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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 03:45: To start with, both are fluids - they flow. 08:27: At that point, microscopic droplets of remaining liquid are free to flow and swirl through the gas phase to diffuse. 08:59: The viscosity of supercritical fluids is extremely low, so they flows and diffuse more like a gas than a liquid. 10:15: But it still moves like a gas, so it can flow and diffuse into places that liquids can’t access. 12:33: ... oxidation, but when you want to avoid actual wetness, or you need it to flow and diffuse like a ... 08:59: The viscosity of supercritical fluids is extremely low, so they flows and diffuse more like a gas than a liquid.
	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 00:12: But the only elementary particle actually flowing in the circuit are the negatively charged electrons. 00:19: And yet those flowing positive charges are there, in the form of a particle you may never have heard of. 02:13: It looks like the hole moves around, and under a voltage the hole moves in the opposite direction to the flow of electrons. 03:21: This is an n-type semiconductor - n because the flowing charge is negative. 03:32: ... shuffle to fill the gaps in the underfilled valence shells - so we have flowing positively charged electron holes and a p-type ... 03:48: ... end up with a region where all valence shells are filled so charge can’t flow. ... 04:00: ... a voltage in one direction and the holes and electrons flow away from this junction, expanding the non-conductive region and ... 04:09: ... junction, causing it to narrow and electrons hop across, enabling the flow of ... 10:03: ... in both directions with the atoms, which prevents a smooth, streamline flow You might think that cooling down the metal alone would be enough to ... 12:54: In fact at very low temperatures all of the pairs in an enormous network of flowing electrons can all occupy the lowest energy state. 00:12: But the only elementary particle actually flowing in the circuit are the negatively charged electrons. 00:19: And yet those flowing positive charges are there, in the form of a particle you may never have heard of. 03:21: This is an n-type semiconductor - n because the flowing charge is negative. 03:32: ... shuffle to fill the gaps in the underfilled valence shells - so we have flowing positively charged electron holes and a p-type ... 12:54: In fact at very low temperatures all of the pairs in an enormous network of flowing electrons can all occupy the lowest energy state. 03:21: This is an n-type semiconductor - n because the flowing charge is negative. 12:54: In fact at very low temperatures all of the pairs in an enormous network of flowing electrons can all occupy the lowest energy state. 00:19: And yet those flowing positive charges are there, in the form of a particle you may never have heard of. 03:32: ... shuffle to fill the gaps in the underfilled valence shells - so we have flowing positively charged electron holes and a p-type ...
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 10:07: ... years time. And improved positioning and observing strategies will flow down the string of ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 11:26: ... stream of amazing images and even more amazing science that’s sure to flow in from Earth’s Lagrange 2 point over the next years as the James Webb ...
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 13:36: Imagine VPN as an encrypted tunnel for online traffic to flow.
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 15:29: ... around a kilometer. But on larger   scales, it’s hot enough to flow like a liquid and move around entire tectonic plates.   ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 09:30: ... grain of sand is a solid, but when you make air flow through sand you can change how those grains of sand interact with each ...
	2022-06-30: Could We Decode Alien Physics? 02:25: ... He imagined the electrical fluid   building up in the rod and flowing into your hand - so he defined the rod's charge as positive.  ... 10:41: ... That universe works just like our universe if you reversed the flow of ... 11:52: ... that we need to figure out is how the aliens define   the flow of time. Do they define the future as an increasing progression of ... 02:25: ... opposite signs to the charge.  He imagined an electric fluid that flowed  from one to the other, so that in one you   have an excess of ...
	2022-05-25: The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy 18:41: ... general relativity in which we can say that  space is flowing inwards in a gravitational   field. You may have heard me say ...
	2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life? 03:40: ... and hotter and eventually ignited in nuclear  fusion. The outward flow of fusion-generated   energy supports the Sun against ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 01:24: ... the further distant the faster the recession. We call this the Hubble flow, after Edwin Hubble, the guy who first measured the rate of ... 01:59: ... Hubble flow could be interpreted as everything moving THROUGH space, but there’s a ...
	2022-03-30: Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole? 01:07: We can think of the event horizon as the surface where the flow of space itself is like a river moving at the speed of light. 01:13: Nothing can swim against that flow. 06:24: Space flows at the speed of light across the event horizon from within.
	2022-03-23: Where Is The Center of The Universe? 07:33: Draw a line in that direction and at the same time reverse the flow of time to see what it intersects.
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... as as literally moving away from us um versus being trapped in the flow of space because the two are completely distinguishable on the ...
	2022-01-27: How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole? 04:24: ... gravity: instead of a stretching spacetime, we can think about space as flowing towards the massive ... 04:46: A close analogy to this picture of gravity is a river flowing towards a waterfall. 05:24: Gravity works like the rubber sheet or the flowing river. 04:24: ... gravity: instead of a stretching spacetime, we can think about space as flowing towards the massive ... 04:46: A close analogy to this picture of gravity is a river flowing towards a waterfall. 05:24: Gravity works like the rubber sheet or the flowing river.
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 07:46: But they also work for another really important  astrophysical situation - flowing gas. 07:57: ... gas is still everywhere - it flows into galaxies from beyond, where it rides the disk, fragments and ... 08:17: Now we call these hydrodynamic simulations - they simulate the flow of gas using the equations of fluid dynamics. 08:45: ... astrophysics, SPH codes are used to simulate  the flows of gas in galaxies and around quasars, used to simulate star and planet ... 09:05: ... often use an amalgam of these methods - for example SPH for large scale flows and particle-particle N-body for small-scale ... 07:46: But they also work for another really important  astrophysical situation - flowing gas. 07:57: ... gas is still everywhere - it flows into galaxies from beyond, where it rides the disk, fragments and ... 08:45: ... astrophysics, SPH codes are used to simulate  the flows of gas in galaxies and around quasars, used to simulate star and planet ... 09:05: ... often use an amalgam of these methods - for example SPH for large scale flows and particle-particle N-body for small-scale ...
	2021-12-29: How to Find ALIEN Dyson Spheres 06:37: ... prime of its life settles into an equilibrium state in which the outward flow of fusion-generated energy balances the inward crush of its own ...
	2021-12-20: What Happens If A Black Hole Hits Earth? 07:05: ... of a micro black hole is a very narrow choke-point for matter trying to flow in. Its Eddington limit is very low. For an asteroid-mass black hole at ...
	2021-11-02: Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? 14:15: ... PBS. Imagine VPN as a secure, encrypted tunnel for online traffic to flow. Nobody can see through the tunnel and get their hands on your internet ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 02:00: ... field then becomes a particle accelerator, with electron currents flowing one way and   positron currents flowing the other way- ...
	2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole 04:51: Pockets of gas within this flow are somehow shielded and so that gas can cool down a bit. 06:56: And two: it’s being blasted out, riding the flow of radiation from the inner accretion disk. 10:12: ... also have winds of matter flowing at incredible speeds - but this close to the black hole only the ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 03:53: Here the field is generated by electrical currents flowing in the searing plasma near the Sun’s surface. 03:59: The Earth’s solid inner core and mantle regulate the flow in its liquid outer core, resulting in a clean dipole field. 08:58: ... turbulent, they arrange themselves into a series of self-supporting flows. ... 09:21: ... rotation in the disk which can lead to coriolis-induced helical flows, and those flows can also be produced by supernova ... 10:27: But the galactic magnetic field constrains that flow, funneling some of it into vast galactic fountains erupting from the poles. 12:09: Thick flows of gas can be catapulted through the surrounding galaxy in powerful jets. 10:27: But the galactic magnetic field constrains that flow, funneling some of it into vast galactic fountains erupting from the poles. 03:53: Here the field is generated by electrical currents flowing in the searing plasma near the Sun’s surface. 08:58: ... turbulent, they arrange themselves into a series of self-supporting flows. ... 09:21: ... rotation in the disk which can lead to coriolis-induced helical flows, and those flows can also be produced by supernova ... 12:09: Thick flows of gas can be catapulted through the surrounding galaxy in powerful jets.
	2021-06-23: How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy 02:48: ... - then it will tend to become mixed, and   we can harness that flow. Ludwig Boltzmann recast entropy in terms of the number of ...
	2021-04-21: The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities 03:01: For example inside black holes where we can think of space as flowing downwards faster than light.
	2021-03-16: The NEW Crisis in Cosmology 13:30: ... in which we explored the connection between gravity, light, and the flow of ...
	2021-03-09: How Does Gravity Affect Light? 01:38: ... as the force of gravity is mostly due to the way mass warps the flow of ... 01:47: But the photon doesn’t experience the flow of time - it doesn’t even have any mass. 06:00: ... with a physical explanation for the prediction - the difference in the flow of time changes the frequency of outgoing ... 12:32: Light is a wave and a particle; time slows or space flows in gravitational fields.
	2021-02-24: Does Time Cause Gravity? 01:17: But I never explained WHY or HOW gravity causes the flow of time to slow down. 01:28: Gravity does NOT warp the flow of time. 02:58: ... through time according to those velocities, we have this sense of time flowing in a gradient - faster streams distant from the Earth, slower streams ... 03:08: Kind of like how water in the center of a stream flows more quickly than the edge, where the shallower stream drags on that flow. 03:16: It’s almost like Earth’s mass creates a drag on the flow of time around it. 04:56: And it’s always rotated in the direction of decreasing flow - which in a gravitational field is downwards. 07:11: ... at multiple places at once, and so experiences the gradient of time flow. ... 08:08: ... to shift our perspective in a couple of mind-bendy ways to see how the flow of time determines the path of even timeless ... 04:56: And it’s always rotated in the direction of decreasing flow - which in a gravitational field is downwards. 02:58: ... through time according to those velocities, we have this sense of time flowing in a gradient - faster streams distant from the Earth, slower streams ... 03:08: Kind of like how water in the center of a stream flows more quickly than the edge, where the shallower stream drags on that flow.
	2021-02-10: How Does Gravity Warp the Flow of Time? 00:11: But that tiny difference in flow of time may be what keeps you stuck to this planet at all. 09:25: ... kind of blows me away that you can calculate the difference of the flow of time between an inertial and accelerating frame using pure special ... 09:53: ... twin paradox, gravitational time dilation gives the right relative time flows if you consider the traveling twin to be in a gravitational well with a ...
	2020-12-15: The Supernova At The End of Time 04:48: Once its nuclear fuel supply runs out, there would be no outward flow of energy to resist the gravitational crush. 14:28: If correlations grew in the opposite direction - the wave flowed backwards, our definition of future and past would flip. 14:43: ... quote: even if time did flow backwards, from future to past, in each time step we would not remember ... 14:28: If correlations grew in the opposite direction - the wave flowed backwards, our definition of future and past would flip.
	2020-11-18: The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It 00:10: So why do we seem to be stuck in this inexorable flow towards the future? It's time to begin our journey towards really understanding time. 00:24: ... laws don’t distinguish between the future and the past. Reverse the flow of time and their equations work exactly the same to describe a universe ... 01:58: ... where we have 2-dimensions of space and one dimension of time, with time flowing ... 02:31: ... change over time. But if we flip this diagram on its head - reverse the flow of time, it still looks like two electrons bouncing off each other. The ... 02:53: ... by the laws of physics. And those laws don’t even require time to “flow” - it’s just another dimension like ... 09:39: ... need to explain one thing. How is the thermodynamic arrow of time - the flow of time defined by increasing entropy -connected to our sense of the ... 02:53: ... by the laws of physics. And those laws don’t even require time to “flow” - it’s just another dimension like ... 01:58: ... where we have 2-dimensions of space and one dimension of time, with time flowing ...
	2020-10-20: Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics? 15:15: Rather consciousness surely requires dynamical processes, a flow of information.
	2020-10-13: Do the Past and Future Exist? 03:17: Time is just a dimension like space, and we only observe a flow of time if we play the slices in sequence like a flip-book.
	2020-09-21: Could Life Evolve Inside Stars? 07:18: ... Flowing plasma and magnetic fields may stretch and break necklaces, which could ... 08:28: It’s possible to use energy as it flows between different states in this process, like putting a water wheel in a flowing river. 08:35: For example, life uses the energy flowing from the high energy-density of the Sun to the lower energy density of the Earth. 09:06: Energy flows from the fusion engine in the core to the surface. 09:09: It’s conceivable that a lifeform could harness that flow. 07:18: ... Flowing plasma and magnetic fields may stretch and break necklaces, which could ... 08:28: It’s possible to use energy as it flows between different states in this process, like putting a water wheel in a flowing river. 08:35: For example, life uses the energy flowing from the high energy-density of the Sun to the lower energy density of the Earth. 07:18: ... Flowing plasma and magnetic fields may stretch and break necklaces, which could ... 08:28: It’s possible to use energy as it flows between different states in this process, like putting a water wheel in a flowing river. 09:06: Energy flows from the fusion engine in the core to the surface.
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 14:28: ... shouldn’t there be a thin sliver of space in between that is not flowing towards either ... 14:44: The key point is that space doesn’t have to flow directly towards the singularity. 14:59: In the case of the merging black holes, you can think of space as more flowing towards the center of mass - although it’s not quite that simple. 15:28: ... flow of space anywhere on the event horizon has to be exactly perpendicular ... 15:40: In principle there should be a point right at the center where there is no flow - if you were a point-like particle you could just hang there. 15:47: But everywhere else - including above and below that point the space is still flowing inwards. 15:40: In principle there should be a point right at the center where there is no flow - if you were a point-like particle you could just hang there. 14:44: The key point is that space doesn’t have to flow directly towards the singularity. 14:28: ... shouldn’t there be a thin sliver of space in between that is not flowing towards either ... 14:59: In the case of the merging black holes, you can think of space as more flowing towards the center of mass - although it’s not quite that simple. 15:47: But everywhere else - including above and below that point the space is still flowing inwards.
	2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other 04:31: If the white dwarf has a strong magnetic field, the flow of gas from its companion is channeled by that field. 05:58: And like cataclysmic variables, the flow is uneven so the X-rays fluctuate. 11:32: Well, below that event horizon, we can think of space flowing downwards faster than the speed of light. 13:56: ... the event horizon - the surface below which there’s a faster-than-light flow of ... 11:32: Well, below that event horizon, we can think of space flowing downwards faster than the speed of light.
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 00:44: ... horizon: the surface around the central singularity where the inward flow of space reaches the speed of light, and time freezes from the ... 02:45: With nothing to counter the inward flow of space, an event horizon is inevitable. 03:18: The result is that we get this region around the singularity where the faster-than-light inward flow of space is halted. 03:46: There’s no longer a region where the inward flow of space exceeds light speed.
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 03:26: ... in a form that is a close analogy to the equations governing the flow of spacetime - the equations of general relativity. And a vortex ... 04:45: ... setup uses a tank in which a current of water flows over a sloped obstacle. As the depth of water decreases, the current ... 04:55: At some point the flow is faster than the waves - and that’s your analog event horizon. 05:01: ... the flow is in the opposite direction to the waves this is actually an analog ... 08:04: ... That’s the region around the event horizon where the circular flow of space becomes irresistible. It turns out that water vortices also ... 09:19: ... gas in a BEC state. Using a laser, it’s possible to effectively create a flow within the ... 03:26: ... general relativity. And a vortex expressed in those equations of fluid flow resembles a black hole - right down to the emission of Hawking radiation. The ... 04:45: ... setup uses a tank in which a current of water flows over a sloped obstacle. As the depth of water decreases, the current ...
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 03:33: And there’s the key point: light does not experience the flow of time.
	2020-05-18: Mapping the Multiverse 01:47: It describes the way spacetime warps and flows in the vicinity of a spinning mass. 02:16: Well, in a Kerr black hole that rotation results in an outward pressure that partially counteracts the inward flow due to gravity. 03:11: Time flows up - for the most part - and one dimension of space is left or right. 04:06: But now as we fall the outward pressure due to the black hole’s rotation starts to win against that inward flow. 04:16: In fact the flow eventually slows to less than the speed of light. 05:00: It’s surrounded by a second ergosphere, where again the rotational flow of space exceeds light speed. 06:02: ... balls from space they’ll trace the downward cascade of space - and that flow would be pretty spherically ... 09:03: That outgoing flow continues above the inner horizon, and will eventually eject you past the outer horizon. 11:38: ... but they’re causally disconnected, the difference being that time flows forward if you go in one direction and backwards if the ... 11:50: So you have this messed up situation where the direction of the flow of time actually clashes at the inner horizon. 12:06: ... there’s any stuff at all in the black hole then the forward flow of time carries a current of positive energy, while the backwards ... 13:26: That resists the inward flow just like rotation does in a Kerr black hole. 09:03: That outgoing flow continues above the inner horizon, and will eventually eject you past the outer horizon. 04:16: In fact the flow eventually slows to less than the speed of light. 01:47: It describes the way spacetime warps and flows in the vicinity of a spinning mass. 03:11: Time flows up - for the most part - and one dimension of space is left or right. 11:38: ... but they’re causally disconnected, the difference being that time flows forward if you go in one direction and backwards if the ...
	2020-05-11: How Luminiferous Aether Led to Relativity 02:33: ... to the space between the celestial bodies. He imagined the aether as flowing - moving in vortices. These flows carried the celestial bodies, for ... 03:25: ... down only, tugging on neighboring segments so that a sinusoidal pattern flows forwards, while the segments themselves just oscillate in place. In ... 12:25: ... Descartes seems prescient: empty space is not really empty. Its flowing fabric is the source of the gravitational field, and its full of quantum ... 02:33: ... to the space between the celestial bodies. He imagined the aether as flowing - moving in vortices. These flows carried the celestial bodies, for ... 12:25: ... Descartes seems prescient: empty space is not really empty. Its flowing fabric is the source of the gravitational field, and its full of quantum ... 02:33: ... to the space between the celestial bodies. He imagined the aether as flowing - moving in vortices. These flows carried the celestial bodies, for ... 12:25: ... Descartes seems prescient: empty space is not really empty. Its flowing fabric is the source of the gravitational field, and its full of quantum ... 02:33: ... bodies. He imagined the aether as flowing - moving in vortices. These flows carried the celestial bodies, for example in circles around the Sun. The ... 03:25: ... down only, tugging on neighboring segments so that a sinusoidal pattern flows forwards, while the segments themselves just oscillate in place. In ... 02:33: ... bodies. He imagined the aether as flowing - moving in vortices. These flows carried the celestial bodies, for example in circles around the Sun. The Dutch ... 03:25: ... down only, tugging on neighboring segments so that a sinusoidal pattern flows forwards, while the segments themselves just oscillate in place. In sound waves, ...
	2020-04-28: Space Time Livestream: Ask Matt Anything 00:00: ... dry and Einstein actually says that he's not going to add unnecessary flower flourish or poetry to it because he wants it to be principally ...
	2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient 03:43: ... some numbers, based on pure speculation - to quote: “There has mayhap flown past a series of millions of years and centuries, etc. etc. ... Creation ...
	2020-03-31: What’s On The Other Side Of A Black Hole? 07:57: ... towards the central singularity - it’s the old radial direction, but now flows only in one direction - to your crushing demise. These lines are the old ...
	2020-03-24: How Black Holes Spin Space Time 00:21: ... fabric of space cascades downwards at the speed of light, and where the flow of time halts from the perspective of the outside universe. It predicts ... 05:14: ... flow of space around a rotating black hole is known as frame-dragging. We see ... 07:50: ... moves downwards faster than light. In the math, that faster-than-light flow of space is represented in a particularly weird way - space and time ... 10:51: ... process. In this case you have a magnetic field produced by the flow of material around the black hole in an accretion disk. The flow of ...
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 00:04: ... episode of space time is brought to you from the information flowing through an impossibly complex network of quantum entanglement, that just ...
	2020-02-11: Are Axions Dark Matter? 11:56: ... PBS. Imagine VPN as a secure, encrypted tunnel for online traffic to flow. Nobody can see through the tunnel and get their hands on your internet ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 15:08: ... photon to deflect the electron - in other words, the direction of the flow of time is irrelevant from the perspective of the virtual photon - what ...
	2019-11-04: Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe 06:11: Above Earth’s core is a solid mantle which still flows due to its heat.
	2019-10-21: Is Time Travel Impossible? 04:14: ... speed of light or drop it into a deep gravity well – its rate of time flow will slow relative to the other end of the ...
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 02:02: We can track the direction of Earth’s magnetic field in sedimentary layers and in old volcanic flows. 03:15: Alternatively, flows of many charged particles like electrons – so electrical currents - can produce magnetic fields. 04:55: As the inner core grows it releases non-iron impurities that flow upwards, joining convection streams. 05:03: These flows are then twisted into helixes by the coriolis force – the same effect that produces hurricanes on Earth’s surface. 06:40: Those flows grab hold of our toroidal magnetic field and twist it up further - into many little loops. 07:27: ... can produce such a field – the Earth, but also the Sun with its flowing hydrogen plasma, or the liquid metallic hydrogen in Jupiter and Saturn’s ... 08:18: The strength of the field across the surface also changes, and all of these shifts are due to changing flows within the outer core. 08:37: ... direction of small magnetic loops generated by these helical convection flows. ... 09:36: It may be that some event triggers a disruption in the flows within the outer core. 04:55: As the inner core grows it releases non-iron impurities that flow upwards, joining convection streams. 07:27: ... can produce such a field – the Earth, but also the Sun with its flowing hydrogen plasma, or the liquid metallic hydrogen in Jupiter and Saturn’s ... 02:02: We can track the direction of Earth’s magnetic field in sedimentary layers and in old volcanic flows. 03:15: Alternatively, flows of many charged particles like electrons – so electrical currents - can produce magnetic fields. 05:03: These flows are then twisted into helixes by the coriolis force – the same effect that produces hurricanes on Earth’s surface. 06:40: Those flows grab hold of our toroidal magnetic field and twist it up further - into many little loops. 08:18: The strength of the field across the surface also changes, and all of these shifts are due to changing flows within the outer core. 08:37: ... direction of small magnetic loops generated by these helical convection flows. ... 09:36: It may be that some event triggers a disruption in the flows within the outer core. 06:40: Those flows grab hold of our toroidal magnetic field and twist it up further - into many little loops.
	2019-07-25: Deciphering The Vast Scale of the Universe 07:32: ... mapping of the universe – galaxies assembled into many vast filaments, flowing together on rivers of dark matter to form the cosmic web, of which ...
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 13:16: It's cool because it's passively cooled by gas flow - for example, helium.
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 02:49: ... The moderator is a lattice of graphite channels through which the fluid flows Graphite is particularly great because it slows neutrons without ...
	2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies 05:24: ... giant galaxies should've kept forming stars Giant reservoirs of gas flowed into those clusters from the outside Universe In our simulations of the ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 08:55: ... simulation that weaves in all of the physics of fluid flow and magnetic fields, in this case with the addition of the warped ...
	2019-04-03: The Edge of an Infinite Universe 15:45: ... than light at the event horizon, that should counter the light-speed flow of space into the event horizon, causing the event horizon to shrink and ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 01:27: Bhāskara's wheel, named after the Indian mathematician, was embedded with tubes of mercury that would flow from back and forth as the wheel turned. 03:20: All machines work by riding this flow of energy as it redistributes itself. 05:01: ... a piston chamber that will provide the maximum possible energy as heat flows between reservoirs of different ...
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 01:47: ... a simplistic picture A quick review In the very beginning Dark matter flowed towards tiny regions of increased ... 02:05: ... places the over-densities were smaller The density wave had time to flow in reverberate out and then get captured by the gravitational field once ... 01:47: ... a simplistic picture A quick review In the very beginning Dark matter flowed towards tiny regions of increased ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 04:19: In particular, the dark matter flowed inwards towards this density peak. 06:46: ... the expanding wave froze, both dark matter and baryons flowed together and consolidated the new structure. Once more in the ... 04:19: In particular, the dark matter flowed inwards towards this density peak. 06:46: ... the expanding wave froze, both dark matter and baryons flowed together and consolidated the new structure. Once more in the ... 04:19: In particular, the dark matter flowed inwards towards this density peak.
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... to negative and vice-versa and a reversal in the direction of the flow of time will also restore a system to its original state this is CPT ...
	2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found? 05:32: Lower energy neutrinos can flow right through the Earth as though it isn't there.
	2018-08-30: Is There Life on Mars? 04:05: ... That's Italian for "channels," presumably implying naturally formed flows of ... 05:55: This evidence for ancient flowing water wasn't definitive at the time. 04:05: ... That's Italian for "channels," presumably implying naturally formed flows of ...
	2018-08-01: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? 03:31: ... of the Parker Solar Probe-- as stated by NASA-- is to trace the flow of energy and understand the heating of the solar ... 04:00: It will also measure the outward flow of the magnetic field through the pointing flux, as well as the plasma density and electron temperature. 04:38: It will follow the flow of energy from the solar corona into the accelerating solar wind and connect the solar wind to its source.
	2018-07-25: Reversing Entropy with Maxwell's Demon 03:20: The particles would quickly flow to fill the available space, and you could extract energy from that flow.
	2018-07-18: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy 01:54: Heat engines, which in Carnot's day, were the new-fangled steam engines, worked by turning the flow of heat energy into mechanical energy. 02:02: For heat to flow, you need two reservoirs of different temperature. 02:20: However, an inefficient engine will slowly deplete the difference in temperature, reducing the heat flow, and the engine winds down. 03:35: ... understanding of entropy is in terms of flowing heat, and it came from the days when many, including Carnot himself, ... 09:34: Heat must flow between your system and the outside universe in a way that increases the entropy of the universe as a whole. 03:35: ... understanding of entropy is in terms of flowing heat, and it came from the days when many, including Carnot himself, ...
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 06:41: ... order to evolve that way, neutrinos must experience the flow of time, which means they can't be moving at the speed of light, which ...
	2018-06-20: The Black Hole Information Paradox 03:02: That distortion looks like particles flowing away from the black hole.
	2018-06-13: What Survives Inside A Black Hole? 09:19: ... star or a whirlpool of gas, it will either add or subtract from this flow of space above the event ...
	2018-05-09: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever 07:11: These dynamically connected flows of stars, once bound together as a globular clusters or dwarf galaxies. 07:17: It's been hypothesized that disruptions in these flows are due to clumps of dark matter, so-called sub halos. 07:11: These dynamically connected flows of stars, once bound together as a globular clusters or dwarf galaxies. 07:17: It's been hypothesized that disruptions in these flows are due to clumps of dark matter, so-called sub halos.
	2018-05-02: The Star at the End of Time 01:15: For life to stave off rising entropy and decay, energy must flow. 03:20: Energy is transported in giant convection flows rising to the surface and sinking again. 03:40: Rivers of plasma flow from the core to the surface, carrying both energy and the helium produced in the fusion reactions. 03:20: Energy is transported in giant convection flows rising to the surface and sinking again.
	2018-04-11: The Physics of Life (ft. It's Okay to be Smart & PBS Eons!) 04:58: When two systems with very different energy densities come into contact, energy must flow. 05:03: Life feeds on that flow. 06:29: ... energy flows from hot to cold, seeking a uniform temperature, but energy is also ... 07:11: But when our energy source is flowing into a much larger reservoir, why, the ocean, for example, then equilibrium is never reached. 09:07: Consider a perfectly streamlined or laminar flow of some fluid. 09:11: This organized flow is disrupted by introducing turbulence. 09:15: ... laminar flow has a lower entropy than the turbulent flow because there are fewer ways ... 09:32: Waves and vortices have their own complex and regular structures, but they ultimately serve to dissipate the flow. 09:39: ... but the source of that local incidence of low entropy is the streamline flow that it formed ... 09:49: And those turbulent eddies ultimately serve to increase the entropy of the greater flow. 07:11: But when our energy source is flowing into a much larger reservoir, why, the ocean, for example, then equilibrium is never reached. 06:29: ... energy flows from hot to cold, seeking a uniform temperature, but energy is also ...
	2018-04-04: The Unruh Effect 05:20: The Rindler horizon flows at a fixed distance behind a constantly accelerating observer.
	2018-03-07: Should Space be Privatized? 11:12: That means new hydrogen flows down to the core, while the helium produced in core fusion is mixed through the star.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 01:31: ... life, I mean the period of core hydrogen fusion, when the steady flow of energy from the core provides consistent support against the ... 02:22: ... core's last gasp, it'll be less than 20 million K. So with no outward flow of energy to fight against gravity, that core begins to collapse, ... 03:09: That incredible outward flow energy does counteract gravity for the outer layers of the sun, and those layers expand.
	2018-02-14: What is Energy? 07:42: ... example, Bernoulli's equation predicts the flow of fluids by demanding the conservation of the kinetic and potential ...
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 01:09: ... giant ball of fiery hydrogen due to a delicate balance between the outer flow of energy produced by fusion in the core and the gravitational crush of ...
	2018-01-10: What Do Stars Sound Like? 00:38: ... described the balance between the gravitational crush and the outward flow of energy from the fusion reactions in the ... 00:49: ... things like the density and temperature of the core, the way energy flows to the surface, and even the life span of ... 13:05: ... them to higher energies, and preferentially in the direction of the flow. ... 00:49: ... things like the density and temperature of the core, the way energy flows to the surface, and even the life span of ...
	2017-11-02: The Vacuum Catastrophe 10:36: That energy comes from shocks that develop as the material flows in the gravitational field of surrounding clusters.
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 05:30: Rivers and sheets of dark matter flow into giant dark matter halos, dragging baryonic matter with them. 08:20: We talked about the kinetic SZ effect in our episode on dark flow. 10:22: ... our universe is spread out in the vastness of intergalactic space, still flowing with rivers of dark matter into the galaxy ...
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 03:13: This means that they flow with no resistance whatsoever. 03:25: They flow unrestricted through the material making it a superconductor.
	2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes 03:33: ... fold into a very compact bud for launch, and then open up like an actual flower once in space, a bit like the James Webb Space ... 03:16: ... you'll have a flower-like shape, whose cleverly calculated petal geometry is designed to diffract ...
	2017-08-30: White Holes 01:31: ... black hole is defined as a region of inward flowing space time with a one way boundary called the event horizon, from inside ... 01:41: That makes a white hole a region of outward flowing space time. 05:54: The once vertical contours of space are now time-like and flow inexorably towards the future singularity. 06:32: ... within is time-like, but instead of flowing towards the singularity, it flows away, and the event horizon is now a ... 09:29: This law defines the direction of the flow of time. 09:58: However, it would immediately explode in a burst of energy as soon as entropy and time resumed their normal flow upwards and forwards. 05:54: The once vertical contours of space are now time-like and flow inexorably towards the future singularity. 09:58: However, it would immediately explode in a burst of energy as soon as entropy and time resumed their normal flow upwards and forwards. 01:31: ... black hole is defined as a region of inward flowing space time with a one way boundary called the event horizon, from inside ... 01:41: That makes a white hole a region of outward flowing space time. 06:32: ... within is time-like, but instead of flowing towards the singularity, it flows away, and the event horizon is now a ... 01:31: ... black hole is defined as a region of inward flowing space time with a one way boundary called the event horizon, from inside of ... 01:41: That makes a white hole a region of outward flowing space time. 01:31: ... black hole is defined as a region of inward flowing space time with a one way boundary called the event horizon, from inside of which ... 01:41: That makes a white hole a region of outward flowing space time. 06:32: ... within is time-like, but instead of flowing towards the singularity, it flows away, and the event horizon is now a barrier to entry, not to ...
	2017-08-16: Extraterrestrial Superstorms 09:49: This represents a shift from streamline to turbulent flow. 09:54: Turbulent flow acts like friction, sapping energy away from the bulk rotation. 13:35: YouTube Account points out that the perfect name for dark flow isn't WTF flow, but rather what the flow. 09:54: Turbulent flow acts like friction, sapping energy away from the bulk rotation. 13:35: YouTube Account points out that the perfect name for dark flow isn't WTF flow, but rather what the flow.
	2017-08-10: The One-Electron Universe 03:18: You can only see the straight parts of the flow. 11:09: We call it dark flow. 11:13: OKFFF1 comments that data flow must have a constant velocity and not be accelerating. 11:23: ... dark flow is real and assuming it's caused by a gravitational influence beyond the ... 11:50: ... Grass asks about how we can measure the direction of dark flow, given that we can only really measure the velocity components that are ... 12:24: M. Paulson poked fun at astronomers for using "dark" to describe anything they don't understand-- dark matter, dark energy, dark flow. 12:35: To be fair, we did workshop lots of other words, but huh matter, discombobulating energy, and WTF flow just didn't do as well in the focus group.
	2017-08-02: Dark Flow 00:03: There's controversial evidence that, on the largest scales, the universe is flowing. 00:44: Motion due to the expansion of the universe-- what we call the Hubble flow-- is equal in all directions. 01:17: We call this dark flow. 04:24: ... cluster has some extra peculiar velocity in addition to the Hubble flow, then the SZ effect adds an extra Doppler shift to the CMB photons that ... 05:32: Once you factor out the Hubble flow, on average, those clusters seem to be drifting in the same direction. 05:38: It's like a lot of the matter in the universe is flowing toward some point beyond the edge of our universe. 06:22: So the idea of a universe-wide dark flow surprised a lot of people, and made others very skeptical. 06:44: Analyzing around 1,000 clusters using the new data, the Planck satellite team say that no dark flow is apparent. 06:52: ... also redid their work with the Planck data and claim the dark flow is still very ... 07:06: The direction of the claimed flow is towards the constellations Centaurus and Hydra. 07:50: ... the Great Attractor is not causing the dark flow, because that flow seems to affect galaxies across the observable ... 08:05: So what causes dark flow? 09:22: Whether or not dark flow is real is still unresolved. 09:40: ... if dark flow does turn out to be real, we may have detected for the first time the ... 06:22: So the idea of a universe-wide dark flow surprised a lot of people, and made others very skeptical. 00:03: There's controversial evidence that, on the largest scales, the universe is flowing. 05:38: It's like a lot of the matter in the universe is flowing toward some point beyond the edge of our universe.
	2017-04-26: Are You a Boltzmann Brain? 01:49: Any part of the universe, left to its own devices, always tends to flow back to equilibrium. 02:00: And it's that flow back to equilibrium, that increase in entropy, that can be harnessed to do work.
	2017-04-05: Telescopes on the Moon 07:41: They'll coat it with 50 to 100 nanometers of silver, which will solidify on the slowly flowing surface. 10:41: Feinstein 100 asks whether energy could be extracted from the flowing space time inside a black hole. 10:48: Well, not really from the flow of space time actually inside the black hole. 11:03: Hydroelectric power plants on earth do it with the flow of space time that we experience as Earth's gravitational field. 07:41: They'll coat it with 50 to 100 nanometers of silver, which will solidify on the slowly flowing surface. 10:41: Feinstein 100 asks whether energy could be extracted from the flowing space time inside a black hole. 07:41: They'll coat it with 50 to 100 nanometers of silver, which will solidify on the slowly flowing surface.
	2017-03-29: How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole 00:49: First we'll think about what the flow of time looks like without black holes or even spacetime curvature. 00:55: ... saw that this quantity that we call the spacetime interval governs the flow of cause and effect, the only reliable ordering of events in a relative ... 04:36: In the mathematics the coordinate r, which once represented distance, now grants the negative sign needed to maintain your causal flow. 08:05: As we fall with the faster than light flow of space time, we overtake light that is outward pointing. 12:02: The systems that were tested use electron spins, which pull on each other to cause a cascading flow of flipping spins the cycles back and forth.
	2017-03-22: Superluminal Time Travel + Time Warp Challenge Answer 01:32: We've spent some time talking about how these contours define the flow of causality. 10:23: Reverse the flow of time, and you reverse the flow of you.
	2017-03-08: The Race to a Habitable Exoplanet - Time Warp Challenge 01:35: ... the spacetime diagram into a 3D graph, in which causality must always flow ...
	2017-02-15: Telescopes of Tomorrow 11:17: The resulting shape illustrates the direction of the flow of causality.
	2017-02-02: The Geometry of Causality 00:43: ... that bizarre statement, we need to think a little bit more about how the flow of time is described in ... 02:35: But we want that intuition because, more than proper time, the spacetime interval defines the flow of causality. 04:29: ... kind of the contours defining the gradient of causality down which time flows, and etched into spacetime by the equations of special ...
	2017-01-19: The Phantom Singularity 08:18: But remember, for sub-light speed world lines, the space time interval tells us the rate of flow of proper time.
	2017-01-04: How to See Black Holes + Kugelblitz Challenge Answer 07:25: ... than its own Swarzschild radius, an event horizon forms as spacetime flows faster than the speed of light towards that superdense region of ...
	2016-12-21: Have They Seen Us? 15:44: So you could resist the faster-than-light flow of space within the black hole. 16:59: The correct way to get this number is by using general relativity to find the point where the flow of spacetime reaches the speed of light.
	2016-12-14: Escape The Kugelblitz Challenge 02:30: Space and time switch places, and the singularity soon forms, with all space within the black hole flowing towards it faster than the speed of light.
	2016-12-08: What Happens at the Event Horizon? 06:21: Space flows at greater than the speed of light inwards, towards the central singularity. 06:28: It becomes uni-directional, flowing inexorably downwards, just as time flowed inexorably forward in the outside universe. 10:00: All space-time within the black hole is flowing toward the singularity faster than the speed of light. 06:28: It becomes uni-directional, flowing inexorably downwards, just as time flowed inexorably forward in the outside universe. 10:00: All space-time within the black hole is flowing toward the singularity faster than the speed of light. 06:28: It becomes uni-directional, flowing inexorably downwards, just as time flowed inexorably forward in the outside universe. 06:21: Space flows at greater than the speed of light inwards, towards the central singularity.
	2016-09-21: Quantum Entanglement and the Great Bohr-Einstein Debate 09:50: Relativity requires that causality is preserved, so no faster than light information flow.
	2016-08-17: Quantum Eraser Lottery Challenge 00:00: [MUSIC PLAYING] The quantum eraser experiment tantalizes us with the apparent instantaneous flow of information between entangled photon pairs.
	2016-06-15: The Strange Universe of Gravitational Lensing 08:00: The lightspeed flow of spacetime at the event horizon results in old light paths pointing inwards.
	2016-03-23: How Cosmic Inflation Flattened the Universe 10:39: So even though the gas originally had motion in many directions, over time, it sweeps into a single bog flow.
	2016-03-16: Why is the Earth Round and the Milky Way Flat? 07:11: Here the pressure comes from the upward flow of energy from the nuclear fusion engine in the core. 09:05: And all of the gas gets swept into the same swirling flow.
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 03:21: ... leached of oxygen, starving your brain, and at some point blocking blood flow all ...
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 03:46: Now we'll get back to why this is a good measure of the flow of time in a minute. 05:57: This means that the flow of time is not a universal thing. 06:06: But there's no global rate of time flow that everyone can agree on. 06:10: What defines that local time flow? 08:09: Now here's something that seems to be a more concrete reality than the flow of time. 09:01: But what defines the direction of the flow of time?
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 00:41: While our memories layer over the course of our lives, and in their ordering, we see the flow of years. 01:28: But do the individual components of the clock feel the same flow of time? 01:56: See, the flow of time depends fundamentally on motion. 02:22: The familiar smooth flow of time only emerges as these particles are bundled into what we think of as matter. 03:26: The rate of ticks is consistent, time flows smoothly, until the clock starts moving relative to me.
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 00:02: NARRATOR: Einstein showed us that matter, mass, and the flow of time are intrinsically connected, but opened the question, are they even real? 07:23: The presence in the flow of energy and momentum as well as pressure all have their quite different effects on the curvature of space-time.
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 05:34: ... poor electron is bombarded by a flow of particles into and out of the Higgs field from all directions, giving ...
	2015-11-25: 100 Years of Relativity + Challenge Winners! 00:36: ... statements about reality and yet the mathematical description that flowers from those statements describes our universe with stunning ...
	2015-10-22: Have Gravitational Waves Been Discovered?!? 01:31: Move the ball around, and I create a series of ripples that flow outwards on the sheet, similar to the ripples on a pond.
	2015-07-29: General Relativity & Curved Spacetime Explained! 07:25: But here's the flow chart level answer.
	2015-07-02: Can a Circle Be a Straight Line? 00:36: ... next few episodes I'm going to try to give you a sense of the answer, a flow chart level view of the relevant concepts and how they add up to the ...
	2015-04-15: Could NASA Start the Zombie Apocalypse? 01:35: More infectious bacteria flown on subsequent shuttle missions showed similar changes.

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