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2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos
- 06:13: When cosmic rays hit molecules in our atmosphere, many different particles can be produced, but the most annoying are muons and neutrinos.
- 07:26: There’s only about 50 neutrinos more than you would expected from cosmic rays in the atmosphere, but it’s pretty clearly something out there in space.
- 06:13: When cosmic rays hit molecules in our atmosphere, many different particles can be produced, but the most annoying are muons and neutrinos.
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2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table?
- 05:01: ... years - although we do encounter it in nature because it’s created when cosmic rays hit nitrogen nuclei in the ...
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2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets!
- 18:29: ... get there. Also some transient phenomena - like supernovae, or cosmic ray ...
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2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter?
- 03:14: So dark matter detectors consist of huge tubs of liquid or massive chunks of crystal, placed deep underground to avoid cosmic rays.
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2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible?
- 03:50: And that’s to say nothing of cosmic rays - particles moving fast enough to kill all on their own.
- 12:17: But none of this helps against the other type of radiation - cosmic rays.
- 12:35: ... radiation dose from cosmic rays is lower than that of the interstellar gas - it’s not instantly lethal, ...
- 12:48: However it’s harder to protect against cosmic rays because they hit the ship from all directions.
- 12:55: If you manage to accelerate to 80 or 90% light speed then most of the cosmic rays will hit from in front, and then your windshield protects you.
- 13:32: ... years, shielding against the interstellar medium, micrometeoroids and cosmic rays will have to get more ...
- 03:50: And that’s to say nothing of cosmic rays - particles moving fast enough to kill all on their own.
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2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist
- 13:24: ... also look for magnetic monopoles coming from space - typically using cosmic ray observatories - or contributing to the Earth’s magnetic field - and in a ...
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2021-08-10: How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse
- 16:27: ... particles to even higher energies. This is believed to be one source of cosmic rays that reach the earth. The magnetic fields then go on to add to the ...
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2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe
- 11:08: Electrons and atomic nuclei can be accelerated in this magnetic field to high energies - into what we call cosmic rays.
- 11:20: But the most energetic cosmic rays are accelerated by the strongest magnetic fields.
- 11:47: Those fields grab particles of matter and accelerate them to incredible energies, flinging cosmic rays out into the universe.
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2020-12-08: Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future?
- 03:52: Well, more collisions building it up or breaking it down, more cosmic ray hits, that sort of thing.
- 06:34: ... particles with all of its detailed structure mysteriously in place - cosmic ray tracks, embedded clumps, bumps and scratches, ...
- 08:02: Let’s say it’s a final cosmic ray strike.
- 08:06: ... its entire future, because there’s no way you could predict that future cosmic ray strike with the internal structure of the asteroid ...
- 08:18: Before the cosmic ray strikes, the asteroid has no knowledge of the incoming impact.
- 08:22: We would say that the rock and the cosmic ray are not correlated in any way.
- 08:30: Even without access to the cosmic ray, the rock now holds information about the ray, and the ray holds information about the rock.
- 08:48: It has this inexplicable scar running through it that is now perfectly removed by a passingly cosmic ray.
- 08:56: That means that before the cosmic ray hit, the asteroid was correlated with its environment.
- 03:52: Well, more collisions building it up or breaking it down, more cosmic ray hits, that sort of thing.
- 08:02: Let’s say it’s a final cosmic ray strike.
- 08:06: ... its entire future, because there’s no way you could predict that future cosmic ray strike with the internal structure of the asteroid ...
- 08:18: Before the cosmic ray strikes, the asteroid has no knowledge of the incoming impact.
- 06:34: ... particles with all of its detailed structure mysteriously in place - cosmic ray tracks, embedded clumps, bumps and scratches, ...
- 02:55: ... in the chips and dents on its surface, it recalls being hit by cosmic rays in the melt-tracks through its embedded glassy grains, and those grains ...
- 06:13: Over time the rock changes - new clumps might hit the rock and become embedded, cosmic rays leave their mark, etc.
- 06:45: ... those features get erased one by one - cosmic rays happen to pass through in exactly the right way to erase their tracks, ...
- 06:13: Over time the rock changes - new clumps might hit the rock and become embedded, cosmic rays leave their mark, etc.
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2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life!
- 07:00: You might get some produced by lightning strikes in the cloud layers, or by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere.
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2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?
- 07:41: ... these ultra-high energy cosmic rays are rare, and to reliably detect a new particle we need to watch the ...
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2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream
- 00:00: ... so this is you know looking for uh you know looking for like cosmic ray cosmic rays gamma gamma ray bursts you know uh uh but also ...
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2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?
- 05:43: ... in nature - for example in the Sun, or in radioactive decay, or when cosmic rays hit the atmosphere, which is how antimatter was discovered in the first ...
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2020-06-08: Can Viruses Travel Between Planets?
- 09:21: ... virus has survived being bathed in the equivalent of 250 years of cosmic rays, simulated by an intense shower of energetic ...
- 09:55: Some viruses do have the remarkable ability to sort of reassemble their genetic code after irradiation by UV or cosmic rays.
- 10:52: ... a barrier of rock or ice will shield against ultraviolet light and cosmic rays. ...
- 09:21: ... virus has survived being bathed in the equivalent of 250 years of cosmic rays, simulated by an intense shower of energetic ...
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2020-04-22: Will Wormholes Allow Fast Interstellar Travel?
- 15:35: ... within a galaxy, the space between the stars is full of gas, radiation, cosmic rays, and dust. When I say "full", I mean it's everywhere - but its very ...
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2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar?
- 03:52: This is mostly from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium.
- 04:49: The gamma rays produced by neutral pion decay from these cosmic ray collisions tend to drop off in intensity towards higher energies.
- 03:52: This is mostly from cosmic ray interactions with the interstellar medium.
- 04:06: These “cosmic rays” can then collide with nuclei in the gas between the stars - again, mostly the protons of hydrogen.
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2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient
- 08:25: ... Carbon-14 exists on the surface of the earth because it’s produced when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the atmosphere, resulting in a constant proportion of ...
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2019-09-16: Could We Terraform Mars?
- 02:15: And of course Earth’s atmosphere protects us from harmful cosmic rays and the most dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
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2019-06-17: How Black Holes Kill Galaxies
- 14:00: But you might see the result of it's decay a particular spectrum of radiation and cosmic rays.
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2018-12-20: Why String Theory is Wrong
- 14:12: There's a hint from cosmic rays, we talked about it earlier.
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2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space?
- 00:37: ... UV radiation of a star interstellar space is thick with energetic cosmic rays near light speed atomic nuclei as well as x-rays and gamma rays ...
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2018-11-21: 'Oumuamua Is Not Aliens
- 07:13: ... has been fused into a crust by millennia of exposure to interstellar cosmic rays. ...
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2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found?
- 04:17: So it's not surprising that we haven't seen supersymmetric particles in our cosmic ray observations yet, or have we?
- 04:37: It's a cosmic ray experiment of a very special sort.
- 04:40: In fact, it's a cosmic ray detector disguised as a neutrino detector disguised as a radio antenna disguised as a hot air balloon.
- 06:08: ... the very highest energy neutrinos, the ones that are produced by cosmic ray interactions with the ...
- 04:40: In fact, it's a cosmic ray detector disguised as a neutrino detector disguised as a radio antenna disguised as a hot air balloon.
- 04:37: It's a cosmic ray experiment of a very special sort.
- 06:08: ... the very highest energy neutrinos, the ones that are produced by cosmic ray interactions with the ...
- 04:17: So it's not surprising that we haven't seen supersymmetric particles in our cosmic ray observations yet, or have we?
- 04:02: These are cosmic rays.
- 04:05: The highest energy cosmic rays can have energies around a billion times that of the LHC.
- 04:11: Unfortunately, for particle physics experiments cosmic rays at these energies are extremely rare.
- 04:50: When ultra high energy cosmic rays travel through space, they bump into the photons of the cosmic microwave background.
- 05:01: Those cosmic rays lose energy to the CMB, which is partly why the most energetic cosmic rays are so rare here on earth.
- 05:09: But in those interactions, cosmic rays can create extremely high energy neutrinos.
- 05:20: So detecting the highest energy neutrinos allows us to learn about the cosmic rays that produced them.
- 06:55: That allows it to sort out neutrino radio flashes from the flashes produced by other cosmic rays coming in from above.
- 05:01: Those cosmic rays lose energy to the CMB, which is partly why the most energetic cosmic rays are so rare here on earth.
- 04:50: When ultra high energy cosmic rays travel through space, they bump into the photons of the cosmic microwave background.
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2017-12-20: Extinction by Gamma-Ray Burst
- 02:46: ... so ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays, and near-light-speed particles-- so cosmic rays-- into the surrounding interstellar ...
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2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity
- 09:19: Only a few years after Dirac wrote down his equation in 1928, the positron, the anti-matter electron, was spotted in cosmic rays by Carl Anderson.
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2017-05-17: Martian Evolution
- 07:15: Even more dangerous than the UV are high-energy cosmic rays and solar particles.
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2017-04-19: The Oh My God Particle
- 00:00: ... Long before the God particle, there is the Oh-My-God particle, a cosmic ray vastly more energetic than had ever been seen or was even thought ...
- 01:03: ... analyzing the Fly's Eye data calculated that the cosmic ray responsible for this particular flash must have had a kinetic energy of ...
- 04:02: ... debris, the collision that produced them and the nature of the original cosmic ray can be ...
- 06:29: The higher the energy of the cosmic ray, though, the more likely it is to have originated from outside our galaxy.
- 07:27: For years, it was thought that no cosmic ray could exceed it, except that the OMG particle was six times more energetic.
- 08:22: For cosmic ray astrophysicists, there's a giant invisible particle accelerating elephant in the room.
- 09:07: ... we figure out the origins of these particles, cosmic ray astronomy is becoming an increasingly powerful tool for investigating ...
- 08:22: For cosmic ray astrophysicists, there's a giant invisible particle accelerating elephant in the room.
- 01:03: ... analyzing the Fly's Eye data calculated that the cosmic ray responsible for this particular flash must have had a kinetic energy of 300 ...
- 00:00: ... Long before the God particle, there is the Oh-My-God particle, a cosmic ray vastly more energetic than had ever been seen or was even thought ...
- 00:13: These ultra-high energy cosmic rays still perplex scientists.
- 00:51: ... an early experiment by the University of Utah to spot the highest energy cosmic rays in the ...
- 01:35: In fact, cosmic rays of that energy was supposed to be impossible.
- 01:40: Let's talk about cosmic rays for a second.
- 02:42: Cosmic rays had been discovered.
- 02:44: ... of the Oh-My-God particle, we've come a long way in the art of catching cosmic rays. ...
- 03:03: For lower energy cosmic rays, one approach is to look for their Cherenkov radiation.
- 03:09: All cosmic rays are traveling at pretty close to the speed of light, but that's the speed of light in a vacuum.
- 03:18: So when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere, they're actually traveling faster than the new, lower speed of light.
- 03:31: Higher energy cosmic rays tend to obliterate themselves several kilometers above the ground in massive collisions with nuclei of air molecules.
- 04:12: Several facilities around the world are devoted to catching cosmic rays.
- 04:16: For example, the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina monitors a region around 3,000 square kilometers for high-energy cosmic rays.
- 05:01: By now, we have a pretty good census of the types of cosmic rays that tend to hit the Earth.
- 05:13: But about 1% of cosmic rays are heavier nuclei, as heavier as iron.
- 05:54: To accelerate a particle to the energies of cosmic rays, you need a particle accelerator.
- 06:10: For lower energy cosmic rays, it's believed that many, and perhaps most, come from supernova explosions within our galaxy.
- 06:36: The exact sources of these so-called extra galactic cosmic rays are more mysterious.
- 06:47: The most ridiculous cosmic rays, like the Oh-My-God particle, shouldn't exist at all.
- 07:11: ... Cosmic rays with energies over 5 times 10 to the power of 19 electron volts, about 8 ...
- 07:36: Only a very small number of these extreme energy cosmic rays have been seen since the OMG particle.
- 08:15: It's still a mystery exactly what produces these extreme cosmic rays and how close to us the sources are.
- 08:29: Part of the challenge in understanding cosmic rays is that our atmosphere and magnetic field shield the surface of the earth so well.
- 08:39: ... strange flashes of light, which may be due to Cherenkov radiation from cosmic rays passing through their eye's vitreous humor, or from the particles ...
- 09:00: Along with solar outbursts, cosmic rays are one of the most serious obstacles to manned interplanetary travel.
- 09:20: ... highest energy cosmic rays, like the Oh-My-God particle, generate collisions far more energetic than ...
- 09:30: Studying cosmic rays may crack open the mysteries of both the largest and the smallest scales of space time.
- 03:18: So when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere, they're actually traveling faster than the new, lower speed of light.
- 08:39: ... strange flashes of light, which may be due to Cherenkov radiation from cosmic rays passing through their eye's vitreous humor, or from the particles hitting their ...
- 03:31: Higher energy cosmic rays tend to obliterate themselves several kilometers above the ground in massive collisions with nuclei of air molecules.
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2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome
- 07:59: These forming galaxies were continuously blasted with energetic radiation and cosmic rays.
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2016-10-19: The First Humans on Mars
- 03:20: ... to protect against high-energy cosmic rays and solar outbursts and from the micrometeorites that also pass easily ...
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2016-05-04: Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed?
- 06:23: Everything will have to withstand tens of thousands of G's of acceleration and impact from interstellar dust or cosmic rays.
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2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First?
- 04:29: See, space is flooded with extremely energetic solar radiation and cosmic rays.
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2015-06-17: How to Signal Aliens
- 02:31: ... repeated flashes to know that you don't have a false positive from a cosmic ray or ...
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