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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 01:06: The reason solids melt and liquids boil is that rising heat energy allows the bonds between atoms and molecules to break. 10:08: Due to its high density compared to a gas, it has more atoms or molecules to bond to the dissolved substance.
	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 01:19: Atoms are most stable with full valence shells, which means 8 electrons. 03:07: On one side we sprinkle the silicon lattice with a tiny number of atoms that have 5 rather than 4 valence electrons. 03:27: The other side is doped with atoms that have 3 valence electrons - frequently boron. 05:24: Another way energy can be stored in the lattice is in the vibrational modes of the atoms. 05:28: ... pressure it will move, pressing on the springs, and causing other nearby atoms to move as ... 07:12: After all, heat in solids comes from the vibrational motion of its atoms, and that vibration is transferred around by phonons. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat. 10:03: ... are jostled, exchanging phonons in both directions with the atoms, which prevents a smooth, streamline flow You might think that cooling ... 10:15: But it’s not the relative stillness of the atoms that does this; it’s something much more interesting. 12:16: The pairs of electrons are bound over large distances, not separated by single atoms. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat.
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular ... 09:11: Aspect’s setup was very similar to Clauser's, with a beam of calcium atoms excited by light - this time a laser rather than an arc lamp. 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular momentum ... 06:29: They blasted a beam of calcium atoms  through the intense light of an arc lamp. 06:33: ... light excited electrons in calcium atoms to higher energy level and they would then drop down again, with the ...
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 07:45: ... gets very close   to the Sun, and C) is only a few hundred atoms thick so it doesn’t blow out our mass budget.   Solar sails experience ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 01:34: As with much of quantum mechanics, it started  with us watching the light produced as electrons flicked between energy levels in atoms. 01:58: Hydrogen atoms only emit light with these specific energies. 07:40: ... that would mean no fridge magnets, among other inconveniences like no atoms. ... 08:03: ... constant sets the size of atoms - a larger  value means electrons would be closer to nuclei, making ... 08:16: A smaller value would mean electrons were less tightly bound, making atoms and molecules less stable. 08:03: ... constant sets the size of atoms - a larger  value means electrons would be closer to nuclei, making ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 13:19: This constant exchange process keeps the nucleons bound together, analogously to how the atoms in molecules are bound by the exchange of electrons.
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons. 01:18: ... extremely rarely interact with the electrons and quarks that make up the atoms that make up ... 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons.
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 00:04: It’s strange enough for atoms, but positively bizarre when we get to the atomic nucleus. 00:22: As you know, atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 01:09: Electrons are knocked free from atoms, breaking all molecular bonds in the process and creating a Plasma. 01:15: So cool, states of matter are just the different, well, states that atoms can be in. 01:28: Does it depend on the state of matter of the atoms they’re part of? 04:50: Does that mean we can make different states of matter from things other than atoms? 08:51: So it sounds like states of matter really are … exactly that - states of matter, rather than states of atoms. 09:19: If that’s true for the subatomic states within the atomic states, what about states formed by components larger than atoms and molecules? 01:09: Electrons are knocked free from atoms, breaking all molecular bonds in the process and creating a Plasma.
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 11:06: While the ship’s hull will stop heavier elements in less than a millimeter, the hydrogen atoms can penetrate an order of magnitude deeper. 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation.
	2022-03-08: Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth? 03:22: ... sharp spikes in its spectrum resulting from electron transitions in the atoms and molecules of the star’s ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 01:24: ... the cat. Prior to opening the box, from the scientist’s perspective the atom’s wave function exists in what we call a superposition of states. It is ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... manifest as things like changing in the the detailed energy levels of atoms when you look at the light emitted due to electron tractions in atoms ...
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 10:14: And then we have cosmological simulations  which create entire virtual universes, from the moment the first  atoms formed to the modern day.
	2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT 01:36: And yet we can do this for thousands of atoms. 09:01: ... an example, here’s a quantum simulation of the millions of atoms comprising the capsid of a virus done using density functional theory, ... 14:53: We told you that an asteroid-mass, atom-sized black hole would pass straight through the earth if it impacted. 09:01: ... an example, here’s a quantum simulation of the millions of atoms comprising the capsid of a virus done using density functional theory, and here’s ... 14:53: We told you that an asteroid-mass, atom-sized black hole would pass straight through the earth if it impacted.
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 02:16: Fortunately for the stability of atoms, nucleons mostly remain trapped. 11:02: In this experiment, they fired ultracold rubidium atoms at a laser field that was spread out over a small area. 11:10: That field was strong enough to deflect the atoms completely, and so provided an insurmountable barrier. 02:16: Fortunately for the stability of atoms, nucleons mostly remain trapped.
	2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist 01:43: In a ferromagnet, the field is the sum of the countless tiny aligned dipole fields of electrons in the magnet’s atoms. 15:16: ... notes that energy levels in atoms can actually hold 2 electrons, not one, because it’s possible to have ...
	2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible 01:44: ... state, which is why electrons can’t occupy the same energy states in atoms. Without this, electrons in multi-electron atoms would all fall into the ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 03:07: ... the neutron star’s atmosphere  is not made of atoms, rather it's a plasma,   in which atoms have been stripped ... 04:39: ... weird because we normally think of crystals as lattices of atoms connected by electron bonds.   But the stuff below our feet is ...
	2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole 05:04: ... disk so that it shines bright in very specific colors depending on what atoms are ... 09:51: The intense radiation in this region strips almost all atoms of their electrons.
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 00:21: ... were a bit different,   none of the familiar structures from atoms  to galaxies - would be possible. In fact,   for most possible ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 03:19: ... absorb light with very specific wavelengths. That tells us what kind of atoms are in the object, but also a lot more. In the case of Zee the ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic ... 15:19: ... only that. Electromagnetism is responsible for the strong bonds between atoms in a solid - so the fact that the wall doesn’t fall apart is due to ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic attraction to the ...
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 02:25: ... of photons emitted when electrons jump between energy levels  in atoms. Peiter Zeeman, working under the great Hendrik Lorenz in the ... 05:15: ... in 1921 and performed by Walther Gerlach a year later. In it silver atoms are fired through a magnetic field with a gradient - in this example ... 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment. 05:37: ... means the external magnetic field induces a  force on the atoms that depends on the direction that these little magnetic moments are ... 06:10: ... might expect a blur of points where the  silver atoms hit the detector screen - some deflected up or down by the maximum, but ... 06:31: Let’s keep going. What if we remove the screen and bring the beam of atoms back together. 06:36: ... no force whatsoever. But if we put our detector screen we see that the atoms again land in two spots - now also oriented ... 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment. 06:10: ... might expect a blur of points where the  silver atoms hit the detector screen - some deflected up or down by the maximum, but ... 02:25: ... of photons emitted when electrons jump between energy levels  in atoms. Peiter Zeeman, working under the great Hendrik Lorenz in the Netherlands, ...
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 05:05: A red hot poker glows because it has an enormous number of iron atoms, vibrating with every possible energy.
	2021-04-13: What If Dark Matter Is Just Black Holes? 02:02: In other words, most of the physical universe needs to be vast swarms of black holes that outweigh all the atoms in the universe by a factor of four.
	2021-03-23: Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect 05:17: This has actually been tested for electron transitions in atoms - and I’ll tell you about the experiments in a minute. 05:55: To recap - we have a collection of laser-cooled atoms in an electromagnetic trap. 06:18: Next they flash the atoms with a laser whose frequency matches the energy difference between state 1 and a new state, state 3. 06:25: ... the energy as a new photon that the researchers can detect - so the atoms glow during these laser ... 07:15: To test this, the researchers start the atoms all in state one, and then hit them with a series of very rapid laser pulses. 07:32: ... faster the chain of pulses, the more likely that atoms remained in state 1 - which they could check with one final pulse to see ... 08:41: In this case, hitting the atoms with a laser pulse. 05:17: This has actually been tested for electron transitions in atoms - and I’ll tell you about the experiments in a minute. 06:25: ... the energy as a new photon that the researchers can detect - so the atoms glow during these laser ... 07:32: ... faster the chain of pulses, the more likely that atoms remained in state 1 - which they could check with one final pulse to see if the ...
	2021-01-19: Can We Break the Universe? 14:01: But I take your point - can we really be sure that the same underlying complexity exists in real atoms?
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to ... 00:45: The idea has become so ingrained into how we think about atoms that few think to question the notion. 01:37: ... placed a similar restriction on atoms - he required that electron energy levels were quantized - could only ... 09:09: They then placed these artificial atoms inside a microwave cavity - analogous to the laser, which could cause the “atom” to transition between states. 01:37: ... placed a similar restriction on atoms - he required that electron energy levels were quantized - could only have ... 09:09: They then placed these artificial atoms inside a microwave cavity - analogous to the laser, which could cause the “atom” to transition between states. 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to another, ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 00:08: ... physicist Erwin Schrödinger suggested that “incredibly small groups of atoms, much too small to display exact statistical laws, do play a dominating ...
	2020-12-15: The Supernova At The End of Time 03:43: ... theoretical state of ultra-dense matter - degenerate matter - in which atoms are stripped of their electrons, and then those electrons are crammed so ... 07:10: In regular crystals, atoms or molecules are bonded into a lattice by sharing their electrons. 07:16: In a white dwarf, the nuclei can never recapture their electrons to become atoms again.
	2020-11-11: Can Free Will be Saved in a Deterministic Universe? 11:56: A red apple is made of atoms, but atoms possess neither redness nor appleness. 12:06: ... deny meaningfulness to the concept of free will just because the brain's atoms don't have free ... 12:31: You don't choose the mechanical behavior of your brain's atoms or the electrical potential that triggers each firing neuron. 12:06: ... deny meaningfulness to the concept of free will just because the brain's atoms don't have free ... 11:56: A red apple is made of atoms, but atoms possess neither redness nor appleness.
	2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life! 05:41: So phosphine is a tetrahedtron - pyramid or d-4 - shaped molecule with one phosphorus and 3 hydrogen atoms. 06:00: It can form anywhere that you might have free phosphorus and hydrogen atoms.
	2020-09-21: Could Life Evolve Inside Stars? 00:58: One of the most bizarre proposals for life not as we know it doesn’t even use atoms.
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 13:50: Basically, why do we see specific wavelengths missing from starlight due to electrons absorbing those wavelengths in atoms? 14:22: ... the atoms in question are between us and a source of light that's bright at all ...
	2020-09-01: How Do We Know What Stars Are Made Of? 03:56: One of the most severe is that the Sun is full of free electrons - electrons that were stripped from their atoms due to the intense heat. 04:42: As temperature drops, it becomes possible for some electrons to be captured by nuclei to form atoms. 04:49: And if free electrons are good at stopping photons in their tracks, these atoms are even better. 05:48: ... going to take some serious advances in understanding how both stars and atoms work Fortunately help was at ... 06:38: In energetic environments like the Sun, electrons are regularly kicked free from their atoms. 06:43: The atoms are ionized. 05:48: ... going to take some serious advances in understanding how both stars and atoms work Fortunately help was at ...
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... as the idea of taking say water and quantizing it to get a theory of atoms it just it doesn't get you what what you want namely a more ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... measured wavelengths of light coming out of all sorts of different atoms all right and it just hit me that all those numbers can now be ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 06:00: ... the stuff around for long. And that’s particularly true of anti-matter atoms, which are electrically neutral and so are hard to even store using ... 06:27: ... like a whole gram of the stuff to do CPT experiments. A handful of atoms is enough, and so the cost of doing these experiments is many orders of ... 09:19: ... shift in the laser frequency necessary to stimulate a transition in the atoms. Scientists measure this frequency, then compare to the corresponding ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 13:11: ... of this interpretation of conformal cyclic cosmology: the space between atoms in one aeon would be infinite from the point of view of observers from ...
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 09:59: When the laser pushes on the gas, the rubidium atoms want to move out of the way of the beam. 10:04: Here, the edge of the laser acts as the event horizon—the rubidium atoms don’t have enough energy to jump back up over the waterfall. 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the ... 10:04: Here, the edge of the laser acts as the event horizon—the rubidium atoms don’t have enough energy to jump back up over the waterfall.
	2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient 09:33: ... you CAN be sure. Some crystals like zircon tend to incorporate uranium atoms into their crystal structure when forming, while at the same time ...
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 00:44: ... mechanics tells us that the atom’s wavefunction can be in a superposition of states - simultaneously ... 01:48: ... properties we think of as fundamental - for example the arrangement of atoms that define a living or dead cat - aren’t properties of the atoms. ... 07:37: ... state of: electron up, atom on AND electron down, atom off. The atom’s state is now correlated with the electron’s state and the two are ... 08:44: ... the combined state of the atom and the electron. Or we could measure the atom’s state, which would influence the electron and positron. The measurement ... 09:28: ... the electron’s up-down status, now it’s hidden in a superposition of the atom’s on-off status. Essentially, phase information got transfered from the ... 07:37: ... state of: electron up, atom on AND electron down, atom off. The atom’s state is now correlated with the electron’s state and the two are entangled. ... 08:44: ... the combined state of the atom and the electron. Or we could measure the atom’s state, which would influence the electron and positron. The measurement hasn't ... 00:44: ... mechanics tells us that the atom’s wavefunction can be in a superposition of states - simultaneously decayed or not ...
	2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat? 03:32: ... of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any of them ... 03:41: Let’s be specific - there are 100 polonium-212 atoms, with half-life 300 microseconds - so each atom has a 50% chance of decaying in that time. 04:05: ... in that 300 microseconds is 50-50, but the chance that none of the 100 atoms decay is basically ... 03:32: ... of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any of them ... 04:05: ... in that 300 microseconds is 50-50, but the chance that none of the 100 atoms decay is basically ...
	2020-02-18: Does Consciousness Influence Quantum Mechanics? 00:36: The rules governing the tiny quantum world of atoms and photons seem alien. 05:34: But all of these things are made of atoms - the “von Neumann chain” from detector to mind is a chain of quantum objects.
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 02:07: They remained reductionists, and the quest continued for a detailed, mechanical description of the hidden inner workings of atoms and of the universe.
	2020-01-06: How To Detect a Neutrino 05:47: ♪ ♪ Those particles then travel through the liquid argon knocking electrons free from atoms.
	2019-12-02: Is The Universe Finite? 06:41: See, gravitational lensing is caused by mass - both dark matter and atoms.
	2019-11-18: Can You Observe a Typical Universe? 14:56: ... to form, and have some building blocks - whether or not they look like atoms as we know ...
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 04:02: In our universe, quarks tend to stick together to form protons and neutrons, which stick together and attract electrons to form atoms. 07:05: The stability of atoms and the rate of fusion in stars and in the early universe depends on the balance between electromagnetism and the strong force.
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 00:16: ... grail of physics is to connect our understanding of the tiny scales of atoms and subatomic particles with that of the vast scales of planets, ...
	2019-10-07: Black Hole Harmonics 09:53: ... doesn’t matter what fell in to make the black hole – atoms, photons, dark matter, monkeys – all that information should be lost, ...
	2019-09-30: How Many Universes Are There? 10:26: And of course there are vastly more of those slightly younger universes – more than all the atoms in all the universes that are one second older.
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 03:26: But Earth’s interior is not intrinsically magnetic – its too hot for the iron atoms in the core to spontaneously align.
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 09:27: ... from storing entangled photon quantum states in a cloud of caesium atoms, a kind of quantum atomic disk drive, or the spin-state of a single ...
	2019-06-20: The Quasar from The Beginning of Time 04:20: ... its own artificial guide star by shooting lasers to twinkle off sodium atoms at 90km height, right off the edge of ...
	2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions 02:47: ... the nebula who would eventually collapse into our solar system and those atoms would eventually find themselves part of a life-form that would figure ... 12:15: ... was transparent before recombination when electrons were free of their atoms and so could block the paths of photons then it was transparent during ... 13:02: ... then so can I do this in my head there would have been 1,100 hydrogen atoms per square meter that's still incredibly diffuse but it's enough to stop ... 12:15: ... then it was transparent during the dark ages because electrons bound in atoms don't block most of the light then after the universe was re-ionized, why ...
	2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages 01:34: ... Prior to recombination, the universe was filled with hydrogen and helium atoms stripped of their electrons - in other words, ionized - in the searing ... 02:52: ... energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons once again. They also died quickly, and their violent ... 09:21: ... of reionization ends. Then, with electrons detached once more from their atoms, there can be no lyman-alpha transitions. The rest of the quasar’s UV ... 01:34: ... cooled down enough for nuclei to recapture their electrons and the first atoms formed. The universe became transparent for the first time, and we see the light ...
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... of the relative amount of dark matter in the early universe compared to atoms once again roughly consistent with what we measure from other methods ...
	2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom? 10:03: ... disruption, it will overcome all chemical bonds then the forces binding atoms together, then nucleons, and then presumably anything smaller. In its ...
	2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger? 12:15: ... inside galaxies, inside planetary systems, and eventually even inside atoms. ...
	2019-03-13: Will You Travel to Space? 13:27: ... points out that atoms are perpetual motion machines, and there are hydrogen atoms that have ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 14:43: Recombination happened when the universe became cool enough nuclei capture electrons to form the first atoms.
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 02:05: ... later when light decoupled from matter at the formation of the first atoms the moment of Recombination As the universe evolved those frozen shells ... 12:34: ... constitute only about 5% of the mass and energy that's all of the atoms in all of the stars in all of the galaxies basically everything you can ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 01:46: ... forged in the first minutes after the Big Bang, and still so hot that no atoms could form, and electrons buzzed free of their ... 05:11: At this temperature, electrons could finally be captured by nuclei and the first true atoms formed. 05:26: ... were able to interact with any frequency of light, electrons bound into atoms are restricted to only those specific frequencies corresponding to the ... 05:11: At this temperature, electrons could finally be captured by nuclei and the first true atoms formed.
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 01:48: ... an array of cobalt-60 atoms in a magnetic field, the cobalt nuclei have angular momenta that will ... 02:02: ... captured electron. In our reflected clock we need to replace the cobalt atoms with their parity inverted counterparts but now the decay electrons ... 03:02: ... means how does this work in our Antion on a clock well antimatter atoms have negatively charged nuclei which means their nuclear magnetic fields ... 17:15: ... generation of physicists. We blasted through several reality layers from atoms to quantum fields in the past hundred years or so but maybe the next ...
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 01:04: ... by a simple set of rules, leading to oscillations, elementary particles, atoms, and ultimately to all of the emergent laws of physics, physical ... 04:33: So there is something like 10 to the power of 80 hydrogen atoms in the universe. 05:55: ... want to include photons, neutrinos, dark matter, et cetera, and not just atoms, you need to scale up the surface area by a factor of 10 billion and the ...
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 00:27: ... 100 trillion years, the last star in the universe will expand, the final atoms of hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf before slowly ...
	2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction 01:13: ... particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you know, allows you to ... 03:21: It mostly comes from the summed dipole magnetic fields of individual electrons in the outer shells of its atoms. 04:27: Electrons in atoms feel the magnetic fields produced by their own orbits around the atom. 01:13: ... particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you know, allows you to ... 04:27: Electrons in atoms feel the magnetic fields produced by their own orbits around the atom.
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 05:36: ... given potential could mean the wave function of an electron moving in an atom's electric field, or it could mean the wave function of the entire ...
	2018-04-18: Using Stars to See Gravitational Waves 07:05: ... of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its atoms. ...
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 01:12: That light was the leftover heat glow from before those first hydrogen atoms formed.
	2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds 03:49: Stellar spectra are thick, with sharp emission and absorption features that result from electron transitions in atoms in the star's atmosphere.
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 06:44: ... will be broken into hydrogen and oxygen and the light hydrogen atoms will be lost to ...
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. 05:59: Well, our best guess is that it's in the form of a very diffuse plasma, atoms stripped of their electrons in between the galaxies. 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. 05:59: Well, our best guess is that it's in the form of a very diffuse plasma, atoms stripped of their electrons in between the galaxies.
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 13:32: ... of meta particles as fermions because the elementary particles that form atoms are all spin-half fermions, so electrons and quarks, while the ...
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 01:37: You get more heat causes electrons than any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 04:34: Electron energy levels-- or orbitals in atoms-- are quantized, meaning only certain levels are allowed. 13:58: But that's because the distance between atoms is similar to x-ray wavelengths.
	2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity 03:06: Pauli realized that to explain electron energy levels in atoms, those electrons must obey a rule that we call the Pauli exclusion principle. 03:24: In the case of electrons in atoms, it suggests that we should only find one electron per atomic orbital, if we count each orbital as a quantum state.
	2017-06-07: Supervoids vs Colliding Universes! 01:37: It's the light that was released at the moment that the first atoms formed 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
	2017-04-19: The Oh My God Particle 05:06: Most of them are single protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 02:21: In solid matter, that would be the vibrational buzz of its constituent atoms. 04:03: Set up a chain of ions, so electrically charged atoms. 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons. 04:13: Spins in nearby atoms like to line up with each other due to interacting magnetic fields. 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal.
	2017-02-02: The Geometry of Causality 13:30: ... atoms, orbiting at around 10 times the Schwarzschild shield radius, undergo an ...
	2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome 00:37: Pulsars-- city-size atoms that beam deathrays through the galaxy.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 00:21: ... was something slightly weird about how a bunch of beryllium atoms were acting, that told physicists that for a tiny fraction of a second ... 00:54: One thing that comes out of a pile of beryllium-8 atoms is a lot of electron-positron pairs.
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 04:56: This crazy effect has even been observed with whole atoms, even whole molecules. 05:02: ... buckyballs, are gigantic spherical molecules of 60 carbon atoms and have been observed to produce double-slit interference under special ...
	2016-07-20: The Future of Gravitational Waves 05:41: ... would tunnel out of the nucleus of a polonium-212 atom, causing the atom's radioactive ...
	2016-05-04: Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed? 03:51: ... of an advanced meta-material-- a nano-fabricated sheet only hundreds of atoms ...
	2016-04-20: Why the Universe Needs Dark Energy 09:31: So the universe is only expanding on the largest scales, not at all inside atoms, inside humans, the Earth-- even inside the Milky Way.
	2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff 00:00: ... PLAYING] Carl Sagan said that we are "starstuff." Most of the atoms in our body were forged in violent stellar alchemy and spread through ... 01:04: ... when those elementary particles start interacting to form nuclei, atoms, and molecules-- chemistry-- they result in levels of complexity that are ... 01:43: Atoms and their interplay. 02:37: ... up to 60% water, H2O, which makes you around 40% hydrogen by number of atoms, but only around 6% by ...
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 00:37: Free electrons were captured by protons to form the very first atoms. 03:01: ... for those electrons to be captured by protons to form the first hydrogen atoms in an event called ...
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 01:25: Now, remember, when the universe was younger than 400,000 years, it was too hot for atoms to exist. 05:22: But at 400,000 years, it's cooled down just enough to form the very first atoms, and in the process, release the cosmic background radiation. 10:06: ... would not be stretched by expansion because the bonds between and within atoms are vastly stronger than any degree of expansion on the scale of any ...
	2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened 03:51: ... the entire universe slipped from plasma to gas as the first hydrogen atoms ...
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 06:42: In this analogy, those clock ticks become interactions between the internal parts of our atoms and nucleons.
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 01:11: ... rotating gears are comprised of atoms vibrating in metal lattices, bound by electrons flickering in their ... 01:33: Down to the atoms and nuclei, yes. 01:43: All of the atoms in such a clock feel the same length of a second. 02:29: Time happens for the atom in a way that it doesn't for the atom's parts. 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored ... 06:11: And from the last two episodes, we know that atoms and their nucleons are all kind of like photon boxes. 06:22: Quarks and electrons confined first by their coupling with the Higgs field, and then by the forces binding them into atoms. 07:30: Atoms feel time in their internal evolution similar to our own perception of the changing patterns in our brains. 02:29: Time happens for the atom in a way that it doesn't for the atom's parts. 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored box ... 01:11: ... rotating gears are comprised of atoms vibrating in metal lattices, bound by electrons flickering in their orbits, ...
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 00:54: ... equation, E equals Mc squared, and showed that most of the mass of atoms comes from the kinetic and binding energy of the quarks that make up ... 04:36: Photons in the photon box, but even in the spring, the density wave is ultimately communicated by electromagnetic interactions between the atoms. 10:33: The ramifications-- we wouldn't have atoms without a nonzero Higgs field.
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 00:14: ... of the mass in your body, in fact, the mass of anything that's made of atoms, doesn't come from the mass of the elementary ... 00:36: Most of the atom's mass is the confined kinetic and binding energy of those quarks. 00:14: ... of the mass in your body, in fact, the mass of anything that's made of atoms, doesn't come from the mass of the elementary ... 00:36: Most of the atom's mass is the confined kinetic and binding energy of those quarks.
	2015-11-18: 5 Ways to Stop a Killer Asteroid 09:45: ... everything we've seen in this universe, the arrangement of atoms into molecules and molecular structures, via chemical bonds, seems to be ...
	2015-05-27: Habitable Exoplanets Debunked! 04:05: Since different atoms and molecules emit or absorb particular wavelengths of light only, the spectrum tells you a lot about atmospheric composition.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 01:42: ... parts of that watch that heats them up ever so slightly so that its atoms start jiggling a little ... 06:12: ... fact, barring weird circumstances, all atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the ... 06:22: ... oxygen molecule weighs less than two oxygen atoms because the combined kinetic and potential energies of those atoms once ... 01:42: ... parts of that watch that heats them up ever so slightly so that its atoms start jiggling a little ...
	2015-04-29: What's the Most Realistic Artificial Gravity in Sci-Fi? 06:02: So anything made out of ordinary atoms would be ripped apart.
	2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained 01:03: ... microwave background, or CNB, was the process that formed the first atoms in the universe almost 13 and 1/2 billion years ... 03:06: At this temperature, it's too hot for electrons and protons to even coalesce into atoms, let alone stars, planets or galaxies. 03:22: ... because there were no neutral atoms yet, the light the plasma emitted just couldn't travel very far before ... 03:51: Now as this plasma cooled, its temperature eventually dropped below the 3,000 or so degree mark, where neutral atoms could finally form. 05:01: And all those atoms from that plasma?
	2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space? 09:25: ... per atom on Earth, and multiply that by an estimate of the number of atoms on ...
	2015-03-11: What Will Destroy Planet Earth? 05:54: ... everything in a universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ... 06:15: ... best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your atoms disassembled by space itself would be a pretty epic way to ... 05:54: ... everything in a universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ...

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