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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 05:29: ... a so-called ideal gas, which has no inter-particle forces, its behavior can be described by a simple relationship between pressure, ...
	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 10:31: In fact, it becomes possible for the phonons to take on another property analogous to the photon - it becomes the carrier of a force. 10:44: Normally we think of electrons as repelling each other via the electromagnetic force - mediated by photons.
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 01:55: But perhaps the most characteristic property of the neutrino is that they only interact via the weak nuclear force and gravity. 03:29: When neutrinos pass through the ice of ice cube, one in a million interact with water molecules via the weak force. 01:16: ... elementary particles are fermions - so particles of matter rather than force-carrying bosons like the photons of regular astronomy, and neutrino's fermion ...
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 06:34: An atomic nucleus is a place of extreme forces in delicate balance. 06:40: ... the one hand we have the electromagnetic force trying to force apart all those positively charged protons, and the ... 06:52: On the other hand we have the even-stronger strong nuclear force holding the nucleons together. 06:59: We talked about how the strong force holds protons and neutrons together. 07:21: If a nucleus gets too big, the strong force can’t keep things together and various types of nuclear decay become inevitable. 07:29: Although the strong force vanishes quickly, its strength doesn’t change much over the short distance where it actually works. 07:42: That means electromagnetism can overwhelm the strong force if protons are too close together, which is another way to destabilize the nucleus. 07:50: That’s why neutrons are so useful - they help separate protons so that the strong nuclear force stays stronger than electromagnetism. 10:49: It seems there are more mysterious forces at work besides neutron-padding, nuclear-shell filling, and spin coupling. 06:52: On the other hand we have the even-stronger strong nuclear force holding the nucleons together. 06:59: We talked about how the strong force holds protons and neutrons together. 07:50: That’s why neutrons are so useful - they help separate protons so that the strong nuclear force stays stronger than electromagnetism. 07:29: Although the strong force vanishes quickly, its strength doesn’t change much over the short distance where it actually works. 06:34: An atomic nucleus is a place of extreme forces in delicate balance. 10:49: It seems there are more mysterious forces at work besides neutron-padding, nuclear-shell filling, and spin coupling.
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 02:18: Opening the box causes the observed ball to have to choose a color state, which then forces the ball on the moon to choose the opposite.
	2022-10-19: The Equation That Explains (Nearly) Everything! 01:02: ... was the idea that the symmetries of nature give rise to the fundamental forces. Gauge invariance says that the laws of physics should not care how ... 01:48: ... many physicists over the following decades to try to explain the other forces of nature in terms of gauge symmetries. And they succeeded. The weak ... 02:45: It’s a nice idea for all the forces of nature to arise from the same underlying mechanism. 02:51: ... how do you go from that to actual equations describing how the forces behave? And how do you wrap it all up in a single equation that is the ... 04:36: ... that each account for different ways the particles of both matter and force interact. And each of these terms is actually short-hand for a lot of ... 05:37: ... most fundamental nature of a particle - whether it represents matter or force. ... 06:02: ... They transmit energy and momentum according to the symmetries of each force. Some parts of the standard model lagrangian deal with bosons, other ... 06:36: ... shorthand for the separate interaction of each of the three quantum forces. ... 07:51: ... like that Next we do something similar for the fields of the other two forces, we also need their kinetic energy in every possible direction. Except if ... 08:37: ... and account for all the different types of gluon. The bosons of the Weak force get a term like this also, although its SU(2) symmetry leads to ... 08:52: ... weak force also has a second kinetic term that looks a lot like electromagnetism; a ... 09:45: ... symmetries of nature. This is the piece that tells us that matter and forces interact. The part with the EM field is equivalent to the piece added ... 12:52: ... space and time and how it interacts with the massive bosons of the weak force. ... 04:36: ... that each account for different ways the particles of both matter and force interact. And each of these terms is actually short-hand for a lot of other stuff. ... 11:28: ... process may sound a bit forced, and it kinda is. It would be nice to have a Lagrangian without ghosts ... 01:02: ... was the idea that the symmetries of nature give rise to the fundamental forces. Gauge invariance says that the laws of physics should not care how ... 01:48: ... many physicists over the following decades to try to explain the other forces of nature in terms of gauge symmetries. And they succeeded. The weak ... 02:45: It’s a nice idea for all the forces of nature to arise from the same underlying mechanism. 02:51: ... how do you go from that to actual equations describing how the forces behave? And how do you wrap it all up in a single equation that is the ... 06:36: ... shorthand for the separate interaction of each of the three quantum forces. ... 07:51: ... like that Next we do something similar for the fields of the other two forces, we also need their kinetic energy in every possible direction. Except if ... 09:45: ... symmetries of nature. This is the piece that tells us that matter and forces interact. The part with the EM field is equivalent to the piece added ... 02:51: ... how do you go from that to actual equations describing how the forces behave? And how do you wrap it all up in a single equation that is the Standard ... 01:02: ... was the idea that the symmetries of nature give rise to the fundamental forces. Gauge invariance says that the laws of physics should not care how certain ... 09:45: ... symmetries of nature. This is the piece that tells us that matter and forces interact. The part with the EM field is equivalent to the piece added to the ...
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 15:45: ... First let me say that in the extremely early,   the 3 quantum forces were coupled with a high joint interaction strength.   ... 19:23: ... and the classical   equation for electrostatic force - coulomb’s law - has charge squared over permittivity.   ... 15:45: ... of a second after the big bang the EM force separated from the weak force, and   then the fine structure constant was within 10% of its current ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 05:55: And that’s exactly what the  fine structure constant is:   it’s the coupling strength of the electromagnetic force. 06:23: So the Fine Structure Constant sets the  "strength" of the electromagnetic force. 06:37: So it’s starting to make sense why the fine structure constant appears in all of these formulas that depend on the electromagnetic force. 07:16: ... it quickly dropped to lower values as the energy  dropped and the forces ... 11:33: ... is the relationship  between mass, distance, and gravitational force, Planck's Constant is the relationship  between the uncertainty in ... 07:16: ... it quickly dropped to lower values as the energy  dropped and the forces ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 12:19: ... doing comments for the two recent episodes - the one about the strong force and quantum chromodynamics, and then the one about how the Higgs boson ... 12:34: Let’s start with the strong force. 12:36: Lassi Tiihonen and John Rizzo raise an excellent point: our strong force video didn’t really explain how atomic nuclei stick together. 12:45: Our explanation focused on how the strong force causes quarks stick together to form hadrons like protons and neutrons. 12:36: Lassi Tiihonen and John Rizzo raise an excellent point: our strong force video didn’t really explain how atomic nuclei stick together. 13:05: The force-carrying gluons don’t extend directly between nucleons.
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 01:06: They tug and push at each other via the electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces. 05:46: ... charge - if it did it would interact via electromagnetism and the strong force and we would have spotted it ... 06:01: ... whatever is made of quarks; it excludes the W boson of the weak nuclear force. ... 06:14: It excludes the color-charged gluons of the strong nuclear force. 06:47: We’re left with two neutral bosons: the Z boson of the weak force and the Higgs. 02:17: ... together, undergoing some interaction that involves the exchange of force-carrying particles, and then we have particles leaving the interaction - perhaps ... 01:06: They tug and push at each other via the electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces.
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 00:28: ... electrons are held in their orbitals by the electromagnetic force - opposite charges attract, so the negatively-charged electrons are ... 01:00: The repulsive force between them due to electromagnetism is absolutely enormous. 01:08: Well, it’s due to an even stronger force. 01:11: Namely, the strong nuclear force. 01:13: But if the strong force is so strong, why is it confined to the atomic nucleus? 01:29: ... lead on understanding the strong force came in the 1940s when we switched on our first particle colliders and ... 04:31: With electromagnetism you have one type of charge, which can be positive or negative, with the Strong Force you have three charge types. 04:45: In fact we label these three strong force charges with the colours red, green and blue. 04:52: And this colourful convention led to the naming of our science of strong force interactions: quantum chromodynamics. 05:07: If we have different charges then we have a potential for attractive forces. 05:19: And that attractive force needs to be stronger than the repulsive electromagnetism, while also vanishing outside the atomic nucleus. 05:51: Let’s lay out what we need from our strong force for all of this to work. 05:57: The force is similar to electromagnetism in some respects, but it is very different in others. 06:20: So an electron bound to an atomic nucleus will feel less force from the nucleus at larger orbitals. 06:31: Assuming the strong force works roughly the same way, we need a field to mediate it, and that field should have its own particles. 08:11: ... in groups, but we need one more puzzle piece to explain why the strong force is never seen outside the ... 08:43: To understand the first one we have to see how the Strong Force is similar to electromagnetism. 10:28: ... the mathematics that describe the behavior of the charges of the strong force. ... 10:37: ... has 3 primary colors like the 3 charges of the strong force, each of which can be positive or negative, and transform into each other ... 11:06: And for this we need to compare the Strong Force electromagnetism once again. 12:14: If they could, hadrons would be able to feel chromomagnetism which could make the strong force a long-range force. 14:14: ... is baked into the laws of physics and there it manifests as the Strong Force, but SU(3) is free to appear in many other contexts, like the behavior of ... 14:57: By chance we have the same number as their are degrees of freedom in the strong force colour charge. 15:03: Ok, this was a brief introduction to chromodynamics and the strong force. 15:09: As you can imagine, there’s a lot more to it - and so in future episodes we’ll dive deeper into the strongest force in all of space time. 16:30: But the comparison of your help to the strongest force in nature is clearly apt, so we thank you. 00:28: ... electrons are held in their orbitals by the electromagnetic force - opposite charges attract, so the negatively-charged electrons are ... 04:45: In fact we label these three strong force charges with the colours red, green and blue. 14:57: By chance we have the same number as their are degrees of freedom in the strong force colour charge. 11:06: And for this we need to compare the Strong Force electromagnetism once again. 04:52: And this colourful convention led to the naming of our science of strong force interactions: quantum chromodynamics. 06:31: Assuming the strong force works roughly the same way, we need a field to mediate it, and that field should have its own particles. 05:07: If we have different charges then we have a potential for attractive forces.
	2022-08-17: What If Dark Energy is a New Quantum Field? 08:36: ... it's field fills all of space and also it can be thought of as another force on top of the commonly known 4 fundamental ...
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 02:06: ... by gluons is very strong - earning   it the name the strong force. And that  strength turns the interior of a hadron into ... 05:14: ... interaction is relatively  weak. Relative to the strong force ... 05:31: ... back to the strong force. Now we have two quarks hurtling towards each other.   ... 06:02: ... it depends on energy scale.   That’s what makes the strong force strong, and it’s also what makes strong force ... 07:53: ... quantum fields themselves evolve   over the course of a strong force interaction.   Similar to how Feynman diagrams work, to do ... 06:02: ... what makes the strong force strong, and it’s also what makes strong force interactions   very difficult to calculate. You no longer have the luxury of ... 18:44: ... measurement isn't a passive act - you will   have actually forced the electron’s spin  to be in the direction of the ... 06:02: ... coupling strength for the strong nuclear force is ingeniously named the strong coupling constant.   It is much ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 07:54: The states of matter we’re most familiar with can be explained as particles interacting under classical forces.
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 15:02: Crazily, those buttons require exactly the same motor force from your finger as it took to watch! 16:18: The symmetry in question is the strong force symmetry, known as the Special Unitary Group of order 3, or just SU(3).
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 02:25: ... two negative charges and you get a net positive force - which means a repulsive force by the way. But   a negative ... 07:38: ... through a magnetic field. That field is going to apply a force in some direction to that electron.   To find that direction ... 10:41: ... obvious ways than charge symmetry.   That’s because the Weak Force only interacts with left handed particles and right ... 16:39: ... things are amazing and I’m completely on board with joining genetic forces. With luck we’ll also   inherit other traits, like proportional ... 02:25: ... two negative charges and you get a net positive force - which means a repulsive force by the way. But   a negative and ... 07:38: ... where   the direction of the final vector - in this case  force - can be found using the right hand rule.   Cross products are ... 02:25: ... together leads to a negative force - and that is an attractive force.  The choice of sign convention actually doesn’t matter as long as ... 16:39: ... things are amazing and I’m completely on board with joining genetic forces. With luck we’ll also   inherit other traits, like proportional ...
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 17:20: ... On to the black hole stuff. Robert Pruitt asks whether the fundamental forces of nature should recombine inside a black hole, given that they do so in ... 17:43: ... reaching the conditions where electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force combine, but almost certainly also the strong force and perhaps gravity ... 17:58: We have robust theories for the unification of the three quantum forces. 17:43: ... reaching the conditions where electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force combine, but almost certainly also the strong force and perhaps gravity ... 17:20: ... On to the black hole stuff. Robert Pruitt asks whether the fundamental forces of nature should recombine inside a black hole, given that they do so in ... 17:58: We have robust theories for the unification of the three quantum forces.
	2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality? 07:23: ... local to each electron, and in the process  appears to force an instantaneous communication   between the particles - a ... 16:52: ... to be shrinking -   in particular the strength of the various forces.  Yet to expand space you just need to change space,   and ...
	2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy 09:42: ... gets too close to the Milky   Way it gets pulled thin as tidal forces cause  its near-side to move faster than its rear.   It ...
	2022-04-27: How the Higgs Mechanism Give Things Mass 00:46: ... been building towards an understanding   of how the forces of nature are unified. The  most powerful clue driving this is the ... 01:14: This allows the weak force to trespass  on the province of electromagnetism,   suggesting a connection between the two. 01:21: This connection hints at a  unification of the forces of nature. 01:35: ... of a refresher on the episodes   that led to this - fields and forces and  symmetries and all that. Similar to how   the fabric ... 02:50: ... the photon - our first gauge  boson and carrier of electromagnetic force. ... 03:09: ... one of the fundamental forces arises from  a symmetry of nature - in this case the ... 03:36: ... That requirement gave us a new   gauge field that has 3 force carriers that  look awfully like the weak force ... 04:08: ... that the predicted particles  are massless, while the real weak force bosons   are, as I mentioned, pretty hefty. That’s a ... 04:37: ... problem with this first pass at the weak  force is that it has absolutely no connection to   electromagnetism. ... 15:06: ... lifespans, and so enormously reduces their  range, weakening the force that they ... 16:02: ... underlying symmetries of nature explain and  unify some of the forces of nature. Perhaps   new particles will lead us to new clues ... 00:46: ... most powerful clue driving this is the weirdness   of the weak force - in particular the particles  that carry this force. Its W and Z ... 03:36: ... field that has 3 force carriers that  look awfully like the weak force bosons. ... 04:37: ... has bosons that look a bit like  the photon and the three weak force bosons, but   the latter are still massless, and the resulting  ... 04:08: ... that the predicted particles  are massless, while the real weak force bosons   are, as I mentioned, pretty hefty. That’s a huge  deal breaker ... 03:36: ... That requirement gave us a new   gauge field that has 3 force carriers that  look awfully like the weak force ... 00:46: ... Its W and Z bosons have a   property that we once thought no force-carrying  particle should have - they have ... 01:21: This connection hints at a  unification of the forces of nature. 01:35: ... of a refresher on the episodes   that led to this - fields and forces and  symmetries and all that. Similar to how   the fabric ... 03:09: ... one of the fundamental forces arises from  a symmetry of nature - in this case the ... 16:02: ... underlying symmetries of nature explain and  unify some of the forces of nature. Perhaps   new particles will lead us to new clues ... 01:35: ... of a refresher on the episodes   that led to this - fields and forces and  symmetries and all that. Similar to how   the fabric of a drum ... 03:09: ... one of the fundamental forces arises from  a symmetry of nature - in this case the fact   that ...
	2022-04-20: Does the Universe Create Itself? 04:57: ... “it from bit.” In his words, “Every it — every particle, every field of force, even the spacetime continuum itself — derives its function, its meaning, ...
	2022-03-30: Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole? 03:37: In general relativity, objects that are not being acted on by a force follow something called a geodesic. 07:48: And the space-time curvature is nearly flat, so no crazy tidal forces like in a white or black hole. 03:37: In general relativity, objects that are not being acted on by a force follow something called a geodesic. 07:48: And the space-time curvature is nearly flat, so no crazy tidal forces like in a white or black hole.
	2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe? 15:33: Relatedly, dmaxcustom asks whether the tidal force wouldn’t resulted in strong tectonic activity. 16:22: So in short those tidal forces on those Proxima planets may make it more likely that there's life. 16:27: Al H asks what particles and interactions existed before the electroweak force split into electromagnetism and the weak force. 17:45: Does that mean it stops interacting with the weak force? 16:27: Al H asks what particles and interactions existed before the electroweak force split into electromagnetism and the weak force. 16:22: So in short those tidal forces on those Proxima planets may make it more likely that there's life.
	2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental? 08:32: The quark model for nucleons led to a description  of the strong nuclear force via this SU(3) stuff to give us quantum chromodynamics. 08:42: It may seem like the strong force led us astray - but actually it points to the answer. 08:48: ... are exactly what we need - it's just that they were applied to the wrong force of ... 08:59: ... it's by unraveling one of the forces of nature that we can explain electric charge - but it's not the strong ... 09:07: The secrets of electric charge are actually hiding in the last, most obscure of the quantum forces - the weak force. 09:14: It’s also the weirdest force of all, and  we need to consider two of  its weirdest properties. 09:20: First, the weak force can transform particles into  other particles - something no other force can do. 10:02: Only particles with left-handed chirality feel the weak force. 10:45: Weak isospin is effectively the charge of the weak force, carried by these W bosons. 11:35: That's right, quarks feel the weak force and obey the same rule for their electric charge. 11:55: Let me summarize where we've got to: the charge  that drives electromagnetism is governed by the charges that drive the weak force. 12:13: What we’ve learned is that electromagnetism and the weak force are deeply connected. 12:20: ... two forces were once united in what we call the electroweak force, whose charges ... 12:31: ... happened to that force in the very early universe to force these charges to only take on a ... 12:43: That event - the breaking of electroweak symmetry  - created the weak and electromagnetic forces as we know them today. 10:45: Weak isospin is effectively the charge of the weak force, carried by these W bosons. 08:42: It may seem like the strong force led us astray - but actually it points to the answer. 08:59: ... it's by unraveling one of the forces of nature that we can explain electric charge - but it's not the strong ... 09:07: The secrets of electric charge are actually hiding in the last, most obscure of the quantum forces - the weak force. 12:20: ... two forces were once united in what we call the electroweak force, whose charges ... 12:43: That event - the breaking of electroweak symmetry  - created the weak and electromagnetic forces as we know them today. 09:07: The secrets of electric charge are actually hiding in the last, most obscure of the quantum forces - the weak force.
	2022-03-08: Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth? 09:17: ... close proximity to the star means strong tidal forces, which will have forced the planet’s rotation period to be in resonance ...
	2022-02-23: Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe? 00:58: ... particles moving in what we think of as separate  force fields. This gives us our familiar   electromagnetic, strong ... 05:59: ... align.  The Higgs field at the center of that knot   was forced to take on the Higgs value at the top  of the potential hill rather ... 00:58: ... fields behaved as a  single field, generating a single master force.   We know for sure that this is true of the  electromagnetic and weak ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 08:32: ... that interacted with all matter — almost like it was a fifth fundamental force. But Lajos Diósi and later, Roger Penrose, saw no need for some new ... 08:55: ... to classical? And 2. Why can’t gravity be quantized like the other forces. All of the collapse models attempted to answer point 1, but only Diósi ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... coordinate system it's the grid on which particles move they exert forces on each other and then of course we have time as the series of stages ...
	2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole? 00:20: So how does a black hole manage to communicate its gravitational force to the outside universe? 00:35: ... theory of relativity, which describe gravity not as a traditional force, but rather in terms of the curvature of the fabric of space and ... 06:08: Now in quantum mechanics - or more specifically quantum field theory - forces are mediated by particles, not by the geometry of spacetime. 06:16: ... example the electromagnetic force is communicated between charged particles by transferring virtual ... 06:28: In theories of quantum gravity, the gravitational force should probably also have a mediating particle - usually called the graviton. 06:47: Actually, even in this picture, the event horizon has no way to halt the force of gravity. 06:57: They don’t really travel from one location to another, carrying force with them. 07:21: ... by both of the electrons, and their summed effect leads to a repulsive force between the ... 06:08: Now in quantum mechanics - or more specifically quantum field theory - forces are mediated by particles, not by the geometry of spacetime.
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 07:17: The force at each point can then be solved using Fourier transform methods, which can be very fast.
	2021-12-10: 2021 End of Year AMA! 00:02: ... okay so the so so so we have this strange uh description of of the forces in quantum mechanics in particular in quantum field theory where two ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 15:25: Earnest was also a part of the Apollo XI mission, working in the Air Force in Colorado tracking and predicting solar radiation bursts.
	2021-11-10: What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong? 02:52: ... in the fabric of space and time  rather than just as a classical force. ... 03:35: The idea is straightforward enough - what if there exists a minimum possible acceleration that can be produced by the gravitational force? 03:44: In MOND, force or acceleration drop off with distance squared until, at very low values they start to plateau out. 03:53: ... Newton’s 3rd law of motion, in which case the acceleration produced by a force has a minimum ... 16:31: Check our episodes on Noether’s theorem, quantum invariance, and the electroweak force for some details, but we probably need to go even deeper.
	2021-11-02: Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? 01:22: ... the universe. To do this, all you needed to do was know the exact vector forces on each body at each time, which lets you calculate its exact vector ... 05:00: ... comes from the fact that with Lagrangian mechanics we can dispense with forces and vectors in general, and only consider the ... 05:52: ... Theory of Relativity, which, as we’ve discussed before, describes the force of gravity in terms of the bending of the fabric of space and time. One ... 14:57: ... order, and we're delighted that our equations of motion have joined forces. ... 01:22: ... the universe. To do this, all you needed to do was know the exact vector forces on each body at each time, which lets you calculate its exact vector ... 05:00: ... comes from the fact that with Lagrangian mechanics we can dispense with forces and vectors in general, and only consider the ... 14:57: ... order, and we're delighted that our equations of motion have joined forces. ...
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 01:51: ... mechanics, where particles are pushed and pulled by the fundamental forces, forming energetic hills and valleys - a landscape of so-called potential ... 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force. 01:51: ... mechanics, where particles are pushed and pulled by the fundamental forces, forming energetic hills and valleys - a landscape of so-called potential ...
	2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist 00:26: Take a metal bar and force all the electrons to one end. 03:46: If you add magnetic charges to these equations then you get a magnetic force that looks exactly like the electrostatic force. 04:26: ... by explaining it in terms of quantum fields rather than charges and forces. ... 08:53: In the early 70s physicists had managed to explain the weak nuclear force and unify it with electromagnetism. 09:00: We talked about that before - about how the breaking of the symmetry of the Higgs field separated the weak and electromagnetic forces. 09:08: With that squared away, physicists were working to bring the strong nuclear force into the fold with the so-called Grand Unified Theories. 04:26: ... by explaining it in terms of quantum fields rather than charges and forces. ... 09:00: We talked about that before - about how the breaking of the symmetry of the Higgs field separated the weak and electromagnetic forces.
	2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible 01:13: ... the starting point. Integer-spin particles are bosons, and they are the force carrying particles like photons with spin 1 or the Higgs particle with ... 13:49: ... equation by itself doesn’t force you to use symmetric or anti-symmetric wavefunctions - but if you try to ... 01:13: ... the starting point. Integer-spin particles are bosons, and they are the force carrying particles like photons with spin 1 or the Higgs particle with spin ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 01:02: ... an anti-gravitational field to resist  the ridiculous gravitational forces. ... 04:39: ... like gridlocked traffic. And the   symmetry of that repulsion forces nuclei into a regular grid. In this case the ... 08:15: ... range attraction to each other due to   the strong nuclear force, the electric repulsion between the remaining protons tries to push ... 01:02: ... an anti-gravitational field to resist  the ridiculous gravitational forces. ... 04:39: ... like gridlocked traffic. And the   symmetry of that repulsion forces nuclei into a regular grid. In this case the ... 10:06: ... of nuclear pasta allows it to resist the insane gravitational forces   and so support a sort of jumbled texture - sort of like nuclear ... 08:15: ... for each proton,   so the protons can’t really resist the forces reshaping the nuclei. The result is this game   of particle tug-of-war, ...
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 00:21: ... give rise to the particles   that make up all matter and all forces - and  if those quantum fields were a bit different,   ...
	2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse 05:21: ... the simplest imaginable case, the force that tries to bring the medium back to equilibrium is just proportional ... 05:43: ... restoring force of a simple harmonic oscillator is what we call linear - which just ... 05:54: ... displacements to be treated independently. A linear restoring force leads to a linear wave equation - and a linear wave equation is what you ... 05:43: ... what we call linear - which just means that the output - the restoring force - is proportional to the input - the ... 05:54: ... displacements to be treated independently. A linear restoring force leads to a linear wave equation - and a linear wave equation is what you need ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic attraction to the nucleus. And those electrons can ... 13:41: ... spiralled into each other. It teeters on the edge of explosion, and may force us to rethink how we measure our universe on the largest scales. It’s a ... 15:19: ... Tiuller asks whether the force that stops him when he runs into a wall is ultimately electromagnetic. ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic attraction to the nucleus. And those electrons can occupy ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 01:16: Magnetism is one half of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental forces alongside gravity. 01:22: Magnetism shares a property with gravity that none of the other forces have - it manifests on enormous scales. 01:29: The nuclear forces are short range, and the electrostatic force never adds up to much because its positive and negative charges tend to cancel it out. 02:30: ... a moving charged particle will feel a force perpendicular to both its direction of motion and to the field lines - ... 08:58: ... the Earth’s dynamo, swirls of magma are induced by the coriolis force, and while these are initially turbulent, they arrange themselves into a ... 13:39: The US air force weather agency sometimes gives aurora alerts when Stephen travels. 14:24: Moving charges exert forces on other moving charges - that’s what it always comes down to with magnetism. 02:30: ... a moving charged particle will feel a force perpendicular to both its direction of motion and to the field lines - and the net ... 13:39: The US air force weather agency sometimes gives aurora alerts when Stephen travels. 01:16: Magnetism is one half of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental forces alongside gravity. 01:22: Magnetism shares a property with gravity that none of the other forces have - it manifests on enormous scales. 01:29: The nuclear forces are short range, and the electrostatic force never adds up to much because its positive and negative charges tend to cancel it out. 14:24: Moving charges exert forces on other moving charges - that’s what it always comes down to with magnetism. 01:16: Magnetism is one half of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental forces alongside gravity.
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 05:37: ... means the external magnetic field induces a  force on the atoms that depends on the direction that these little magnetic ... 06:36: ... dipoles that are at 90 degrees to the field would experience no force whatsoever. But if we put our detector screen we see that the atoms ... 12:13: ... integer  spin - 0, 1, 2, etc. are called bosons, and include the force-carrying particles like the photon, gluons, etc. These are not described by ...
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 15:05: So Planck relics will stay Planck relics unless you can force feed them at an enormous rate.
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 10:17: ... principle - we can push the limit beyond what we thought possible to force ever more certain measurements of this uncertain space ...
	2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens 04:45: ... this is the same reason we’re forced to reject - or at least be very cautious about - all prior claims of ...
	2021-04-21: The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities 18:23: Given the extensive use of homing pigeons by the allied forces in WWII, my guess is that the Nazis would have won in all of these worlds.
	2021-04-07: Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting! 01:56: ... how particles with electric charge interact via the electromagnetic force, quantum ... 07:23: They have the same exact charge, interact with the same forces, and have the same quantum spin. 07:48: There can be very subtle interactions that involve the other forces, weak, strong, and even the Higgs field. 01:56: ... how particles with electric charge interact via the electromagnetic force, quantum ... 07:23: They have the same exact charge, interact with the same forces, and have the same quantum spin. 07:48: There can be very subtle interactions that involve the other forces, weak, strong, and even the Higgs field.
	2021-03-23: Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect 10:32: In fact, as argued by Ballentine, you can force a quantum system back to its starting state without true decoherence. 14:22: ... one of the assumptions in the CMB calculation is wrong - which would force us to change our model of how the cosmos ... 09:30: ... that with the right type of “jiggling” a quantum transition could be forced to speed up rather than to freeze - in what’s called the anti-Zeno ...
	2021-03-16: The NEW Crisis in Cosmology 12:25: ... lead to greater understanding - in this case,   of the strange forces driving  our ever-expanding ...
	2021-03-09: How Does Gravity Affect Light? 01:10: They assumed that light could be slowed down, and that light experiences a force of gravity in the same way that a massive object does. 01:38: ... of this in recent episodes, when we saw that what we experience as the force of gravity is mostly due to the way mass warps the flow of ...
	2021-02-24: Does Time Cause Gravity? 01:56: Absent a gravitational field or any forces, if the teapot starts motionless it stays that way.
	2021-02-17: Gravitational Wave Background Discovered? 00:00: ... of absolute collapse into black holes supported only by weird quantum forces neutron stars tend to channel jets of high energy particles due to their ...
	2021-02-10: How Does Gravity Warp the Flow of Time? 01:30: General relativity, or “GR” explains the force of gravity as being due to curvature in space and time. 02:43: ... gradient of time dilation - can be thought of as the true source of the force of ... 11:03: ... - actually do have to travel further - between mirrors or between the forces binding ...
	2021-01-26: Is Dark Matter Made of Particles? 01:44: ... these particles, interacting with each other through the standard model forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces and ... 01:55: In general, the behavior of a particle is determined by the forces it interacts with. 02:00: We can think of forces as the languages that particles use to communicate. 02:05: Any electrically charged particle experiences the electromagnetic force and can communicate with other charged particles by exchanging photons. 02:21: Neutrinos are unaffected by that force, and so they are quite literally invisible to photons. 02:27: A more technical way to think about this stuff is in terms of quantum fields - where each particle and force is a vibration in its own field. 02:34: ... each other - and if a particle field is connected to - coupled with a force field then it can speak the language of that ... 02:45: The force of gravity is a sort of lingua franca, a common language that every particle with mass can speak. 02:51: But gravity is a little different to the other forces - it’s not part of the Standard Model, and we don’t even know if it has a quantum field. 07:04: They don’t even interact by the weak force, which means they’re almost impossible to detect. 11:12: ... or positrons, interact very strongly via the electromagnetic force - which means they find each other too ... 11:50: Ergo, WIMPs interact by the weak force only, or something weaker. 12:03: ... about their dark business across the universe - interacting by dark forces, all of them oscillations in their own dark quantum fields - perhaps with ... 11:12: ... or positrons, interact very strongly via the electromagnetic force - which means they find each other too ... 02:34: ... each other - and if a particle field is connected to - coupled with a force field then it can speak the language of that ... 08:07: ... model which proposes that all the regular particles - both matter and force-carrying - have twins - counterparts on the opposite side of the ... 08:18: Every matter particle or fermion has a supersymmetric force-carrier, or boson. 08:07: ... model which proposes that all the regular particles - both matter and force-carrying - have twins - counterparts on the opposite side of the ... 01:44: ... these particles, interacting with each other through the standard model forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces and ... 01:55: In general, the behavior of a particle is determined by the forces it interacts with. 02:00: We can think of forces as the languages that particles use to communicate. 02:51: But gravity is a little different to the other forces - it’s not part of the Standard Model, and we don’t even know if it has a quantum field. 12:03: ... about their dark business across the universe - interacting by dark forces, all of them oscillations in their own dark quantum fields - perhaps with ... 01:44: ... these particles, interacting with each other through the standard model forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces and ... 02:51: But gravity is a little different to the other forces - it’s not part of the Standard Model, and we don’t even know if it has a quantum field.
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 03:41: The result is a dipole field, similar to that of a bar magnet: two poles connected by force lines forming a sort of cage around the planet. 03:49: At the poles, the force lines are roughly vertical compared to the surface; at the equator, they’re parallel. 04:56: Magnetic fields exert a force on a moving or rotating charged particle. 05:17: External magnetic fields tug on those electrons resulting in a force that can swivel the compass needle. 03:41: The result is a dipole field, similar to that of a bar magnet: two poles connected by force lines forming a sort of cage around the planet. 03:49: At the poles, the force lines are roughly vertical compared to the surface; at the equator, they’re parallel. 03:41: The result is a dipole field, similar to that of a bar magnet: two poles connected by force lines forming a sort of cage around the planet.
	2020-11-18: The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It 02:08: ... When they get close they deflect due to the repulsive electrostatic force between ... 10:34: ... Marik Zilberman has a really good comment. If the current fundamental forces that were once combined, could they be broken further? Honestly, I think ... 10:58: ... the weak interaction would fundamentally change - to become a different force with different ... 10:34: ... Marik Zilberman has a really good comment. If the current fundamental forces that were once combined, could they be broken further? Honestly, I think ...
	2020-11-04: Electroweak Theory and the Origin of the Fundamental Forces 00:02: We have a weird zoo of elementary particles, which interact through very different fundamental forces. 00:08: But some extremely subtle clues in nature have led us to believe that the forces of nature were once unified, ruled by a single, grand symmetry. 00:17: But how does one force separate into multiple? 00:20: And how do the forces of nature arise from mathematical symmetries in the first place? 00:41: Today we're going to begin an exploration of how the electromagnetic and weak forces were once a single thing. 01:02: You may have heard that it’s the force responsible for some types of radioactive decay. 01:06: That's Not very satisfying - but it’s how the weak force was first identified. 02:36: ... by actually touching - but via a mediating particle that transmits the force - the mitichlorian - I mean the ... 03:06: In 1957, Julian Schwinger proposed a set of force mediating gauge bosons for the weak interaction. 03:20: This was an early hint that somehow the electromagnetic force, which acts on charged particles, was playing a role here. 03:48: ... short range nature of forces with massive force carriers is usually attributed to the energy-time ... 04:33: ... as we'll see, the simple requirement that the weak force was mediated by massive particles ultimately unified the weak force with ... 05:54: So that is gauge theory in a nutshell: it explains a force by imposing symmetries on the equations of motion. 08:24: But the bosons of the weak force have to have mass. 09:01: In order for the weak force bosons to have mass, we have to willingly break the symmetry that gave us them in the first place. 10:43: So what if something similar is happening with the field that gives us the weak force? 11:00: That could lead to our force carriers having mass. 11:21: It turns out that both the weak force AND electromagnetism come from the breaking of a larger symmetry group. 11:48: ... the photon and a massive, broken SU(2) field that gives the massive weak force ... 12:13: Back then, electromagnetism and photons and the weak force didn’t exist. 12:47: ... to really make this work - to give the weak force bosons their mass - we have to conclude that really these fields, these ... 13:01: ... quest to find deeper symmetries that could bring the strong nuclear force into the fold, allowing us to collect the full Pokemon-evolution set of ... 02:36: ... by actually touching - but via a mediating particle that transmits the force - the mitichlorian - I mean the ... 09:01: In order for the weak force bosons to have mass, we have to willingly break the symmetry that gave us them in the first place. 11:48: ... the photon and a massive, broken SU(2) field that gives the massive weak force bosons. ... 12:47: ... to really make this work - to give the weak force bosons their mass - we have to conclude that really these fields, these ... 03:48: ... short range nature of forces with massive force carriers is usually attributed to the energy-time uncertainty relation, and we’ve ... 11:00: That could lead to our force carriers having mass. 12:13: Back then, electromagnetism and photons and the weak force didn’t exist. 03:06: In 1957, Julian Schwinger proposed a set of force mediating gauge bosons for the weak interaction. 01:02: You may have heard that it’s the force responsible for some types of radioactive decay. 00:17: But how does one force separate into multiple? 02:56: QED is what we call a gauge theory - its force-carrying fields and particles arise from the symmetries of the quantum equations of motion. 02:50: By the way, force-mediating particles are bosons, as opposed to the fermions that make up matter. 00:02: We have a weird zoo of elementary particles, which interact through very different fundamental forces. 00:08: But some extremely subtle clues in nature have led us to believe that the forces of nature were once unified, ruled by a single, grand symmetry. 00:20: And how do the forces of nature arise from mathematical symmetries in the first place? 00:41: Today we're going to begin an exploration of how the electromagnetic and weak forces were once a single thing. 03:48: ... short range nature of forces with massive force carriers is usually attributed to the energy-time ...
	2020-10-13: Do the Past and Future Exist? 01:27: ... position and velocity of every particle in the universe, as well as the forces that act between those particles, you could calculate all future and all ...
	2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life! 12:23: We may be forced to conclude that life is cosmically abundant.
	2020-09-28: Solving Quantum Cryptography 11:21: ... matrix, and the presence of the errors makes it impossible to brute force the one-way function in the backwards ...
	2020-09-21: Could Life Evolve Inside Stars? 03:23: ... breaking” - the same events that led to the appearance of the separate forces from an initial unified ...
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 00:20: ... truth - there’s this idea that mathematical beauty is a powerful guiding force towards truth - the more beautiful the equations of a proposed law of ... 06:26: And if so, does pursuing mathematical parsimony guide us inexorably towards the most elementary driving forces? 10:01: ... found a simple, elegant way to unify Einsteinian gravity with the other force of nature known at the time - ... 06:26: And if so, does pursuing mathematical parsimony guide us inexorably towards the most elementary driving forces?
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 05:25: ... there’s a huge difference between the strength of gravity and the other forces, and a huge difference between the measured masses of the known particles ... 07:07: ... our understanding of the Standard Model’s motley zoo of particles and forces, we probably need to achieve higher energies - energies even closer to ... 05:25: ... there’s a huge difference between the strength of gravity and the other forces, and a huge difference between the measured masses of the known particles ... 07:07: ... our understanding of the Standard Model’s motley zoo of particles and forces, we probably need to achieve higher energies - energies even closer to ...
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... with professor brian keating astrophysicist and friend we're joining forces to bring together some of the leading researchers uh in particle ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... details about what that means you know the nation the notion of the forces of nature uh kind of unifying together and then you know the the three ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 08:50: ... - like a tiny bar magnet. ALPHA introduces a new magnetic field that forces the anti-matter to the center of the chamber. In this way they’ve ...
	2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets? 15:01: ... experiment are very close together, you need to factor in the Casimir force between them to get an accurate measurement of the gravitational ... 15:15: So what if the Casimir force itself IS a modification of the gravitational force on tiny scales? 15:37: ... it’s because you would then expect experiments to measure a Casimir force that has a simple dependency on the mass of the two plates and their ... 16:06: CastleKnight7 asserted that Gravity, as with all forces is created by consciousness.
	2020-05-27: Does Gravity Require Extra Dimensions? 00:27: Gravity is by far the most familiar of the four fundamental forces - after all, we wrestle with it every day. 00:33: ... no surprise that it was the first force to get a decent mathematical description with Isaac Newton’s Law of ... 00:44: But what is surprising that nearly 500 years later, gravity remains the most mysterious of the four forces. 00:51: It just doesn’t seem to gel with the other three forces. 00:54: ... is that the strength of gravity is vastly weaker than the other forces - I’m talking 10^24 times weaker than even the weak nuclear ... 01:06: ... figure out what gravity really IS, and to unify it with the rest of the forces. ... 01:53: ... an example of such a law - basically, the strength of the gravitational force drops off with the square of the distance between two massive ... 02:03: If we have a massive object, we can depict the gravitational force (field) from this object as little arrows pointing towards the object. 03:46: ... some of the most promising approaches to unifying gravity with the other forces actually propose that there are MORE than 3 dimensions of space, and ... 06:25: ... seem a promising potential solution to unifying gravity with the other forces - and in the process explaining gravity’s ... 06:55: ... and that could explain its relative weakness compared compared to other forces. ... 07:36: It’s actually the OG - the experiment first used to measure the strength of the force of gravity - or the G in Newton’s law of gravitation. 08:23: This is an example of a torsion pendulum - where the restoring force of the twisted wire can cause the whole apparatus to oscillate. 08:32: ... it’s incredibly sensitive - if the wire is very thin, then very tiny forces will induce a large twist before being halted by the restoring ... 08:45: The amount of twist tells you precisely how much force was applied to rotate it. 09:24: ... allowed him to measure a force of gravity between the masses which was something like 10 million times ... 11:50: Things get complicated below about 1 micrometer in separation, that’s where the Casimir force comes into play. 01:53: ... an example of such a law - basically, the strength of the gravitational force drops off with the square of the distance between two massive ... 02:03: If we have a massive object, we can depict the gravitational force (field) from this object as little arrows pointing towards the object. 00:27: Gravity is by far the most familiar of the four fundamental forces - after all, we wrestle with it every day. 00:44: But what is surprising that nearly 500 years later, gravity remains the most mysterious of the four forces. 00:51: It just doesn’t seem to gel with the other three forces. 00:54: ... is that the strength of gravity is vastly weaker than the other forces - I’m talking 10^24 times weaker than even the weak nuclear ... 01:06: ... figure out what gravity really IS, and to unify it with the rest of the forces. ... 03:46: ... some of the most promising approaches to unifying gravity with the other forces actually propose that there are MORE than 3 dimensions of space, and ... 06:25: ... seem a promising potential solution to unifying gravity with the other forces - and in the process explaining gravity’s ... 06:55: ... and that could explain its relative weakness compared compared to other forces. ... 08:32: ... it’s incredibly sensitive - if the wire is very thin, then very tiny forces will induce a large twist before being halted by the restoring ... 00:27: Gravity is by far the most familiar of the four fundamental forces - after all, we wrestle with it every day. 00:54: ... is that the strength of gravity is vastly weaker than the other forces - I’m talking 10^24 times weaker than even the weak nuclear ... 06:25: ... seem a promising potential solution to unifying gravity with the other forces - and in the process explaining gravity’s ...
	2020-05-18: Mapping the Multiverse 02:04: Think of the worst spinny amusement park rides, or an astronaut high-g training machine - you'd feel yourself flung outwards by centrifugal force. 05:33: ... - these are the paths that objects take when not experiencing any force. ... 06:43: But those that approach the disk experience an overwhelming anti-gravitational force from the spinning singularity.
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... be very beautiful because it really I think reveals how it is that the forces of nature our notion of of what a force is emerges from the simple ...
	2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient 03:08: ... was that reasoned that these processes were driven by the same forces operating in the world today - so-called uniformitarianism. But those ...
	2020-02-18: Does Consciousness Influence Quantum Mechanics? 09:16: ... reality by acts of will - collapse the wavefunction in your favour to force the location of a spot on a screen, or influence the shapes of ...
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 00:03: ... does the strong nuclear force, the fundamental symmetries of nature, and a laundry detergent have in ... 00:27: ... mystery was a subtle inconsistency in the behavior of the fundamental forces. ... 01:05: ... But not all. In a previous episode we talked about how the weak nuclear force is NOT symmetric under combined charge and mirror inversion and - or in ... 02:11: ... axions? Well hold on, we’ll get there. Given CP violation in the weak force it’s natural to ask if it happens in the strong nuclear force also. The ... 02:35: ... best theoretical description of the strong force is quantum chromodynamics - QCD. That’s a deep and rich subject that ... 03:02: ... one example - if the strong force is CP violating, it’s predicted that the neutron should exhibit an ... 05:16: ... weird vacuum - that appear to violate CP symmetry. That means the strong force should show CP violation. So why doesn’t it? One possible explanation is ... 07:47: It would interact very weakly via the strong and weak nuclear forces, and via gravity. 07:53: ... with the electromagnetic field and produce photons via the strong force. ... 11:08: ... interaction with light, and only weak interactions via the other forces. And although these particles are extremely light, axions, if they exist, ... 02:35: ... For now it’s enough to know that the equations of motion of the strong force, derived with QCD, actually allow violation of CP symmetry. In fact they almost ... 00:27: ... mystery was a subtle inconsistency in the behavior of the fundamental forces. ... 07:47: It would interact very weakly via the strong and weak nuclear forces, and via gravity. 11:08: ... interaction with light, and only weak interactions via the other forces. And although these particles are extremely light, axions, if they exist, ...
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 03:50: ... experiments revealed that the forces binding these sub-nuclear particles together must be so strong that ... 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 05:22: But what if you don’t know those internal interaction forces? 08:35: Before quarks and their interactions were properly understood, doing that sum seemed impossible in the case of strong force interactions. 09:45: ... of the behavior of quarks and gluons revealed that the strong nuclear force does not actually approach infinite strength as was once feared, and so ... 11:35: ... so string theory was born - at first as a description of strong nuclear force interactions before quantum chromodynamics took over - but then as a ... 08:35: Before quarks and their interactions were properly understood, doing that sum seemed impossible in the case of strong force interactions. 11:35: ... so string theory was born - at first as a description of strong nuclear force interactions before quantum chromodynamics took over - but then as a theory of ... 03:50: ... experiments revealed that the forces binding these sub-nuclear particles together must be so strong that ... 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 05:22: But what if you don’t know those internal interaction forces? 03:50: ... experiments revealed that the forces binding these sub-nuclear particles together must be so strong that space and ...
	2020-01-06: How To Detect a Neutrino 00:23: ... particle may hold powerful secrets, ♪ ♪ from the unification of the forces of nature, ♪ (𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘬 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩) ♪ to the biggest question of ... 01:57: ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ Neutrinos are among the most elusive elementary particles of nature, ♪ ♪ only interacting by the weak nuclear force and gravity. 04:16: ♪ ♪ As we mentioned: they only experience the weak nuclear force and gravity, ♪ ((𝘴𝘰𝘧𝘵)) ♪ and the latter is so weak we can ignore it altogether. 04:24: ... ♪ (𝘩𝘪𝘨𝘩 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘧𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯) ♪ exchange one of the carriers of the weak force: ♪ ♪ a W or Z boson; ♪ (𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘤 𝘱𝘪𝘢𝘯𝘰 𝘴𝘰𝘧𝘵𝘭𝘺 𝘢𝘳𝘱𝘦𝘨𝘨𝘪𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘴) ... 05:05: ... 𝘱𝘢𝘶𝘴𝘦, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘦 𝘱𝘪𝘢𝘯𝘰 𝘢𝘳𝘱𝘦𝘨𝘨𝘪𝘰) ♪ Now, the thing about the weak force bosons is that they are massive, ♪ ♪ unlike the massless photon or ... 00:23: ... particle may hold powerful secrets, ♪ ♪ from the unification of the forces of nature, ♪ (𝘣𝘦𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘢𝘳𝘬 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘺𝘯𝘵𝘩) ♪ to the biggest question of ... 05:05: ... photon or gluon, which carry the electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces. ...
	2019-12-17: Do Black Holes Create New Universes? 00:30: Why, for example, are the fundamental constants - like the mass of the electron or the strength of the forces - just right for the emergence of life?
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 00:50: ... and the constants defining the relative strengths of the fundamental forces - the so-called coupling ... 05:44: This all comes does to the fine-tuning of the strength of the strong nuclear force. 05:54: The balance between the fundamental forces in general seems to be just right for complex chemisty. 06:01: ... the strong force were a bit stronger, protons would be able to bind to each other to form ... 06:21: ... the other hand, if the strong force were a bit weaker then deuterium - heavy hydrogen - becomes unstable, ... 06:51: But the fine-tuning is still there - we need the right balance between between the strengths of the strong nuclear force and gravity. 07:00: Similar balances are needed between all of the forces. 07:05: The stability of atoms and the rate of fusion in stars and in the early universe depends on the balance between electromagnetism and the strong force. 07:19: ... the weak nuclear force is important; it regulates the conversion of protons into neutrons, and ... 07:37: ... strengths of the fundamental forces are set by the so-called coupling constants - for example, the fine ... 07:47: ... span a vast range of values nearly 10^40 from the strong nuclear force to gravity, and there’s no apparent pattern in their values. As far as ... 08:25: ... so it seems that the balance of the strengths of the forces and the masses of the elementary particles, is just right for things ... 00:50: ... and the constants defining the relative strengths of the fundamental forces - the so-called coupling ... 05:54: The balance between the fundamental forces in general seems to be just right for complex chemisty. 07:00: Similar balances are needed between all of the forces. 07:37: ... strengths of the fundamental forces are set by the so-called coupling constants - for example, the fine ... 08:25: ... so it seems that the balance of the strengths of the forces and the masses of the elementary particles, is just right for things ... 00:50: ... and the constants defining the relative strengths of the fundamental forces - the so-called coupling ...
	2019-10-21: Is Time Travel Impossible? 03:16: ... relativity, which incorporates special relativity, but also explains the force of gravity as a result of curvature in the fabric of spacetime due to ...
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 01:46: ... involve a set of equations describing how stuff moves around, exerts force, etc. on some background coordinate ... 15:35: ... of a black hole which comes from the fact that the outward centrifugal force of rotation partially counters the gravitatinally attraction - if you'll ...
	2019-09-30: How Many Universes Are There? 11:21: He admits that, while it seems logically sound, it does seem weird enough to force us to question the premises.
	2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars? 18:29: ... magnetic force-shield isn't nearly as strong as Earth's, however, so our Venusian floating ...
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 00:24: ... of magnetic force, forged by currents in the planet’s molten core, erupt from the surface ... 00:38: Magnetic fields exert a force on moving charged particles, causing them to spiral around those force lines. 05:03: These flows are then twisted into helixes by the coriolis force – the same effect that produces hurricanes on Earth’s surface. 06:33: You have these streams of conducting material twisted into helices by the coriolis force. 00:24: ... of magnetic force, forged by currents in the planet’s molten core, erupt from the surface close to ... 00:38: Magnetic fields exert a force on moving charged particles, causing them to spiral around those force lines.
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 05:59: Those are theories that combine the strong nuclear force with electromagnetic and weak forces. 08:06: ... fluctuations come in all sizes and a rare strong fluctuation would force the inflaton field back up the potential energy slope, causing inflation ... 05:59: Those are theories that combine the strong nuclear force with electromagnetic and weak forces.
	2019-08-12: Exploring Arecibo in VR 180 00:13: ... through the vast solar system did it learn mastery over matter and the forces of nature and built cities and spaceships? and this thing, it's the tip ...
	2019-08-06: What Caused the Big Bang? 05:09: The field strength determines how much force a quantum field exerts on other fields and particles.
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 00:33: ... Matter-antimatter annihilation we have nuclear energy the strong nuclear force holding nuclei together contains an enormous amount of energy The Sun is ...
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 00:08: ... the Sun It came as a bit of a shock they were discovered as the driving force behind Quasars where matter is heated to extreme Incandescence before ... 07:21: ... is because hot gas can't form new stars gas has to cool down before the force of gravity can cause it to collapse into the stars too hot and it stays ...
	2019-05-09: Why Quantum Computing Requires Quantum Cryptography 05:39: That act forced the photon to make a choice – first which basis – rectilinear or diagonal – then which actual direction.
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... to pieces spinning that quickly that is unless a gravitational force of unseen origin was holding them together since the 1970s generations ...
	2019-04-10: The Holographic Universe Explained 07:54: ... first iteration of the theory, around 1970, tried to model the strong force between pairs of quarks – mesons – as this strand of gluons that behaves ... 08:44: This and other glitches led to string theory being abandoned as a model for the strong force.
	2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom? 10:03: ... before absolute disruption, it will overcome all chemical bonds then the forces binding atoms together, then nucleons, and then presumably anything ... 15:10: On the other hand, if dark energy evolved into an attractive rather than repulsive force, who knows! 10:03: ... before absolute disruption, it will overcome all chemical bonds then the forces binding atoms together, then nucleons, and then presumably anything ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 06:14: After all, Newton tells us, an object in motion tends to remain in motion unless acted on by an outside force. 06:21: So remove all outside forces – remove all friction, all energy losses of any kind, and surely any machine can tick on forever.
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 04:08: Immediately after that, two competing forces began to work.
	2019-01-30: Perpetual Motion From Negative Mass? 01:34: This is encapsulated in Newton’s second law, which defines the connection between the amount of force applied and the acceleration that results. 02:04: We refer to the mass that exerts or responds to a gravitational force gravitational mass. 03:08: ... the response to gravity also defines resistance to acceleration by all forces – including ... 03:24: We know that the gravitational force between positive mass objects is attractive. 03:28: In fact, in Newtonian gravity, any like masses – both positive or both negative - should produce a mutually attractive force. 04:37: Newton’s second law seems to say that negative inertial masses respond oppositely to the applied force. 04:45: A repulsive force on a negative mass becomes an attractive force and vice versa. 04:51: ... to recap: this suggests that two negative masses produce an attractive force which actually drives them ... 06:48: A so-called geodesic path is the trajectory of an object in a gravitational field assuming no additional forces. 08:08: Trajectories curve away from the source, and that looks like a repulsive force. 10:26: Much less clear is the way a negative mass responds to an applied force. 11:52: ... inertial mass implies flipping the sign of the acceleration when any force is applied to exotic matter, and it also means flipping the sign of its ... 12:15: It also implies that ALL fundamental forces have their directions flipped by the action of the charge of the gravitational field. 01:34: This is encapsulated in Newton’s second law, which defines the connection between the amount of force applied and the acceleration that results. 02:04: We refer to the mass that exerts or responds to a gravitational force gravitational mass. 03:08: ... the response to gravity also defines resistance to acceleration by all forces – including ... 06:48: A so-called geodesic path is the trajectory of an object in a gravitational field assuming no additional forces. 12:15: It also implies that ALL fundamental forces have their directions flipped by the action of the charge of the gravitational field.
	2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology 08:13: These counteractive forces produced oscillations,...
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 03:02: ... affects left chiral fermions right chiral fermions don't feel the weak force at all but the opposite is true of antimatter right chiral anti fermions ...
	2019-01-09: Are Dark Matter And Dark Energy The Same? 04:40: Two positive masses always give an attractive force by definition. 04:45: Two negative masses should cancel each other’s signs so also give you an attractive force. 04:51: But with one negative and one positive mass, the final force of gravity has the opposite sign - that makes it repulsive. 05:09: It also determines the way objects respond to forces via Newton’s 2nd Law. 05:23: For a positive inertial mass, direction of acceleration is the same as direction as the applied force. 05:29: For a negative mass, this equation suggests that acceleration is in the opposite direction to the applied force. 05:45: So Farnes argues that the “attractive” gravitational force between two negative masses should actually drive them apart. 05:56: At the same time, the repulsive force between a negative and positive mass should repel the positive and attract the negative mass. 08:10: That gives a positive pressure, and in general relativity positive pressure adds an attractive gravitational force, no matter what causes it. 05:09: It also determines the way objects respond to forces via Newton’s 2nd Law.
	2018-12-20: Why String Theory is Wrong 04:49: It also didn't give anything beyond electromagnetism, but, to be fair, the other fundamental forces hadn't even been discovered at that stage. 05:30: ... like the vast differences in strengths between the fundamental forces. ... 04:49: It also didn't give anything beyond electromagnetism, but, to be fair, the other fundamental forces hadn't even been discovered at that stage. 05:30: ... like the vast differences in strengths between the fundamental forces. ... 04:49: It also didn't give anything beyond electromagnetism, but, to be fair, the other fundamental forces hadn't even been discovered at that stage.
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... for tests involving gravity electromagnetism and the strong nuclear forces it was assumed that the weak nuclear force was the same deal that's ...
	2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space? 00:37: ... and hundreds of thousands of Earth atmospheres in shock pressure similar forces apply when it smacks down at the other end of the journey temperatures ...
	2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens 15:43: It just explained the force carrying bosons like the graviton and the photon. 16:04: It appeared to say that the weak force is 1,024 times stronger than gravity. 15:43: It just explained the force carrying bosons like the graviton and the photon.
	2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found? 01:30: ... explain the minuscule weakness of gravity compared to the other three forces. ... 01:46: ... which comprise matter, and the bosons, which communicate the fundamental forces. ... 02:49: That's the energy at which the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces merge into the same force. 15:11: ... explanation for the unusual weakness of the gravitational force is that there's an extra special dimension that has the same scale as ... 01:30: ... explain the minuscule weakness of gravity compared to the other three forces. ... 01:46: ... which comprise matter, and the bosons, which communicate the fundamental forces. ... 02:49: That's the energy at which the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces merge into the same force.
	2018-11-07: Why String Theory is Right 01:36: ... seem to come together so neatly towards a unified description of all forces and particles, and most importantly that unification includes ... 03:40: In quantum theories of gravity, the gravitational force is communicated by the graviton particle. 14:26: Uri Nation asks about the photons that mediate the magnetic field or the contact force between two bodies. 14:37: These fundamental forces are mediated by fluctuations in the quantum fields of the relevant forces. 14:56: Eddie Mitch asked whether the virtual particles are required to explain the Casimir force. 01:36: ... seem to come together so neatly towards a unified description of all forces and particles, and most importantly that unification includes ... 14:37: These fundamental forces are mediated by fluctuations in the quantum fields of the relevant forces.
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 06:07: But what about attractive forces? 06:50: These are the virtual photons that ultimately provide the attractive force. 08:16: No individual virtual photon can be credited with producing the attractive force. 08:22: In fact, you only see that force in the sum of all possible virtual photons over all possible Feynman diagrams. 08:31: Bizarrely, you also have to include the case where the electron and the positron totally ignore each other to even see an attractive force. 06:07: But what about attractive forces?
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 00:10: There are these tiny vibrating strings, and that's where all the force's particles, including gravity, in the entire universe come from. 01:52: The idea started in the 60s with efforts to understand the behavior of hadrons, collections of quarks bound by the gluons of the strong nuclear force. 02:23: In this case, the strings are stretched out tubes of strong nuclear force, vibrating elastic bands made of gluons. 02:46: ... of the reasons this strong force version of string theory got stuck is that it predicted the existence of ... 04:23: If it worked, it would have been a candidate for a grand unified theory combining all known forces. 02:46: ... of the reasons this strong force version of string theory got stuck is that it predicted the existence of ... 02:23: In this case, the strings are stretched out tubes of strong nuclear force, vibrating elastic bands made of gluons. 03:51: In fact, what if all force-carrying particles result from oscillations in tiny strings? 04:31: If wiggly strings can explain force-carrying bosons, why not also the fermions that comprise matter? 03:51: In fact, what if all force-carrying particles result from oscillations in tiny strings? 04:31: If wiggly strings can explain force-carrying bosons, why not also the fermions that comprise matter? 03:51: In fact, what if all force-carrying particles result from oscillations in tiny strings? 00:10: There are these tiny vibrating strings, and that's where all the force's particles, including gravity, in the entire universe come from. 04:23: If it worked, it would have been a candidate for a grand unified theory combining all known forces. 00:10: There are these tiny vibrating strings, and that's where all the force's particles, including gravity, in the entire universe come from.
	2018-10-03: How to Detect Extra Dimensions 02:26: ... explain a lot, from the difference between gravity and the other forces of nature to the nature of dark ... 04:03: This relationship also applies to the force felt in a gravitational field. 04:44: ... the electromagnetic strong and weak forces are all in the same ballpark in terms of strength, gravity is vastly ... 04:56: The only reason we see so much gravity is that its range is infinite-- and unlike the nuclear forces. 05:02: And it doesn't cancel out, like the electromagnetic force. 05:06: This mismatch in strength might be because gravity is really fundamentally different to the other forces. 05:15: Many would like to find a "theory of everything" which merges the forces of nature into the same über force. 05:22: That means gravity has to look just like the other forces at very high energies. 06:47: Most of the stuff in such a universe, including all of the fundamental forces besides gravity, would be restricted to the 3-brane. 07:20: This can be used to explain the general weakness of the gravitational force on all but the tiniest scales. 08:58: Wild light and the force of gravity appear to obey the inverse square law. 12:36: Devin Faux asks whether gravity is maybe the exception to the rule that the forces arise from quantizing [INAUDIBLE] fields. 12:50: ... to quantize gravity by placing it within the same framework as the other forces to show that it arises from the same underlying ... 13:05: Other theories treat gravity very differently to the other forces. 04:03: This relationship also applies to the force felt in a gravitational field. 02:26: ... explain a lot, from the difference between gravity and the other forces of nature to the nature of dark ... 04:44: ... the electromagnetic strong and weak forces are all in the same ballpark in terms of strength, gravity is vastly ... 04:56: The only reason we see so much gravity is that its range is infinite-- and unlike the nuclear forces. 05:06: This mismatch in strength might be because gravity is really fundamentally different to the other forces. 05:15: Many would like to find a "theory of everything" which merges the forces of nature into the same über force. 05:22: That means gravity has to look just like the other forces at very high energies. 06:47: Most of the stuff in such a universe, including all of the fundamental forces besides gravity, would be restricted to the 3-brane. 12:36: Devin Faux asks whether gravity is maybe the exception to the rule that the forces arise from quantizing [INAUDIBLE] fields. 12:50: ... to quantize gravity by placing it within the same framework as the other forces to show that it arises from the same underlying ... 13:05: Other theories treat gravity very differently to the other forces.
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 08:01: Given that sensible underlying structure, it's relatively routine to apply quantum principles, or quantize, most of the forces of nature.
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 00:28: Let's see why because this fact may force us to conclude that the universe is a hologram.
	2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction 01:13: ... field interacts with charged particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you ... 02:33: If we put a bar magnet in a second external magnetic field, it'll feel a torque, a force causing it to rotate to align with that field.
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 00:12: And also, a force of unthinkable destructive power. 08:06: ... relative hair's breadth from the sun where it will be bathed in the full force of the sun's violent ...
	2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy 00:07: ... the ultimate heat death of the universe, and providing the driving force for the development of structure as well as decay and also excusing the ... 09:09: This is assuming you don't force the system from the outside.
	2018-07-11: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model 09:49: ... that give rise to electromagnetism, the weak and the strong nuclear forces, ... 10:29: ... quantum field nor the connection between symmetry and the fundamental forces, perhaps it's the fact that by pure exploration of mathematics, delving ... 09:49: ... that give rise to electromagnetism, the weak and the strong nuclear forces, ... 10:29: ... quantum field nor the connection between symmetry and the fundamental forces, perhaps it's the fact that by pure exploration of mathematics, delving ...
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 00:36: They don't interact by the electromagnetic or strong nuclear forces, only by the weak nuclear force and gravity. 01:38: Those regular neutrinos are spotted when they interact with matter via the weak nuclear force. 02:25: ... these particles are divided into the bosons which carry the fundamental forces and the fermions which comprise ... 05:21: Chirality determines whether a particle can interact with the weak nuclear force. 05:26: The left chiral electron feels this force and the right chiral electron does not. 05:34: The right chiral antielectron feels the weak force, while the left chiral antielectron does not. 00:36: They don't interact by the electromagnetic or strong nuclear forces, only by the weak nuclear force and gravity. 02:25: ... these particles are divided into the bosons which carry the fundamental forces and the fermions which comprise ...
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 14:01: But quantum-field theory imagines the electromagnetic force as being transmitted by virtual photons.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 02:58: After all, the forces involved, namely the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, are only communicated at the speed of light. 06:26: ... and Coulomb's law for electrostatics say that the strength of the force produced by these fields drops off with the square of the distance from ... 06:37: ... large spheres around a pointlike field source, the intensity of those forces gets spread out over an increasingly large ... 06:48: You can think of lines of force getting further and further apart for larger spheres. 06:52: The area of that sphere is proportional to the square of its radius, so the density of the lines of force decrease with distance squared. 07:21: The lines of force never fade, never vanish, and never merge into each other. 07:28: That means all lines of force created within a closed region must eventually cross that region's surface. 07:34: ... so the gravitational and electromagnetic forces have infinite range, and so Gauss's law demands that the mass and charge ... 07:28: That means all lines of force created within a closed region must eventually cross that region's surface. 06:52: The area of that sphere is proportional to the square of its radius, so the density of the lines of force decrease with distance squared. 06:26: ... and Coulomb's law for electrostatics say that the strength of the force produced by these fields drops off with the square of the distance from the ... 02:58: After all, the forces involved, namely the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, are only communicated at the speed of light. 06:37: ... large spheres around a pointlike field source, the intensity of those forces gets spread out over an increasingly large ... 07:34: ... so the gravitational and electromagnetic forces have infinite range, and so Gauss's law demands that the mass and charge ... 02:58: After all, the forces involved, namely the gravitational and electromagnetic forces, are only communicated at the speed of light.
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 04:21: We just set things up so our laws of motion force two possible initial states into the same exact final state.
	2018-05-16: Noether's Theorem and The Symmetries of Reality 03:11: For example, moving along a perfectly flat road, the downward force of gravity stays constant.
	2018-04-18: Using Stars to See Gravitational Waves 05:12: Or even from the instant after the Big Bang, when the speculative graviton decoupled from the other fundamental forces. 07:05: ... and contraction of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its ... 05:12: Or even from the instant after the Big Bang, when the speculative graviton decoupled from the other fundamental forces. 07:05: ... and contraction of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its ...
	2018-02-28: The Trebuchet Challenge 01:15: ... conservative force that changes an object's speed over some distance will change that ... 01:25: More, it doesn't actually matter what path the object takes between two points under the influence of that force. 01:43: ... that when two objects with different masses are accelerated by the same force over the same path, the quantity half mass times velocity squared has to ... 02:27: After all, the interactions between particles are ultimately due to fundamental forces, which are always conservative. 04:46: ... of a trebuchet in terms of Newton's laws, with a complicated series of force vectors, some gnarly geometry, and of course, some ... 02:27: After all, the interactions between particles are ultimately due to fundamental forces, which are always conservative.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 10:18: ... after a threshold, they come into range of each other's strong nuclear force, and the direction of the force turns around so the protons fold ... 10:59: It represents the energy exchange that would result from a particle or system moving between two points under the action of a conservative force. 11:07: It tells you the kinetic energy that will be gained or lost in motion between two points due to the work done by that force. 11:14: Alternatively, it's the work that will be needed to be done against that force in order to execute that motion. 10:18: ... range of each other's strong nuclear force, and the direction of the force turns around so the protons fold ...
	2018-02-14: What is Energy? 01:32: Leibniz called this early incarnation of energy vis viva, the living force. 05:04: This is a feature of what we call a conservative force. 05:07: ... path taken between two points within a conservative force field takes the same amount of work, the same shift between kinetic and ... 05:37: It may encounter energy sapping effects, like friction or air resistance, so-called dissipative or non-conservative forces. 05:45: But ultimately, all fundamental forces are conservative, as long as you consider all of the particles involved. 06:35: ... we even need to account for the potential energy in the forces that bind subatomic particles together, the energy of mass, which we ... 08:12: It produces the same equations of motion as Newtonian mechanics but without having to keep track of those innumerable fiddly force vectors. 09:53: Energy is conserved if the physics of a system, for example, the nature of a force field, stays the same over time. 05:07: ... path taken between two points within a conservative force field takes the same amount of work, the same shift between kinetic and ... 09:53: Energy is conserved if the physics of a system, for example, the nature of a force field, stays the same over time. 05:07: ... path taken between two points within a conservative force field takes the same amount of work, the same shift between kinetic and potential ... 08:12: It produces the same equations of motion as Newtonian mechanics but without having to keep track of those innumerable fiddly force vectors. 05:37: It may encounter energy sapping effects, like friction or air resistance, so-called dissipative or non-conservative forces. 05:45: But ultimately, all fundamental forces are conservative, as long as you consider all of the particles involved. 06:35: ... we even need to account for the potential energy in the forces that bind subatomic particles together, the energy of mass, which we ...
	2018-01-17: Horizon Radiation 10:06: ... the remaining part of the skin in a very different way, with different forces at each ...
	2018-01-10: What Do Stars Sound Like? 03:08: When some material is moved from its preferred depth, buoyancy forces try to push it back into place.
	2017-11-29: Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer 06:28: ... of setae at any one time, and each seta can support 200 micronewtons of force. ... 08:54: ... the first successful Casimir experiment saw the force emerge when the plates were separated by around one micrometer, 100 ... 09:11: Also, without a very short-range Casimir force, geckos would fall off walls. 08:54: ... the first successful Casimir experiment saw the force emerge when the plates were separated by around one micrometer, 100 times ... 09:11: Also, without a very short-range Casimir force, geckos would fall off walls.
	2017-11-22: Suicide Space Robots 13:15: ... the TL;DR is that this paper did measure a change in force applied to a torsion pendulum in the corrected direction when the ...
	2017-11-08: Zero-Point Energy Demystified 04:36: The result is a pressure differential that produces a measurable force, pulling the plates together. 06:10: Virtual particles, and hence, the quantum vacuum, mediate all forces. 07:26: Geckos are able to cling to almost any surface by making use of Van der Walls forces, which are essentially the same thing as the Casimir force. 07:47: ... fraction of these hairs are close enough to the surface so that Casimir forces come into ... 08:05: ... one time to a surface, and each center produces sufficient Van der Waals force to withstand 200 micronewtons of shear ... 04:36: The result is a pressure differential that produces a measurable force, pulling the plates together. 06:10: Virtual particles, and hence, the quantum vacuum, mediate all forces. 07:26: Geckos are able to cling to almost any surface by making use of Van der Walls forces, which are essentially the same thing as the Casimir force. 07:47: ... fraction of these hairs are close enough to the surface so that Casimir forces come into ...
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 11:25: But if it's exactly the same everywhere, then there's no net attractive force.
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 04:33: For example, QFT describes the electromagnetic force as the exchange of virtual photons between charged particles. 05:45: This restriction defines the range of the fundamental forces. 05:55: And so virtual photons can exist for any amount of time, long enough to carry the electromagnetic force to any distance. 06:03: On the other hand, it always takes a baseline chunk of energy to create a gluon, the carrier of the strong nuclear force, because gluons have mass. 06:13: That means there's a limit to how long virtual gluons can exist and travel, which in turn makes the strong nuclear force a very short-range force. 09:32: ... a micrometer, conducting surfaces were found to be drawn together by a force that matched the predictions of quantum field ... 09:42: Now while there are potentially other explanations for the observed force, this has been taken as strong evidence that vacuum energy is real. 13:32: ... atoms are all spin-half fermions, so electrons and quarks, while the force-carrying particles like photons, gluons, et cetera, are spin-1 ... 05:45: This restriction defines the range of the fundamental forces.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 01:00: ... things like the mass of the electron and the relative strengths of the forces of ... 03:37: It's a dimensionless description of the strength of the electromagnetic force. 01:00: ... things like the mass of the electron and the relative strengths of the forces of ...
	2017-09-13: Neutron Stars Collide in New LIGO Signal? 02:22: They are mostly composed of neutrons at the density of an atomic nucleus and are held up by a quantum mechanical force called degeneracy pressure.
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 01:59: These incoming winds travel such large distances across the Earth's surface that they are subject to the Coriolis force. 02:17: ... a clockwise-spinning surface, there's a pull, a Coriolis force, to the left, while on a counter-clockwise surface the Coriolis force is ... 03:36: The outgoing winds of a high-pressure cell still do respond to the Coriolis force, so they form a vortex. 05:29: But on the gas giants, it can extend 100 miles into the planet's murky depths, where pressure forces the gas into a metallic liquid state.
	2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe 11:23: ... the edge of the observable universe, then yeah, it no longer exerts a force on ... 11:34: That force would have been exerted by a high density patch of space in the pre-inflationary period at the beginning of the universe.
	2017-07-12: Solving the Impossible in Quantum Field Theory 01:46: That field then exerts a repulsive force on the other electron. 02:49: In fact, we call it a virtual photon, and it only exists long enough to communicate this force.
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 05:13: It can't describe things moving anywhere near the speed of light and it implicitly assumes that forces act instantaneously. 11:28: ... are fields for every type of quark-antiquark pair, for every type of force-carrying particle-- so-called bosons, like photons and gluons-- and of course for ... 05:13: It can't describe things moving anywhere near the speed of light and it implicitly assumes that forces act instantaneously.
	2017-05-31: The Fate of the First Stars 12:34: It may be that physical environment is no longer as strong a force in driving natural selection.
	2017-05-03: Are We Living in an Ancestor Simulation? ft. Neil deGrasse Tyson 14:20: ... there's a pretty powerful emergent force, then even the pseudo random assembly of a Boltzmann brain is vastly more ... 14:32: Henry School follows with a very good point on these emergent forces.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 03:51: ... to make time crystals by using some sort of external input of energy to force the oscillating ...
	2017-03-01: The Treasures of Trappist-1 07:22: However, tidal forces could pose a serious problem to the inner planets. 07:35: Tidal force between two bodies is proportional to the product of the masses and the inverse cube of their distance. 11:12: As you suggest, it's when inward gravitational forces and outward gas pressure are in equilibrium. 07:22: However, tidal forces could pose a serious problem to the inner planets. 11:12: As you suggest, it's when inward gravitational forces and outward gas pressure are in equilibrium.
	2017-02-22: The Eye of Sauron Reveals a Forming Solar System! 09:59: It does a great job describing the forces that shaped our own early solar system.
	2017-01-19: The Phantom Singularity 00:39: Newton's equation gives you the gravitational force exerted between two masses, m1 and m2 that are a distance R apart. 00:53: It means the force gets larger the closer the masses are to each other. 01:03: Then the result of the equation, the force, becomes extremely large and is infinite when R becomes equal to 0. 01:14: Infinite force means infinite acceleration, which means-- well, physics breaks. 00:39: Newton's equation gives you the gravitational force exerted between two masses, m1 and m2 that are a distance R apart. 03:29: ... growth, mathematics predicts a physical singularity, and we've been forced to reject the corresponding ...
	2017-01-11: The EM Drive: Fact or Fantasy? 02:06: ... propose that thrust, a net force in one direction, the fat end for the EmDrive, can be achieved by ... 03:41: The main criticism of all non-vacuum tests is that thermal convection in the surrounding air may have produced the observed force. 04:10: Twisting of the wire gives an extremely precise measurement of any force.
	2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer 05:34: ... at half the moon's orbit radius, capable of generating a reflective force shield to bounce the pulse back the way it ... 10:26: Well, here, we're saved by Newton's shell theorem, which states that the gravitational force inside a perfectly symmetric shell is zero. 05:34: ... at half the moon's orbit radius, capable of generating a reflective force shield to bounce the pulse back the way it ...
	2016-12-14: Escape The Kugelblitz Challenge 05:22: ... a spherically symmetric shell of mass or energy feels no gravitational force from that ... 06:19: ... satellite network that can produce a perfectly reflective, spherical force shield about halfway between the Earth and the ...
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 06:39: At less than a billionth of a second after the Big Bang, the fundamental forces of nature were not as we know them today. 06:45: The electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force were unified as the electroweak force. 06:39: At less than a billionth of a second after the Big Bang, the fundamental forces of nature were not as we know them today.
	2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars 06:02: This is possible using a centrifuge, a rotating ring that results in the feeling of an outward force, a centrifugal force, with respect to the ring. 07:10: ... we lose the inexorable driving force that is Elon Musk, a Martian settlement will have to be entirely ...
	2016-10-05: Are We Alone? Galactic Civilization Challenge 03:49: That's so insanely small that we're forced to conclude that there must have been civilizations out there before.
	2016-09-29: Life on Europa? 02:49: The same forces drive massive volcanic activity in its system moon IO, and so it's likely that Europa's rocky interior is also geologically active. 10:42: That's because the measurement of its entangled twin forces its alignment to be 90 degrees to its own measurement axis. 02:49: The same forces drive massive volcanic activity in its system moon IO, and so it's likely that Europa's rocky interior is also geologically active. 10:42: That's because the measurement of its entangled twin forces its alignment to be 90 degrees to its own measurement axis. 02:49: The same forces drive massive volcanic activity in its system moon IO, and so it's likely that Europa's rocky interior is also geologically active.
	2016-09-21: Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate 05:48: Measurement forces the alignment of the measured particle.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 00:00: ... were plastering the internet with headlines, like "Fifth Fundamental Force of Nature Discovered." What was that all ... 00:12: Is there really a new force? 01:52: But why do they think that the mysterious 17 MEV particle is a new type of fundamental force? 02:34: See, three of the four fundamental forces, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces, are all communicated by these gauge bosons things. 02:43: A new gauge boson means a new fundamental force. 02:34: See, three of the four fundamental forces, electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear forces, are all communicated by these gauge bosons things.
	2016-08-10: How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past 00:30: ... possibly even stranger, version of this experiment, whose results force us to reconsider the nature of causality ... 01:42: Does observation of the particle's location force the universe into settling down and deciding which particular reality we happen to be in? 07:29: ... we forced to double down on the interpretation that observation of the path causes ...
	2016-06-29: Nuclear Physics Challenge 00:37: For example, a particle bound within an atomic nucleus may spontaneously find itself outside the nucleus, where the binding force no longer holds it. 01:48: The walls of the box result from the strong nuclear force which holds the nucleus together. 01:54: However, that force has a very, very short range. 01:57: The particle is bouncing between these force walls. 03:34: That happens when the potential energy of the cooling force trying to drive it away from the nucleus is equal to the kinetic energy of the particle. 01:57: The particle is bouncing between these force walls.
	2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing 10:18: Think about that alpha particle trying to tunnel through the potential energy wall of the strong nuclear force. 10:34: That means it can spontaneously be in the region of the wall where the strong nuclear force is pulling it back towards the center.
	2016-06-08: New Fundamental Particle Discovered?? + Challenge Winners! 00:18: ... model is basically the periodic table of fundamental particles and forces that represents our entire current understanding of the building blocks ... 03:47: A highly speculative particle responsible for the transmission of the gravitational force. 00:18: ... model is basically the periodic table of fundamental particles and forces that represents our entire current understanding of the building blocks ...
	2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light? 03:13: There an alpha particle is snugly bound into the nucleus by the strong nuclear force. 03:39: As an alpha particle approaches the force barrier of the nucleus, its wave packet is reflected backwards, usually. 03:55: But that possibility space does not end suddenly at the force barrier. 04:10: There remains a tiny tail of probability outside the nucleus, beyond the reach of the strong nuclear force. 03:39: As an alpha particle approaches the force barrier of the nucleus, its wave packet is reflected backwards, usually. 03:55: But that possibility space does not end suddenly at the force barrier.
	2016-05-18: Anti-gravity and the True Nature of Dark Energy 03:22: It describes the forces pushing or pulling on the expansion. 04:50: Because pressure only produces a direct force if there's a difference in pressure between two regions, a pressure gradient. 03:22: It describes the forces pushing or pulling on the expansion.
	2016-04-27: What Does Dark Energy Really Do? 00:03: The idea that the fate of our universe is governed by forces that we can see was abandoned with the discovery of dark matter.
	2016-04-13: Will the Universe Expand Forever? 00:46: ... to call "dark energy." In order to get a truly meaningful sense of the forces governing the fate of our universe, and especially the nature of dark ... 02:16: ... a bit by thinking about gravity from a Newtonian perspective-- as a force, rather than as an Einsteinian spacetime ... 00:46: ... to call "dark energy." In order to get a truly meaningful sense of the forces governing the fate of our universe, and especially the nature of dark ...
	2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff 03:54: ... these nucleon are close enough, the binding energy of the strong nuclear force is stronger than the repulsion of the electrostatic or cooling ...
	2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! 03:33: ... don't have to get too close before they interact via the electromagnetic force. ...
	2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe 04:21: Both seem strange if we assume that regular gravity was always the only force affecting the rate of expansion after the initial kick of the Big Bang. 11:26: DBlanding and a few others questioned my use of the concept of a centrifugal force. 11:36: It's true that this force is, in a sense, fictitious. 11:52: ... of an unmoving center of mass, you have a center-pointing or centripetal force-- in this case, that's gravity-- acting on the orbiting ... 12:05: And the force is resisted by nothing. 12:25: But centrifugal force is easier to say, and it's still accurate. 08:05: And we'll explore exactly what could cause such a weird sort of energetic vacuum real soon-- inflatons, scalar fields, forced vacuums, all of that. 11:40: It emerges in a rotating reference frame as a force-like term that resists inward motion.
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 01:18: Without this mechanical equilibrium, unbalanced internal forces cause shapes to change. 01:27: But when forces become balanced, they cancel each other out, shape remains fixed. 01:33: And it's the symmetries of the forces at work in creating that equilibrium that decide what that final shape will be. 02:04: But how does a force have symmetry? 02:06: In the case of all the really big space stuff, one of the important forces is always gravity. 02:15: Here it's fine to think about gravity Newtonianly as a force rather than as an Einsteinian warping of space time. 03:51: And the resulting pressure gradient force balances gravity in the up-down direction. 04:15: We can sort of think of the planet as a huge number of these block towers, each one in perfect equilibrium in their up-down forces. 04:51: Because up and down aren't the only directions that forces are working. 05:15: ... given depth blocks will be pushing against their neighbors with equal force to each other because they're all at the same depth and same ... 05:25: The forces cancel out and we have equilibrium. 05:40: Now, that doesn't affect their up-down equilibrium, but the side-to-side forces won't cancel out. 05:55: There's a net positive sideways force squeezing away from the Equator. 06:00: And unless there are other effects in place to resist these forces, then everything has to move until it finds an equilibrium. 07:34: ... a centrifugal force that can counteract gravity and should actually push a spherical object ... 03:51: And the resulting pressure gradient force balances gravity in the up-down direction. 05:55: There's a net positive sideways force squeezing away from the Equator. 01:18: Without this mechanical equilibrium, unbalanced internal forces cause shapes to change. 01:27: But when forces become balanced, they cancel each other out, shape remains fixed. 01:33: And it's the symmetries of the forces at work in creating that equilibrium that decide what that final shape will be. 02:06: In the case of all the really big space stuff, one of the important forces is always gravity. 04:15: We can sort of think of the planet as a huge number of these block towers, each one in perfect equilibrium in their up-down forces. 04:51: Because up and down aren't the only directions that forces are working. 05:25: The forces cancel out and we have equilibrium. 05:40: Now, that doesn't affect their up-down equilibrium, but the side-to-side forces won't cancel out. 06:00: And unless there are other effects in place to resist these forces, then everything has to move until it finds an equilibrium. 05:25: The forces cancel out and we have equilibrium.
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 01:32: Well, before 10 to the minus 32 seconds, it was too hot for the fundamental forces of nature as we know them to exist. 01:52: ... take this Higgs mass away from the particles that carry the weak nuclear force, they become just like the photon, which itself carries the ... 02:05: This means that the weak and electromagnetic forces sort of merge into the one electroweak force. 02:14: For a very brief period soon after the beginning of time, these forces are combined. 02:49: ... around 10 to the minus 38 seconds, it's expected that this electroweak force and the strong nuclear force-- that's the force that holds atomic nuclei ... 01:32: Well, before 10 to the minus 32 seconds, it was too hot for the fundamental forces of nature as we know them to exist. 02:05: This means that the weak and electromagnetic forces sort of merge into the one electroweak force. 02:14: For a very brief period soon after the beginning of time, these forces are combined. 02:05: This means that the weak and electromagnetic forces sort of merge into the one electroweak force.
	2016-02-11: LIGO's First Detection of Gravitational Waves! 08:56: The atmospheric pressure is so thin that it doesn't generate enough force to move big stuff.
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 06:17: ... not by mirrored walls, but by interactions with other particles and force ...
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 06:22: Quarks and electrons confined first by their coupling with the Higgs field, and then by the forces binding them into atoms.
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 01:52: All the walls of the box will feel the same pressure, so there's no overall force on the box. 02:15: There's a net backward force that feels like a resistance to the change in speed. 02:20: The photons exert a force on the box, the box also exerts a force on the photons-- Newton's Third Law, which gives us the conservation of momentum. 04:03: And then a pressure wave communications the force to the front until the whole spring is moving. 06:11: Massive objects exert and respond to the force of gravity. 10:06: Then, without an infinite source and sink of weak hypercharge, the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force were all the same force. 10:25: Then the weak force carriers gained mass and became differentiated from the electromagnetic carrier-- the photon.
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 04:26: ... electric charge, which lets all electrons feel the electromagnetic force, except in this case, it lets only left-handed electrons feel the weak ...
	2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole 04:51: See, it's not a matter of force.
	2015-11-25: 100 Years of Relativity + Challenge Winners! 02:57: ... gravitational force between the spacecraft and Apophis is providing all of the acceleration ... 04:12: Newton's law of universal gravitation tells us the force between two massive objects.
	2015-11-18: 5 Ways to Stop a Killer Asteroid 05:02: Number one-- brute force.
	2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!? 00:22: It has a lot to do with his revolutionary Theory of General Relativity, in which he showed us that the force of gravity is an illusion. 01:09: The idea of gravity not as a force, but as warped spacetime is often depicted in analogy as a flexible rubber sheet being depressed by a heavy ball.
	2015-10-15: 5 REAL Possibilities for Interstellar Travel 11:33: ... constants, the speed of light, the strength of the fundamental forces, et cetera, are important for the properties of this ...
	2015-10-07: The Speed of Light is NOT About Light 03:41: We measure force. 03:42: And the pony measures the same force that I do. 03:49: The two work together to give you the same electromagnetic, the Lorentz, force, regardless of reference frame. 03:56: This tells us that the electromagnetic force holds clues to the fundamental interplay between space, time, and velocity. 04:53: They sort of give the right force at low speeds. 03:56: This tells us that the electromagnetic force holds clues to the fundamental interplay between space, time, and velocity.
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 06:13: Dark matter, as well as binding the galaxy together, is also the main force in forming galaxies in the first place.
	2015-08-27: Watch THIS! (New Host + Challenge Winners) 00:15: ... the Newtonian challenge was getting an expression for the gravitational force on the particle that's falling through the planet when it's a distance r ... 00:30: Now there's another force that comes up in elementary physics that's also proportional to the distance of a particle from an equilibrium point. 00:37: Namely, the force that a spring exerts on a block.
	2015-08-19: Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen? 07:25: In general relativity, remember, gravity is not a force at all.
	2015-08-12: Challenge: Which Particle Wins This Race? 00:22: ... space and time are two separate things, and gravity is an actual force that masses exert on each ... 01:56: When the second particle is inside the planet, how do you calculate the gravitational force on it? 02:15: ... inside the planet, the particle will feel only the gravitational force from whatever mass is closer to the center of the planet than the ... 02:26: ... about spheres, you should be able to get a formula for the gravitational force on the particle when it's a distance little r from the center of the ... 02:40: ... expression for the gravitational force on the second particle when it's inside the planet should algebraically ...
	2015-08-05: What Physics Teachers Get Wrong About Tides! 02:49: ... will separate from the surface as if acted on by some invisible outward force. ... 03:05: That weird invisible outward force is called the tidal force. 03:23: But the bottom line is that in Earth's frame, the tidal force looks like anti-gravity, at least along the Earth/Moon line. 03:31: ... like the fake forces that you perceive in an accelerating train car, tidal forces should make ... 03:50: But if that's true, the tidal force along the Earth/Moon line can't be raising or stretching the two bulges that lie along that line. 04:14: ... of an Earth g, and you can't lift something by pulling up on it with a force that's 10 million times smaller than its Earth ... 05:09: As you can see, tidal forces only act like anti-gravity if you're right on the Earth/Moon line. 08:59: ... when it comes to liquid on a planet, the squeezing aspect of tidal forces will almost always be more important than the stretching, even in the ... 10:09: ... may have heard that in quantum field theory, forces are described as being mediated by some kind of particle like ... 10:18: So if gravity is not a force and it's considered spacetime curvature, then why do people talk about gravitons? 10:33: ... of quantizing a sort of standard field, you're-- that you think of as a force field, you're quantization something different when you talk about the ... 11:19: Is it possible, then, to geometrize or treat other forces like electromagnetism in geometric terms? 12:39: ... give you Newton's laws of motion as if there were a gravitational force-- are just the pieces of the geodesic equation that involve "time" ... 10:33: ... of quantizing a sort of standard field, you're-- that you think of as a force field, you're quantization something different when you talk about the quantum ... 03:31: ... like the fake forces that you perceive in an accelerating train car, tidal forces should make ... 05:09: As you can see, tidal forces only act like anti-gravity if you're right on the Earth/Moon line. 08:59: ... when it comes to liquid on a planet, the squeezing aspect of tidal forces will almost always be more important than the stretching, even in the ... 10:09: ... may have heard that in quantum field theory, forces are described as being mediated by some kind of particle like ... 11:19: Is it possible, then, to geometrize or treat other forces like electromagnetism in geometric terms?
	2015-07-29: General Relativity & Curved Spacetime Explained! 00:27: ... falling apple accelerates down because it's pulled by a gravitational force. ... 00:45: ... just get a false impression of a gravitational force downward for the same reason that a train car accelerating forward gives ... 02:08: ... gravity would just be an additional force we introduced, like any other force, that would cause some world lines ... 03:45: They're observers that have no forces on them. 04:16: It has no forces on it, so there's no need to invent gravity. 04:45: It has a net force on it, and it's really accelerating. 07:50: ... much anything else that you would otherwise attribute to a gravitational force. ... 08:11: If there's no gravity and gravity is not a force, then why do we keep using that word? 00:45: ... just get a false impression of a gravitational force downward for the same reason that a train car accelerating forward gives you a ... 03:45: They're observers that have no forces on them. 04:16: It has no forces on it, so there's no need to invent gravity.
	2015-07-08: The Leap Second Explained 01:40: ... accumulates and grows to around one second and we insert leap seconds to force our clocks back into sync with the ...
	2015-07-02: Can a Circle Be a Straight Line? 00:00: [MUSIC PLAYING] Einstein said that gravity is not a force. 00:16: ... objects that fall or orbit aren't being pulled by a gravitational force, they're simply following straight line constant speed paths in a curved ... 00:36: ... concepts and how they add up to the idea that there simply is no force of ... 01:21: ... lets you account for the motion we observe even if there's no Newtonian force of ... 01:12: ... be forced to redefine them, and once we do there's no longer going to be an ...
	2015-06-24: The Calendar, Australia & White Christmas 05:36: Or maybe at some point, New Zealand will take over the world and force the issue.
	2015-06-03: Is Gravity An Illusion? 00:00: ... PLAYING] Isaac Newton said that an apple falls because a gravitational force accelerates it toward the ground, but what if it's really the ground ... 00:18: ... the ground can be considered at rest, Earth applies a gravitational force to the apple, and that force causes the apple to accelerate ... 00:26: But according to Einstein, there's no such thing as a gravitational force. 01:39: Here's how that works-- take an object with no forces on it and let go of it. 01:57: ... other words, the net force on an object will equal that object's mass times its acceleration only ... 02:11: Relative to the car's interior, you will accelerate backward, even though you can't identify any horizontal forces on you. 03:26: There's something else familiar that makes people, books, and elephants accelerate in lockstep-- the Newtonian force of gravity. 07:27: ... accelerating upward and what we've always been calling a gravitational force is an artifact of being in an accelerated frame of ... 08:20: They accelerate toward each other slightly, even though there are no forces on them, in seeming violation of F equals ma. 09:42: You, my friend, are accelerating, giving you the impression that there's a force of gravity when, in fact, no such thing exists. 00:00: ... PLAYING] Isaac Newton said that an apple falls because a gravitational force accelerates it toward the ground, but what if it's really the ground accelerating up ... 06:56: You established the test for what an inertial frame is-- release a force-free object and it stays put. 01:39: Here's how that works-- take an object with no forces on it and let go of it. 02:11: Relative to the car's interior, you will accelerate backward, even though you can't identify any horizontal forces on you. 08:20: They accelerate toward each other slightly, even though there are no forces on them, in seeming violation of F equals ma.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 03:17: You can think of it as an indicator of how hard it is to accelerate an object or an indicator of how much gravitational force an object will feel.
	2015-05-06: Should the First Mars Mission Be All Women? 07:52: You would definitely notice a Coriolis force.
	2015-04-29: What's the Most Realistic Artificial Gravity in Sci-Fi? 01:57: Instead, it appears that there's some mysterious force that wants to hurl you outward. 02:21: And this force from the wall on you would be the only force on you. 02:38: ... you adjust the radius and rotation rate of the room, you can make that force from the wall on your feet just as big as the force from the ground ... 07:35: ... 1.3 RPMs, that would give you Coriolis forces that are 10 times smaller than the ones you see in "2001." So that's ...
	2015-04-22: Are Space and Time An Illusion? 07:45: ... that the signal to bacteria in microgravity might be lower shear forces on their cell membranes from the surfaces and fluids that surround ...
	2015-04-08: Could You Fart Your Way to the Moon? 06:23: The Cosmos asked whether gravitational forces are about the mass or density of the gravitational source. 06:32: ... how close another object can get before it's ripped apart by the tidal forces due to a first object, which is due to gravitational differentials, that ... 06:23: The Cosmos asked whether gravitational forces are about the mass or density of the gravitational source. 06:32: ... how close another object can get before it's ripped apart by the tidal forces due to a first object, which is due to gravitational differentials, that ...
	2015-04-01: Is the Moon in Majora’s Mask a Black Hole? 02:30: What has to beat the planet's gravity, in this case, to make the rocks levitate is something called the moon's tidal force. 03:09: ... Termina's point of view, then, the moon's tidal force manifests itself as an outward push off the planet's surface, at least ... 03:25: For instance, the tidal force from Earth's moon on you right now it's about 10 million times smaller than Earth's pull on you. 03:34: Of course, if you bring the moon closer, on Earth or on Termina, the tidal force from the moon will increase. 04:00: ... Termina's moon really were only as dense as Earth's moon, its tidal force when hovering just above the planet's surface would be 200,000 times ... 04:22: ... times denser than Earth's moon, depending on whether you think the tidal force is just whipping the rocks upward with hurricane-force winds or actually ... 04:40: After all, the planet also exerts a tidal force on the moon, which would rip Earth's moon apart if it got too close to us. 06:34: Once you factor in tidal forces, I don't see how you avoid this conclusion. 03:09: ... Termina's point of view, then, the moon's tidal force manifests itself as an outward push off the planet's surface, at least along the ... 06:34: Once you factor in tidal forces, I don't see how you avoid this conclusion.
	2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space? 01:04: That creates a differential in the atmospheric force applied to the top and bottom of each wing. 01:08: The net force will push up on one wing, down on the other, torquing the plane like a doorknob around its longitudinal axis. 01:14: ... you quickly reverse the ailerons, thus flipping the direction of the forces on the wings and torquing the ship back to a state of zero ... 01:04: That creates a differential in the atmospheric force applied to the top and bottom of each wing. 01:14: ... you quickly reverse the ailerons, thus flipping the direction of the forces on the wings and torquing the ship back to a state of zero ...
	2015-03-11: What Will Destroy Planet Earth? 00:09: ... add enough energy to the individual chunks to overcome the attractive forces gluing them ...

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