the black hole has no surface for the gas to fall onto - so no x-ray flares. 08:23: The neutron star’s jets sweep it hundreds of times per second, slowly blasting away its gas. 08:29: That gas forms an enveloping ring around the whole system, which then falls onto the neutron star. 08:35: The same gas blocks any radio light, but allows the more penetrating gamma ray light to pass through. 02:35: But if you pan a bit you find a puff of gas - a beautiful nebula, all that remains of that explosion. 08:35: The same gas blocks any radio light, but allows the more penetrating gamma ray light to pass through. 08:29: That gas forms an enveloping ring around the whole system, which then falls onto the neutron star. 04:38: ... emit synchrotron radiation, and bright X-ray light is emitted as the gas hits the polar regions of the white dwarf - like a particularly violent ... 05:47: ... the gravitational field of the compact object is so strong, falling gas reaches incredible speeds - which means incredible friction - which means heat ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 06:27: ... one gram of anti-hydrogen cost 62.5 trillion dollars. And you thought gas was expensive. So we’re going to wait a while to be powering starships ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 07:31: ... example, if there’s a disk of gas surrounding the black hole like in a quasar, then the gas only spirals ... 07:42: By the time the gas reaches the black hole it has lost much of the angular momentum it started with. 07:49: The faster a black hole is rotating, the more angular momentum that gas has to lose in order to fall in. 07:55: ... because space gets dragged around the rotating black hole, giving the gas a sort of boost so it can still orbit even with very little of its own ... 08:06: ... - one that’s rotating nearly fast enough to lose its event horizon - the gas near the event horizon orbits entirely riding on the carousel of ... 07:42: By the time the gas reaches the black hole it has lost much of the angular momentum it started with. 07:31: ... example, if there’s a disk of gas surrounding the black hole like in a quasar, then the gas only spirals inwards ...
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 00:16: ... a patch of nothingness in the center of our galaxy, superheated disks of gas pouring into tiny spaces in quasars or X-ray binary systems. ... 09:19: ... Bose-Einstein condensate. Bose-Einstein condensates, or BECs, occur when gases are cooled to almost absolute 0. At these temperatures, quantum effects ... 09:59: When the laser pushes on the gas, the rubidium atoms want to move out of the way of the beam. 10:37: Besides rubidium gas, there are other quantum systems which physicists are using as analogs. 00:16: ... a patch of nothingness in the center of our galaxy, superheated disks of gas pouring into tiny spaces in quasars or X-ray binary systems. Gravitational waves ... 09:19: ... Bose-Einstein condensate. Bose-Einstein condensates, or BECs, occur when gases are cooled to almost absolute 0. At these temperatures, quantum effects ...
	2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets? 04:57: Cellular life massively alters the atmosphere because it excretes gases - oxygen, methane, nitrous oxide as that light metabolizes. 06:03: Perhap more promising are the ocean moons of the gas giants. 06:07: ... surfaces; oceans kept warm by the tidal flexing caused by their parent gas ... 06:03: Perhap more promising are the ocean moons of the gas giants. 06:07: ... surfaces; oceans kept warm by the tidal flexing caused by their parent gas giants. ... 04:57: Cellular life massively alters the atmosphere because it excretes gases - oxygen, methane, nitrous oxide as that light metabolizes.
	2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient 01:35: ... patches of light on the sky known as spiral nebulae. Were they blobs of gas in the Milky Way, or vast, distant groups of stars - other “Milky Ways”, ... 09:39: ... an awkward mistake - they had been counting bright clouds of hydrogen gas - so-called HII regions - as stars, which threw their numbers off. It ...
	2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel? 15:35: ... no. Particularly within a galaxy, the space between the stars is full of gas, radiation, cosmic rays, and dust. When I say "full", I mean it's ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 00:47: ... Sun, but it also swarms with smaller black holes, searing hot clouds of gas, massive stars right on the edge of going supernova, and some of the most ... 01:28: In these, the supermassive black hole at the galactic core is in the process of sucking down a blazing hot vortex of gas. 04:06: These “cosmic rays” can then collide with nuclei in the gas between the stars - again, mostly the protons of hydrogen. 06:02: ... on the speed of the gas within the bubbles -measured at nearly 9000 km/s by the Hubble Space ... 06:47: ... a galaxy has a lot of fresh gas and when that gas gets a shake - for example, if the galaxy is shaken by ... 09:54: A mini AGN phase is triggered either by an influx of gas or by a random massive star getting too close to the black hole. 10:02: ... jets and/or winds blast out from the Galactic Centre, and any remaining gas along the path of these outflows would be compressed by shocks, ... 00:47: ... Sun, but it also swarms with smaller black holes, searing hot clouds of gas, massive stars right on the edge of going supernova, and some of the most ...
	2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time 06:48: ... companion star or, in the case of quasars, a bunch of its host galaxy’s gas - the ISCO is expected to eventually be detectable as a dark circle in ...
	2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat? 14:28: ... usually performed in a vacuum, and if not, why doesn’t interaction with gas cause immediate ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 14:22: If you place any massive body in an accretion disk it will both tug on and be tugged by the surrounding gas. 14:29: ... some places it gives up angular momentum - it's orbital energy - to the gas, causing it to migrate inwards, while in other places it steals angular ... 14:50: Adam Wulg asks whether gas surrounding a pair of merging black holes might significantly affect the gravitational wave signature. 15:01: ... Gas causes the black holes to merge faster, so that should increase the ... 15:10: ... the fact is, almost all gas is going to be ejected from the near region of these merging black holes ... 14:29: ... some places it gives up angular momentum - it's orbital energy - to the gas, causing it to migrate inwards, while in other places it steals angular momentum, ... 14:50: Adam Wulg asks whether gas surrounding a pair of merging black holes might significantly affect the gravitational wave signature. 15:22: LIGO is unlikely to have the sensitivity to distinguish a gassy from a non-gassy merger for any individual merger.
	2020-01-13: How To Capture Black Holes 02:16: ... supermassive black holes, embedded deep in the whirlpools of searing gas that surround some of these monsters? Well today on Space Time Journal ... 04:08: ... black holes at galactic centers are, well, black. But occasionally gas from the surrounding galaxy will find its way into the galactic center ... 04:50: ... through the accretion disk twice every orbit. On each pass a streamer of gas is dragged out of the disk, tugged by the black hole’s gravitational ... 05:37: ... holes should be swept into the accretion disk. There they gorge on the gas of the disk and grow in mass much, much faster than they could in almost ... 05:58: ... If a binary black hole pair gets captured by the disk, the surrounding gas saps their orbital energy much more quickly than by gravitational ... 07:17: ... infant planetary systems, a disk of gas and dust surrounds the newly-formed star - a protoplanetary disk. Lumps ... 09:15: These captured black hole binaries will be surrounded by their own mini-vortices of gas. 09:31: ... Gas that was orbiting the binary suddenly finds itself moving too quickly ... 09:53: ... like the recoil of a gun. This drives the black hole and its surrounding gas through the accretion disk, causing more shocks as gas is rammed ... 05:58: ... If a binary black hole pair gets captured by the disk, the surrounding gas saps their orbital energy much more quickly than by gravitational radiation ... 04:50: ... hole’s gravitational field. Momentum is transferred from black hole to gas, slowing the black hole down a bit and causing its orbit to decay - much like how ...
	2019-12-17: Do Black Holes Create New Universes? 06:13: Stars are formed when giant clouds of gas collapse under their own gravity. 06:18: ... in order for that to happen the gas needs to cool to just a few degrees above absolute zero, rather than the ... 06:30: That cooling is extremely slow if the gas only contains the hydrogen and helium produced in the big bang. 06:48: ... addition, gas needs to be shielded from the heating effect of other stars - and that ... 06:13: Stars are formed when giant clouds of gas collapse under their own gravity.
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 09:14: Our solar system has a huge range of planet properties - from the tiny rocky Mercury to the gigantic gaseous Jupiter and Saturn.
	2019-09-23: Is Pluto a Planet? 06:54: ... giant orbs of gas aren’t massive enough to ignite nuclear fusion in their cores like a ... 12:39: The inner, rocky planets are very different from the outer gaseous planets.
	2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars? 02:05: But even if the planet were warmer, liquid water would still be impossible in that thin atmosphere – it sublimates directly from ice to gas. 10:54: Variations are possible - like introducing “super” greenhouse gases like CFCs. 11:27: ... contain tons of frozen volatiles – gas-forming molecules like CO2, H20 and the presence of molecular nitrogen in comets ...
	2019-07-25: Deciphering The Vast Scale of the Universe 01:53: But as far as we knew they were just clouds of gas inside our own galaxy. 07:58: They look small from here, but each is a maelstrom of gas falling into a giant black hole, and each shines out from the core of its own galaxy. 01:53: But as far as we knew they were just clouds of gas inside our own galaxy.
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 13:16: It's cool because it's passively cooled by gas flow - for example, helium. 13:20: A gas coolant means that the coolant can't boil, like it did in Chernobyl. 13:16: It's cool because it's passively cooled by gas flow - for example, helium.
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 02:49: ... be inserted into the current electrical grid to replace coal or natural gas plants or you know on a Lunar or Martian settlement or a starship that ... 15:29: ... star formation thing seems like a negative feedback Interaction more gas equals more active black hole equals more outward radiation and wind ... 02:49: ... be inserted into the current electrical grid to replace coal or natural gas plants or you know on a Lunar or Martian settlement or a starship that same ... 15:29: ... active black hole equals more outward radiation and wind equals less gas Suitable for star formation or feeding a black hole like a thermostat at the ...
	2019-06-20: The Quasar from The Beginning of Time 03:57: The infrared Andromeda is a swirl of star-forming clouds and gas. 05:43: ... when things had cooled down a bit, the universe was filled with hydrogen gas. It was murky, especially for ultraviolet ... 05:53: Now, that gas collapsed into the very first stars, then the very first galaxies.
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 01:35: ... how galaxies formed in short, Small Galaxies collapse from the gas of Big Bang then they smash together to make bigger galaxies this is ... 02:54: ... which would have the large galaxies collapsing directly from the gas Now, Based on our understanding of Physics of the Universe especially ... 05:24: ... those giant galaxies should've kept forming stars Giant reservoirs of gas flowed into those clusters from the outside Universe In our simulations ... 06:33: ... involve a Quasar switching on and blasting the crap out of the galaxy's gas rewinding a bit to the whole galaxy formation thing when galaxies ... 07:21: ... powerful winds and jets can dump an enormous amount of energy into the gas through the surrounding galaxy that can do two things It can drive gas ... 05:24: ... those giant galaxies should've kept forming stars Giant reservoirs of gas flowed into those clusters from the outside Universe In our simulations of the ... 06:33: ... up by The Black hole well, some of it is close to the Black Hole the gas forms a whirlpool-like accretion disk heated by the energy that's long formed ... 02:54: ... worlds of Dark Matter pulled in great rivers of material from all around gas poured into the clusters from outside of the Universe igniting bouts of extreme ... 06:33: ... involve a Quasar switching on and blasting the crap out of the galaxy's gas rewinding a bit to the whole galaxy formation thing when galaxies collide or even ... 02:54: ... central Black Holes would also merge all the while gorging on the rich gas supply in the early Universe So, Black Holes grew as Galaxies ...
	2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions 02:47: ... where along the line of sight to a quasar there are clouds of hydrogen gas and learn about their size and density based on the shape of the ... 13:02: ... Kelvin. And Spluff5 asks us another related question, "how dense was the gas just after recombination?" - well let's figure it out the density of the ...
	2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages 02:31: ... that formed from that gas would be the next source of light, and those stars would also burn away ... 02:52: ... They blasted energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons once again. They also died ... 03:52: ... – just as we see it today – with only tattered fragments of neutral gas drifting between the growing galaxy ... 05:45: ... the first, so this is just the tl;dr. When the electron in cold hydrogen gas flips its spin direction it either absorbs or emits a radio photon with ... 07:19: ... remnants of neutral hydrogen left over from the cosmic dark ages. That gas left its ... 08:30: Neutral hydrogen gas is hungry for Lyman-alpha, gobbling up any such photon that it encounters. 10:47: ... where the quasar light passed through individual clouds of neutral gas, each of which cut a narrow slice out of the ... 03:52: ... – just as we see it today – with only tattered fragments of neutral gas drifting between the growing galaxy ... 05:45: ... the first, so this is just the tl;dr. When the electron in cold hydrogen gas flips its spin direction it either absorbs or emits a radio photon with a ... 02:31: ... of light, and those stars would also burn away the remnants of that gas, ionizing the universe and beginning the epoch of reionization. This is how we ... 07:19: ... remnants of neutral hydrogen left over from the cosmic dark ages. That gas left its ... 06:54: ... stellar corpses found themselves in an all-you-can-eat buffet of the gas-rich proto-galaxies. They fed, they merged with each other, they ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 05:26: ... active – it’s currently surrounded by an accretion disk – a whirlpool of gas heated to millions Kelvin that’s falling into the black ...
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... of dark matter gradually ruling out the possibilities if it were dust or gas we'd see it's obscuring effect on light passing through it if it were ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 03:49: It goes like this: a paddle wheel immersed in a gas is connected to a cog with a latch that only lets it turn in one direction. 04:00: Individual gas particles are moving around with random – or Brownian motion. 05:01: ... possible engine – It’s a sequence of expansion and contraction of gas in a piston chamber that will provide the maximum possible energy as ... 04:00: Individual gas particles are moving around with random – or Brownian motion.
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 02:36: There are three profound differences between the behaviour of matter in this state Compared to the gentle gas nebula of the modern universe. 05:18: The baryons transitioned in phase from a plasma to a gas. 05:57: But the plasma, now hydrogen and helium gas, stalled. 07:22: Well, crazily, we can still see those rings, not made of plasma or gas, but made of galaxies. 08:27: Those rings were further smeared out over the thousands of years it took for the universe to fully transition from plasma to gas. 02:36: There are three profound differences between the behaviour of matter in this state Compared to the gentle gas nebula of the modern universe. 05:57: But the plasma, now hydrogen and helium gas, stalled.
	2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space? 00:37: ... often captured by planetary systems but rather by the giant deceived and gas that precede the formation of planets circled protoplanetary disks these ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 03:27: As the sun heats the rear surface of the comet, water, ice, and frozen gases, so-called volatiles, evaporate. 03:34: The ejected gases act like jets to propel the comet forward. 07:59: ... it was tidily disrupted, pulled apart by the star or a gas giant from its home system, much like the comet Shoemaker Levy, and then ... 03:27: As the sun heats the rear surface of the comet, water, ice, and frozen gases, so-called volatiles, evaporate. 03:34: The ejected gases act like jets to propel the comet forward. 03:27: As the sun heats the rear surface of the comet, water, ice, and frozen gases, so-called volatiles, evaporate. 03:34: The ejected gases act like jets to propel the comet forward. 03:27: As the sun heats the rear surface of the comet, water, ice, and frozen gases, so-called volatiles, evaporate.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 12:49: ... the very low density of gas along that vast distance slowed down the light a little bit, effectively ...
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 12:51: Patrick points out that what I should've said was that they couldn't induce a second peak of gas release from the same samples. 15:35: Marco Dalla Gasparina points out that The Nothing can be defeated with the help of the Luck Dragon.
	2018-08-30: Is There Life on Mars? 06:32: Right away, both probes detected these radioactive gases.
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 00:57: The sun-- a vast ball of incandescent gas.
	2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy 03:46: ... founded by the great Ludwig Boltzmann with his kinetic theory of gases. ...
	2018-06-27: How Asteroid Mining Will Save Earth 09:23: There's also the Mond process by which carbon monoxide gas reacts with nickel and iron to produce a gas containing these elements.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 09:19: ... falls into a black hole, whether it's a spinning star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this flow of space above the event ...
	2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever 03:51: We see hot, newly formed white dwarfs, some of which are still embedded in the nebula of gas injected in the death of their star.
	2018-04-25: Black Hole Swarms 05:03: Gas is siphoned off the star into a whirlpool, an accretion disk around the black hole. 05:09: That gas heats up to crazy temperatures. 05:44: X-ray binaries likely spend most of the time in a quieter phase, with the gas just trickling slowly from the companion star. 06:39: ... magnetic fields act like a dam, allowing gas from the companion star to build up and then, fall very suddenly onto ... 05:09: That gas heats up to crazy temperatures.
	2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) 06:04: Around deep sea vents, the searing gases from Earth's hot interior meet the frigid water of the ocean depths.
	2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect 00:06: Every time you accelerate, put your foot on the gas, quicken your step, get out of your chair, you generate an event horizon behind you.
	2018-03-28: The Andromeda-Milky Way Collision 01:41: ... originally no way to know whether Andromeda was a much smaller cloud of gas, a nebula inside our galaxy, or whether it was a galaxy in its own right ... 06:29: The resulting super supermassive black hole may briefly power a new quasar as it consumes any gas that also ended up in the core. 06:37: There's also a chance that gas throughout the galaxy will be shocked into a storm of new star formation. 06:42: ... Way and Andromeda will have burned through a lot of their remaining gas ...
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 01:05: [MUSIC PLAYING] So the very early universe was full of hydrogen gas and light. 01:27: We can also, try to see the light signature from that very early hydrogen gas. 02:13: Before long, some of that early hydrogen gas collapsed to form the very first stars, long before the first galaxies formed. 02:20: ... the electron spin temperature became connected to the temperature of the gas, instead of the ... 02:31: That change in equilibrium meant the gas was suddenly absorbing more 21 centimeter photons, than it was emitting. 02:38: ... started to spew out x-rays, as they gobbled up hydrogen. This heated the gas and eventually, became too hot to emit, or absorb, 21 centimeter of ... 04:44: Colder gas is better at absorbing 21 centimeter photons. 04:50: Our cosmological models can't explain how this early hydrogen gas could possibly be this cold. 05:41: It's only a hypothesized explanation for the relative coolness of this gas, but it's the one the authors seem to like. 02:13: Before long, some of that early hydrogen gas collapsed to form the very first stars, long before the first galaxies formed.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 00:46: They're born inside a cloud of gas and dust. 02:22: ... the core's last gasp, it'll be less than 20 million K. So with no outward flow of energy to ...
	2018-02-14: What is Energy? 12:47: But a binary pair will form very close together, from the same knot of collapsing gas.
	2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds 00:28: [FUTURISTIC MUSIC] Our story begins where every story begins, in the heart of a vast cloud of gas and dust drifting through interstellar space. 01:49: ... like black holes and neutron stars, as well as the distribution of gas and dark ... 05:45: ... in the inner solar system, but come together further out, giving us gas giants and comets and ... 07:08: ... this can happen if a gas giant ends up in the inner part of the system, either by migration due ... 05:45: ... in the inner solar system, but come together further out, giving us gas giants and comets and ...
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 01:28: ... when the sun was born, it's initial gravitational collapse from a giant gas cloud was halted as soon as the core became dense enough, dense enough ... 06:07: There are a few plausible scenarios that give the right levels of greenhouse gases. 01:28: ... when the sun was born, it's initial gravitational collapse from a giant gas cloud was halted as soon as the core became dense enough, dense enough for ... 06:07: There are a few plausible scenarios that give the right levels of greenhouse gases.
	2018-01-10: What Do Stars Sound Like? 04:45: At the same time, gas moves vertically in and out during the same oscillation, reaching velocities of 0.1 meters per second. 06:58: The Doppler shifts due to local gas moving are completely washed out. 04:45: At the same time, gas moves vertically in and out during the same oscillation, reaching velocities of 0.1 meters per second. 06:58: The Doppler shifts due to local gas moving are completely washed out.
	2017-12-06: Understanding the Uncertainty Principle with Quantum Fourier Series 13:58: ... echo from a dead quasar that was once in that galaxy, so the cloud of gas ionized by the last burp of energy from an active supermassive black ...
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 00:33: The shining light of these stars illuminates or is conspicuously absorbed by gas and dust within those galaxies. 01:26: We think it must exist as extremely diffuse gas in between the galaxies. 02:38: It's the stuff of stars, planets, gas, dust, you, me. 06:25: On the other hand, if the material is cool enough, then nuclei can recapture their electrons and become a gas instead of a plasma. 06:33: This cool gas then absorbs signature wavelengths from light that passes through it. 06:39: Absorption features in the light of distant quasars reveal this gas lurking between clusters of galaxies. 02:38: It's the stuff of stars, planets, gas, dust, you, me. 06:39: Absorption features in the light of distant quasars reveal this gas lurking between clusters of galaxies.
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 01:24: We're all familiar with the states of matter-- solid, liquid, gas. 01:32: Pumping more energy in all liquids will vaporize into gas. 01:37: You get more heat causes electrons than any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state. 09:03: So they probably lose angular momentum by dragging against gas in the center of galaxies, but we don't know how long that takes. 09:39: And when galaxies get stirred up by an interaction or collision with another galaxy, we expect that gas will be driven into the core also.
	2017-10-04: When Quasars Collide STJC 01:59: Did they get most of their mass from eating gas and stars from their surrounding galaxy? 02:45: When gas from the surrounding galaxy falls into and feeds the central supermassive black hole, you get an active galactic nucleus-- AGN. 08:19: One possibility is that gas can provide the needed friction beyond that point. 08:24: The newly discovered binary definitely has a reservoir of gas.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 04:48: We see this effect in the sharp spikes or dips in light at specific wavelengths when we observe the spectrum of a gas. 06:48: When a quasar's light passes through giant clouds of gas on its way to us, elements in those clouds absorb photons to produce spectral lines. 08:26: ... really difficult. Photons from these extremely distant quasars and gas clouds are massively redshifted-- their wavelengths stretched out due to ...
	2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes 07:41: ... at tens of light years distance and even map the cloud structure of a gas giant, especially if you add a starshade to the aragoscope-- because why ...
	2017-08-24: First Detection of Life 07:55: ... HD 189733b for example-- this is a so-called hot Jupiter, a gas giant, even larger than Jupiter, that orbits its star closer than the ...
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 00:06: ... are a breeze compared to the great planet-sized tempests of the gas ... 01:31: As with the gas giant storms, these monsters are powered by convection. 04:06: Gas giant storms are a little different. 04:23: They originally collapsed from the vast gas disk left over after the sun's birth. 04:37: As they contract, gas giants convert gravitational potential energy into heat, which in turn powers the largest storms in the solar system. 04:47: As contraction-heated gas rises, it cools. 04:50: ... Earth, the only source of condensation is water, but the gas giants' atmospheres span such a wide range of temperature and pressure ... 05:13: The phase changes from gas to liquid to solid release latent heat that lifts the storm still higher. 05:29: But on the gas giants, it can extend 100 miles into the planet's murky depths, where pressure forces the gas into a metallic liquid state. 06:21: Gas giant storms can last for many years. 07:56: ... potentially life-bearing moons like Europa and to peek under the gas giant's cloud ... 04:23: They originally collapsed from the vast gas disk left over after the sun's birth. 01:31: As with the gas giant storms, these monsters are powered by convection. 04:06: Gas giant storms are a little different. 06:21: Gas giant storms can last for many years. 01:31: As with the gas giant storms, these monsters are powered by convection. 04:06: Gas giant storms are a little different. 06:21: Gas giant storms can last for many years. 00:06: ... are a breeze compared to the great planet-sized tempests of the gas giants. ... 04:37: As they contract, gas giants convert gravitational potential energy into heat, which in turn powers the largest storms in the solar system. 04:50: ... Earth, the only source of condensation is water, but the gas giants' atmospheres span such a wide range of temperature and pressure that all ... 05:29: But on the gas giants, it can extend 100 miles into the planet's murky depths, where pressure forces the gas into a metallic liquid state. 07:56: ... potentially life-bearing moons like Europa and to peek under the gas giant's cloud ... 04:50: ... Earth, the only source of condensation is water, but the gas giants' atmospheres span such a wide range of temperature and pressure that all sorts of ... 07:56: ... potentially life-bearing moons like Europa and to peek under the gas giant's cloud ... 04:37: As they contract, gas giants convert gravitational potential energy into heat, which in turn powers the largest storms in the solar system. 04:47: As contraction-heated gas rises, it cools.
	2017-05-31: The Fate of the First Stars 02:32: ... the first ever proto galaxies, born of the pristine hydrogen and helium gas that filled the universe soon after the Big ... 04:30: And by the ideal gas law, temperature increases with pressure. 07:11: This occurs until whatever weak thermal pressure remains can halt the free falling gas. 07:22: But without materials to help cooling, a giant cloud of pristine hydrogen helium gas can't shed its heat quickly enough. 08:36: ... saw the universe shift from being a hazy, nearly opaque fog of hydrogen gas to the crystal clear and extremely diffuse hydrogen plasma that we see ... 04:30: And by the ideal gas law, temperature increases with pressure. 08:03: ... in the gas-rich environment of the old universe, we expect that there were violent waves ...
	2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain? 00:40: His most incredible insight was the kinetic theory of gases. 00:44: He showed that the laws of thermodynamics can be explained by thinking of gas as a collection of microscopic particles in constant, random motion. 01:04: For example, the hot, dense gas in a recently fired engine piston only expands because it's surrounded by a colder, less dense environment. 01:18: But if you put the compressed piston in an environment that's full of equally hot, dense gas, nothing happens. 01:25: The gas in the piston still contains the same amount of energy, but it's useless energy. 01:31: ... in the latter case, the gas inside the piston is in thermal equilibrium with the gas outside the ... 03:52: ... an incredibly tiny chance that all of the particles in a room of gas will happen to all end up in one corner of the room, due to their random ... 01:31: ... in the latter case, the gas inside the piston is in thermal equilibrium with the gas outside the piston-- ... 00:40: His most incredible insight was the kinetic theory of gases. 01:13: The energy in that burning gasoline does the useful work of driving your car down the street.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 05:48: Different materials become solid, liquid, gas, or plasma at different locations on that phase diagram.
	2017-03-01: The Treasures of Trappist-1 02:59: ... intensity of its photon flux and the effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases. ... 11:12: As you suggest, it's when inward gravitational forces and outward gas pressure are in equilibrium. 02:59: ... intensity of its photon flux and the effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases. ... 06:50: ... planets don't have hydrogen helium atmospheres, which means they aren't gassy planets like ...
	2017-02-22: The Eye of Sauron Reveals a Forming Solar System! 02:17: Cold and adrift, the mostly hydrogen gas yields to gravity once it reaches the critical Jeans mass. 02:26: As the gas collapses, it builds up heat and density until the pressure of the gas dramatically slows collapse. 02:32: And you have a hot protostar surrounded by a great cloud of dust and gas. 03:10: ... winds from the newborn star in the center disperse this extra gas and dust, revealing whatever planets managed to form from the debris in ... 08:01: In fact, a similar model may explain the locations of our four gas giant planets. 08:07: ... a close encounter destabilized the whole solar system and flung the gas giants into their current, more spread out ... 02:26: As the gas collapses, it builds up heat and density until the pressure of the gas dramatically slows collapse. 08:01: In fact, a similar model may explain the locations of our four gas giant planets. 08:07: ... a close encounter destabilized the whole solar system and flung the gas giants into their current, more spread out ... 02:17: Cold and adrift, the mostly hydrogen gas yields to gravity once it reaches the critical Jeans mass.
	2017-02-15: Telescopes of Tomorrow 01:52: And young stars lie tucked away in blankets of gas and dust.
	2017-02-02: The Geometry of Causality 14:47: These giant black holes have been growing since the dawn of time by creating gas and by merging with other black holes.
	2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome 04:09: Now, drive gas into the galactic core. 04:16: That gas descends into the waiting black hole's gravitational well and gains incredible speed on the way. 04:39: Some gas is swallowed, causing the black hole to grow. 04:50: And this same light drives powerful winds of gas back out into the surrounding galaxy. 04:56: ... some cases, for reasons we don't fully understand, some of that gas can also be swept up and collimated, channeled into jets that erupt from ... 05:23: But viewed side on, that disk is obscured by a thick ring of dusty gas. 05:28: Then, we only see hints of the central monster because it lights up gas in the surrounding galaxy. 07:21: The first quasars turned on in a very young universe that was still thick with the raw hydrogen gas produced in the Big Bang. 07:29: As the first galaxies coalesced from this gas, the universe entered a long period of violent star formation. 08:12: However, the same rich gas supplies that fueled those starbursts also gave rise to the epoch of quasars. 08:20: ... some of this gas found its way into the nuclei of galaxies, it encountered there the ... 08:42: However, that's enough to heat gas throughout the galaxy. 08:46: Hot gas doesn't collapse into stars, and so the extreme starburst activity was shut down. 04:16: That gas descends into the waiting black hole's gravitational well and gains incredible speed on the way. 08:46: Hot gas doesn't collapse into stars, and so the extreme starburst activity was shut down. 07:21: The first quasars turned on in a very young universe that was still thick with the raw hydrogen gas produced in the Big Bang. 08:12: However, the same rich gas supplies that fueled those starbursts also gave rise to the epoch of quasars.
	2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer 01:00: This gives us things like quasars, supermassive black holes in galaxy cores that feed on a superheated whirlpool of gas. 02:09: Sag A star is visible in X-rays, which occasionally flash brighter as it gobbles up a wisp of gas.
	2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us? 07:33: One of its primary purposes will be to catch the radio emission from hydrogen gas in the extremely early universe.
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 15:53: ... pressure-- or even inside Wolverine pressure-- it would expand into a gas cataclysmically and the neutrons would decay to protons and electrons ...
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 04:05: ... think that a type of gas-like quark matter, a so-called quark-gluon plasma, filled the entire universe ...
	2016-11-09: Did Dark Energy Just Disappear? 06:35: ... regular energy, and that's mostly dark matter, but also stars, planets, gas, radiation, et ...
	2016-11-02: Quantum Vortices and Superconductivity + Drake Equation Challenge Answers 00:36: ... example: going from a gas to a liquid to a solid as temperature drops, and the motion of ...
	2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars 04:44: But scrubbed of CO2, that nitrogen-argon mix makes a breathable buffer gas that we top up with 20% oxygen.
	2016-09-29: Life on Europa? 01:24: But Europa isn't the only gas giant moon with a possible ice-covered ocean. 03:21: ... so-called black smokers-- volcanic vents in the deep ocean where noxious gases spew out from Earth's mantle and water temperatures exceed 100 degrees ... 01:24: But Europa isn't the only gas giant moon with a possible ice-covered ocean. 03:21: ... so-called black smokers-- volcanic vents in the deep ocean where noxious gases spew out from Earth's mantle and water temperatures exceed 100 degrees ...
	2016-09-14: Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination 05:25: After several decades, it decelerates into a neighboring star system, and parks in orbit, or lands on a nice, big asteroid or gas giant moon. 05:49: It builds fuel collectors-- maybe orbiters to harvest deuterium or tritium from gas giant atmospheres. 05:25: After several decades, it decelerates into a neighboring star system, and parks in orbit, or lands on a nice, big asteroid or gas giant moon. 05:49: It builds fuel collectors-- maybe orbiters to harvest deuterium or tritium from gas giant atmospheres. 05:25: After several decades, it decelerates into a neighboring star system, and parks in orbit, or lands on a nice, big asteroid or gas giant moon.
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 11:45: Well, the Sun and other stars don't need rocky cores because they are massive enough for all of that gas to collapse by itself. 12:14: For Jupiter to form its giant ball of gas, it needed a rocky core to start the process.
	2016-07-06: Juno to Reveal Jupiter's Violent Past 01:11: It likely grew as fragments of rock and ice clung to each other in the disk of debris and gas surrounding the infant sun, the protoplanetary disk. 05:27: Drag from that gas would have sapped angular momentum from Jupiter, causing it to migrate inwards until it stalled at around 1.5 AU. 07:53: However, the Nice Model posits that the orbits of the four gas giants were much more tightly clustered back then. 08:42: As the three outer gas giants plowed through the great field of planetesimals, they scattered this material through the solar system. 07:53: However, the Nice Model posits that the orbits of the four gas giants were much more tightly clustered back then. 08:42: As the three outer gas giants plowed through the great field of planetesimals, they scattered this material through the solar system. 01:11: It likely grew as fragments of rock and ice clung to each other in the disk of debris and gas surrounding the infant sun, the protoplanetary disk. 03:58: At first, there was the gassy, dusty protoplanetary disk, and then a mess of asteroids and planetesimals left over from the formation of the planets.
	2016-05-25: Is an Ice Age Coming? 05:21: Isotope ratios and greenhouse gas content in those bubbles traces global climate over the past 420,000 years. 11:22: However, the recent increase in greenhouse gases is so large and so sudden that there's no precedent anywhere in the climate record. 05:21: Isotope ratios and greenhouse gas content in those bubbles traces global climate over the past 420,000 years. 11:22: However, the recent increase in greenhouse gases is so large and so sudden that there's no precedent anywhere in the climate record.
	2016-05-18: Anti-gravity and the True Nature of Dark Energy 04:30: The internal gas pushes outwards as fast-moving particles collide with the walls.
	2016-04-13: Will the Universe Expand Forever? 12:11: And so, by now, it's wandered very far from the giant cloud of gas from which it formed.
	2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe 10:28: The Milky Way and our solar system were originally made of gas, giant clouds of the stuff. 10:35: And gas does interact with itself. 10:39: So even though the gas originally had motion in many directions, over time, it sweeps into a single bog flow. 11:14: The reason spiral galaxies are discy is that those discs formed before the stars actually formed, back when the material was mostly gas. 10:28: The Milky Way and our solar system were originally made of gas, giant clouds of the stuff. 10:39: So even though the gas originally had motion in many directions, over time, it sweeps into a single bog flow.
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 08:20: This is not true of things like spiral galaxies, solar systems, and the whirlpools of gas around quasars. 08:42: Let's think about what happens when a vast interstellar cloud of gas and dust collapses to form a star. 09:05: And all of the gas gets swept into the same swirling flow. 09:14: The gas can't fall any closer to the axis of rotation because it's orbiting that axis. 09:37: ... planets further out, but the disk structure remains long after all the gas is ...
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 00:23: ... for the hydrogen plasma that filled the universe to become hydrogen gas. ...
	2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened 03:51: ... Kelvin, at which point the entire universe slipped from plasma to gas as the first hydrogen atoms ... 11:39: ... of gravitational waves can lower my mortgage and reduce the price of gas at the pump, it remains just a song that nerds sing to put their kids to ... 12:21: At that point, I won't be so worried about the price of gas.
	2016-02-17: Planet X Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 02:03: Given its mass, the best guess is that it would also be a gas giant, something like Neptune or Uranus. 02:39: ... to the original discovery of Pluto, which is way too small to affect the gas giants ... 02:03: Given its mass, the best guess is that it would also be a gas giant, something like Neptune or Uranus. 02:39: ... to the original discovery of Pluto, which is way too small to affect the gas giants ...
	2015-09-30: What Happens At The Edge Of The Universe? 08:51: By comparison, the cold hydrogen gas that fills our galaxy clumps together in giant clouds. 08:57: But then these clouds radiate light in different ways, allowing the gas to cool even more and collapse into stars.
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 04:54: The gas was ripped away from the stars and now lives between the clusters. 04:58: In the Bullet Cluster, most of the mass actually is in the gas. 05:02: So if dark matter really comes from weirdly behaving gravity, then the cluster's gravity should stay concentrated on the gas.
	2015-05-27: Habitable Exoplanets Debunked! 05:13: To be in the habitable zone, a planet has to be small enough to be rocky like Earth instead of gaseous like Jupiter.
	2015-04-15: Could NASA Start the Zombie Apocalypse? 04:54: Diarmuld Balfi asked, "If I kept releasing gas over several days, wouldn't eventually I pick up a lot of speed?" In short, no. 05:06: ... if you released a full day's worth of gas every day for a year, you would still only build up to a few millimeters ... 05:14: Now, say you wanted to release decades or something worth of gas. 05:18: At that point, the total amount of gas that you would have released would have been a non-trivial fraction of your body mass.
	2015-04-09: How to Weigh a Fart 00:05: ... the typical daily volume output is between half a liter and 2 liters of gas once cooled to room ... 00:20: ... you pretend that the fart obeys the ideal gas law from high school chemistry class, which it probably does to a decent ... 00:31: To get that, we need to know what gases are in a fart and what ratio they're found in. 00:38: ... some average numbers from a paper in a medical journal that measured the gas mix in 10 subjects who had been fed a normal diet plus a bunch of baked ... 00:20: ... you pretend that the fart obeys the ideal gas law from high school chemistry class, which it probably does to a decent ... 00:38: ... some average numbers from a paper in a medical journal that measured the gas mix in 10 subjects who had been fed a normal diet plus a bunch of baked ... 00:31: To get that, we need to know what gases are in a fart and what ratio they're found in.
	2015-04-08: Could You Fart Your Way to the Moon? 00:20: ... you have a suit with a special valve that would allow you to pass gas into the vacuum of ... 01:21: ... raising its temperature and causing it to expand until it becomes a gas of particles bouncing off the walls of the combustion ... 02:12: Flatulence is just throwing gas, as opposed to baseballs or rocket fuel, out of your body. 02:33: But in the near total vacuum of space, expelling gas would have to make you move. 03:05: So your forward momentum must be equal and opposite to the backward momentum of the gas you expel. 03:51: There's simply not enough mass in your gas. 04:03: ... actually took a full 24 hours to build up and release that one gram of gas, flatulating yourself to top speed in small ... 04:54: That's 500 times more than a day's worth of gas. 04:03: ... actually took a full 24 hours to build up and release that one gram of gas, flatulating yourself to top speed in small ...
	2015-02-11: What Planet Is Super Mario World? 04:36: ... gas giant planets, like Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn, don't have solid ... 04:59: ... find those with values that are many times Earth g's are thought to be gas ... 05:29: Now I suppose Super Mario World could be a platform at the edge of some gas giant. 04:36: ... gas giant planets, like Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn, don't have solid surfaces to ... 05:29: Now I suppose Super Mario World could be a platform at the edge of some gas giant. 04:36: ... gas giant planets, like Uranus, Neptune, and Saturn, don't have solid surfaces to stand on, ... 04:59: ... find those with values that are many times Earth g's are thought to be gas giants. ...

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