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	2022-12-14: How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gas? 01:06: The reason solids melt and liquids boil is that rising heat energy allows the bonds between atoms and molecules to break. 10:08: Due to its high density compared to a gas, it has more atoms or molecules to bond to the dissolved substance. 01:06: The reason solids melt and liquids boil is that rising heat energy allows the bonds between atoms and molecules to break. 10:08: Due to its high density compared to a gas, it has more atoms or molecules to bond to the dissolved substance.
	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 01:14: The silicon atom has 4 electrons in its outer or valence shell. 01:19: Atoms are most stable with full valence shells, which means 8 electrons. 01:44: ... cells by a photon, at which point the electron is free to move from atom to atom - for example if pulled by a voltage applied across the ... 03:07: On one side we sprinkle the silicon lattice with a tiny number of atoms that have 5 rather than 4 valence electrons. 03:27: The other side is doped with atoms that have 3 valence electrons - frequently boron. 05:24: Another way energy can be stored in the lattice is in the vibrational modes of the atoms. 05:28: ... of the covalent bonds as springs, so when an atom receives pressure it will move, pressing on the springs, and causing ... 07:12: After all, heat in solids comes from the vibrational motion of its atoms, and that vibration is transferred around by phonons. 08:40: ... particles can be combined into composite particles, for example an atom is composed of quarks forming a nucleus and electrons bound to that ... 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat. 10:03: ... are jostled, exchanging phonons in both directions with the atoms, which prevents a smooth, streamline flow You might think that cooling ... 10:15: But it’s not the relative stillness of the atoms that does this; it’s something much more interesting. 12:16: The pairs of electrons are bound over large distances, not separated by single atoms. 01:44: ... by a photon, at which point the electron is free to move from atom to atom - for example if pulled by a voltage applied across the ... 05:28: ... of the covalent bonds as springs, so when an atom receives pressure it will move, pressing on the springs, and causing other nearby ... 01:19: Atoms are most stable with full valence shells, which means 8 electrons. 03:07: On one side we sprinkle the silicon lattice with a tiny number of atoms that have 5 rather than 4 valence electrons. 03:27: The other side is doped with atoms that have 3 valence electrons - frequently boron. 05:24: Another way energy can be stored in the lattice is in the vibrational modes of the atoms. 05:28: ... pressure it will move, pressing on the springs, and causing other nearby atoms to move as ... 07:12: After all, heat in solids comes from the vibrational motion of its atoms, and that vibration is transferred around by phonons. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat. 10:03: ... are jostled, exchanging phonons in both directions with the atoms, which prevents a smooth, streamline flow You might think that cooling ... 10:15: But it’s not the relative stillness of the atoms that does this; it’s something much more interesting. 12:16: The pairs of electrons are bound over large distances, not separated by single atoms. 09:49: But of course we have them pesky phonons, which at any significant temperature just add up to a lot of random jiggling of the atoms - AKA heat.
	2022-11-23: How To See Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos 03:38: ... high-energy neutrinos, interaction are with an atomic nucleus and that interaction can transmute the neutrino into its ... 17:49: ... this up-down-quark matter may lead to perfectly stable “nuclei” with atomic masses as low as ... 03:38: ... high-energy neutrinos, interaction are with an atomic nucleus and that interaction can transmute the neutrino into its ... 17:49: ... this up-down-quark matter may lead to perfectly stable “nuclei” with atomic masses as low as ... 03:38: ... high-energy neutrinos, interaction are with an atomic nucleus and that interaction can transmute the neutrino into its high-mass ...
	2022-11-16: Are there Undiscovered Elements Beyond The Periodic Table? 00:38: ... of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for new ... 00:58: But the fact is, gaps in the periodic table did exist - atomic numbers that seemed to appear naturally. 01:29: He arranged the known elements according to their atomic weight, and noticed periodic recurrences of chemical properties as atomic weight increased. 04:29: For example, a carbon atom has 6 protons in the nucleus. 04:44: Now an atom with 6 protons and 8 neutrons is still carbon - carbon-14, but it’s not stable. 05:48: Larger atomic number tends to yield fewer stable isotopes and shorter half-lives. 06:13: ... actually the dynamics of the atomic nucleus are so complicated that it takes sophisticated computer modeling ... 06:34: An atomic nucleus is a place of extreme forces in delicate balance. 07:59: For smaller nuclei - up to an atomic number of 20 - an even split of protons and neutrons is usually the most stable. 00:38: ... of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for new ... 00:58: But the fact is, gaps in the periodic table did exist - atomic numbers that seemed to appear naturally. 01:29: He arranged the known elements according to their atomic weight, and noticed periodic recurrences of chemical properties as atomic weight increased. 05:48: Larger atomic number tends to yield fewer stable isotopes and shorter half-lives. 06:13: ... actually the dynamics of the atomic nucleus are so complicated that it takes sophisticated computer modeling ... 06:34: An atomic nucleus is a place of extreme forces in delicate balance. 07:59: For smaller nuclei - up to an atomic number of 20 - an even split of protons and neutrons is usually the most stable. 00:38: ... of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for new ... 06:13: ... actually the dynamics of the atomic nucleus are so complicated that it takes sophisticated computer modeling to ... 06:34: An atomic nucleus is a place of extreme forces in delicate balance. 00:38: ... of the periodic table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for new ... 05:48: Larger atomic number tends to yield fewer stable isotopes and shorter half-lives. 07:59: For smaller nuclei - up to an atomic number of 20 - an even split of protons and neutrons is usually the most stable. 00:38: ... table are defined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus - the atomic number - so how can there be gaps for new ... 00:58: But the fact is, gaps in the periodic table did exist - atomic numbers that seemed to appear naturally. 01:29: He arranged the known elements according to their atomic weight, and noticed periodic recurrences of chemical properties as atomic weight increased.
	2022-10-26: Why Did Quantum Entanglement Win the Nobel Prize in Physics? 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular ... 09:11: Aspect’s setup was very similar to Clauser's, with a beam of calcium atoms excited by light - this time a laser rather than an arc lamp. 11:05: ... all, signals could have travelled to both the calcium atom and the random number generator from some common influence, ... 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular ... 09:11: Aspect’s setup was very similar to Clauser's, with a beam of calcium atoms excited by light - this time a laser rather than an arc lamp. 06:54: ... the atom’s spin hadn’t changed in this transition, in order to conserve angular momentum ... 06:29: They blasted a beam of calcium atoms  through the intense light of an arc lamp. 06:33: ... light excited electrons in calcium atoms to higher energy level and they would then drop down again, with the ...
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 07:45: ... gets very close   to the Sun, and C) is only a few hundred atoms thick so it doesn’t blow out our mass budget.   Solar sails experience ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 01:34: As with much of quantum mechanics, it started  with us watching the light produced as electrons flicked between energy levels in atoms. 01:58: Hydrogen atoms only emit light with these specific energies. 04:17: And the orbital speed of an electron in the ground state of the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom is 137 slower than the speed of light. 07:40: ... that would mean no fridge magnets, among other inconveniences like no atoms. ... 08:03: ... constant sets the size of atoms - a larger  value means electrons would be closer to nuclei, making ... 08:16: A smaller value would mean electrons were less tightly bound, making atoms and molecules less stable. 01:34: As with much of quantum mechanics, it started  with us watching the light produced as electrons flicked between energy levels in atoms. 01:58: Hydrogen atoms only emit light with these specific energies. 07:40: ... that would mean no fridge magnets, among other inconveniences like no atoms. ... 08:03: ... constant sets the size of atoms - a larger  value means electrons would be closer to nuclei, making ... 08:16: A smaller value would mean electrons were less tightly bound, making atoms and molecules less stable. 08:03: ... constant sets the size of atoms - a larger  value means electrons would be closer to nuclei, making ...
	2022-09-21: Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained! 12:36: Lassi Tiihonen and John Rizzo raise an excellent point: our strong force video didn’t really explain how atomic nuclei stick together. 13:19: This constant exchange process keeps the nucleons bound together, analogously to how the atoms in molecules are bound by the exchange of electrons. 12:36: Lassi Tiihonen and John Rizzo raise an excellent point: our strong force video didn’t really explain how atomic nuclei stick together. 13:19: This constant exchange process keeps the nucleons bound together, analogously to how the atoms in molecules are bound by the exchange of electrons.
	2022-09-14: Could the Higgs Boson Lead Us to Dark Matter? 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons. 01:18: ... extremely rarely interact with the electrons and quarks that make up the atoms that make up ... 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons. 01:18: ... extremely rarely interact with the electrons and quarks that make up the atoms that make up ... 00:54: We see and we feel the atoms - the electrons and the quarks - via the protons and neutrons.
	2022-08-24: What Makes The Strong Force Strong? 00:04: It’s strange enough for atoms, but positively bizarre when we get to the atomic nucleus. 00:22: As you know, atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. 01:13: But if the strong force is so strong, why is it confined to the atomic nucleus? 03:33: One consequence of this is that no two electrons can occupy the same energy level in an atom. 05:12: We need this attraction to hold quarks together in nucleons, and nucleons together in the atomic nucleus. 05:19: And that attractive force needs to be stronger than the repulsive electromagnetism, while also vanishing outside the atomic nucleus. 06:20: So an electron bound to an atomic nucleus will feel less force from the nucleus at larger orbitals. 08:49: Let's say we have a proton and an electron, their electric charges attract and they form a neutral hydrogen atom. 09:05: You would have to get really close to an atom to feel the positive electric field of the nucleus, or the negative electric field of the electrons. 16:36: Today we’d doing comment responses for the last two episodes: there was the one on lattice QCD, where we talked about simulating the atomic nucleus. 00:04: It’s strange enough for atoms, but positively bizarre when we get to the atomic nucleus. 01:13: But if the strong force is so strong, why is it confined to the atomic nucleus? 05:12: We need this attraction to hold quarks together in nucleons, and nucleons together in the atomic nucleus. 05:19: And that attractive force needs to be stronger than the repulsive electromagnetism, while also vanishing outside the atomic nucleus. 06:20: So an electron bound to an atomic nucleus will feel less force from the nucleus at larger orbitals. 16:36: Today we’d doing comment responses for the last two episodes: there was the one on lattice QCD, where we talked about simulating the atomic nucleus. 00:04: It’s strange enough for atoms, but positively bizarre when we get to the atomic nucleus. 01:13: But if the strong force is so strong, why is it confined to the atomic nucleus? 05:12: We need this attraction to hold quarks together in nucleons, and nucleons together in the atomic nucleus. 05:19: And that attractive force needs to be stronger than the repulsive electromagnetism, while also vanishing outside the atomic nucleus. 06:20: So an electron bound to an atomic nucleus will feel less force from the nucleus at larger orbitals. 16:36: Today we’d doing comment responses for the last two episodes: there was the one on lattice QCD, where we talked about simulating the atomic nucleus. 00:04: It’s strange enough for atoms, but positively bizarre when we get to the atomic nucleus. 00:22: As you know, atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
	2022-08-03: What Happens Inside a Proton? 00:00: ... probably start by learning to simulate even a   single atomic nucleus. But it’s taken  some of the most incredible ... 01:15: ... is good for simulating the electrons in an atom. But the behavior of electrons is   comparatively baby stuff ... 14:32: ... collections of hadrons like the nucleus   of a single atom. We will never simulate  a whole universe this way - nor any way ... 00:00: ... probably start by learning to simulate even a   single atomic nucleus. But it’s taken  some of the most incredible ... 01:15: ... of electrons is   comparatively baby stuff compared to the atomic nucleus. Every proton and neutron is composed   of 3 quarks stuck ...
	2022-07-27: How Many States Of Matter Are There? 01:09: Electrons are knocked free from atoms, breaking all molecular bonds in the process and creating a Plasma. 01:15: So cool, states of matter are just the different, well, states that atoms can be in. 01:28: Does it depend on the state of matter of the atoms they’re part of? 04:50: Does that mean we can make different states of matter from things other than atoms? 05:05: ... consists of composite particles: the electrons are elementary, but the atomic nuclei are little bundles of nucleons - protons and ... 05:21: Just as we tore apart the atom when we made our plasma, if we crank temperature up high enough we can destroy nucleons. 07:24: Our quark-gluon plasma is actually the analogy of gas in atomic matter, even if it’s behavior is more liquid. 08:51: So it sounds like states of matter really are … exactly that - states of matter, rather than states of atoms. 09:19: If that’s true for the subatomic states within the atomic states, what about states formed by components larger than atoms and molecules? 05:05: ... consists of composite particles: the electrons are elementary, but the atomic nuclei are little bundles of nucleons - protons and ... 07:24: Our quark-gluon plasma is actually the analogy of gas in atomic matter, even if it’s behavior is more liquid. 09:19: If that’s true for the subatomic states within the atomic states, what about states formed by components larger than atoms and molecules? 07:24: Our quark-gluon plasma is actually the analogy of gas in atomic matter, even if it’s behavior is more liquid. 05:05: ... consists of composite particles: the electrons are elementary, but the atomic nuclei are little bundles of nucleons - protons and ... 09:19: If that’s true for the subatomic states within the atomic states, what about states formed by components larger than atoms and molecules? 01:09: Electrons are knocked free from atoms, breaking all molecular bonds in the process and creating a Plasma. 01:15: So cool, states of matter are just the different, well, states that atoms can be in. 01:28: Does it depend on the state of matter of the atoms they’re part of? 04:50: Does that mean we can make different states of matter from things other than atoms? 08:51: So it sounds like states of matter really are … exactly that - states of matter, rather than states of atoms. 09:19: If that’s true for the subatomic states within the atomic states, what about states formed by components larger than atoms and molecules? 01:09: Electrons are knocked free from atoms, breaking all molecular bonds in the process and creating a Plasma.
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 17:13: If the aliens simply describe the hydrogen atom and we saw that its electron had positive charge, we’d be set.
	2022-06-22: Is Interstellar Travel Impossible? 06:08: ... elements The average gas density through the Milky Way disk is around 1 atom per cubic centimeter, however the Sun is in an under-dense region called ... 06:29: Around these parts there’s on average one atom per 10 cm cube. 08:46: At these speeds, every single impacting atom or molecule can cause damage. 11:06: While the ship’s hull will stop heavier elements in less than a millimeter, the hydrogen atoms can penetrate an order of magnitude deeper. 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation. 11:06: While the ship’s hull will stop heavier elements in less than a millimeter, the hydrogen atoms can penetrate an order of magnitude deeper. 11:16: Such atoms will be stripped of their electrons to become high-energy protons, in other words, they become radiation.
	2022-05-18: What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life? 07:36: ... No chance for life yet. However these   stars were incredible atom factories, rapidly  burning their way up the periodic ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 16:38: ... of the way the electron in the admittedly outdated Bohr model of the atom in a sense “creates itself” by constructive interference - only ...
	2022-03-30: Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole? 08:15: ... a black hole formation was discovered in 1939 by Robert Oppenheimer - of atomic bomb fame - along with his student Hartland Snyder They approximated the ...
	2022-03-16: What If Charge is NOT Fundamental? 01:52: ... of its similarity to the proton - they’re practically twins in the atomic nucleus, occurring with similar numbers and almost the same mass, with ...
	2022-03-08: Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth? 03:22: ... sharp spikes in its spectrum resulting from electron transitions in the atoms and molecules of the star’s ...
	2022-02-16: Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality? 01:24: ... cat. A scientist puts a cute kitty in a closed box with a radioactive atom attached to a vial of poison gas. The atom has a 50-50 chance of ... 02:24: ... many quantum particles. So how far can the superposition extend? The atom, the radioactive detector, the vial of poison, the cat, the ... 01:24: ... cat. A scientist puts a cute kitty in a closed box with a radioactive atom attached to a vial of poison gas. The atom has a 50-50 chance of decaying, ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... manifest as things like changing in the the detailed energy levels of atoms when you look at the light emitted due to electron tractions in atoms ...
	2022-01-19: How To Build The Universe in a Computer 10:14: And then we have cosmological simulations  which create entire virtual universes, from the moment the first  atoms formed to the modern day.
	2022-01-12: How To Simulate The Universe With DFT 00:44: ... whether it’s bouncing around inside a box, or part of a hydrogen atom, or moving through a double slit ... 01:28: In fact you need more particles than exist in the solar system to store the wavefunction of the electrons in a single iron atom. 01:36: And yet we can do this for thousands of atoms. 01:48: ... the V. V could result from the electromagnetic field inside the hydrogen atom, or the EM fields defining the walls of a box, ... 02:10: ... an electron in a box or in a hydrogen atom, the different possible values of E that form solutions to this equation ... 03:25: OK, now let’s say we want to do the 26 electrons in an iron atom instead of the 1 electron in hydrogen. 04:06: ... the one who pointed out that to describe the iron atom on a course grid, you’d need to store more numbers than there are ... 05:25: So it seems like even for a single atom of iron, a fairly run of the mill element, we can’t even store the wavefunction let alone calculate it. 09:01: ... an example, here’s a quantum simulation of the millions of atoms comprising the capsid of a virus done using density functional theory, ... 01:36: And yet we can do this for thousands of atoms. 09:01: ... an example, here’s a quantum simulation of the millions of atoms comprising the capsid of a virus done using density functional theory, ... 14:53: We told you that an asteroid-mass, atom-sized black hole would pass straight through the earth if it impacted. 09:01: ... an example, here’s a quantum simulation of the millions of atoms comprising the capsid of a virus done using density functional theory, and here’s ... 14:53: We told you that an asteroid-mass, atom-sized black hole would pass straight through the earth if it impacted.
	2021-12-20: What Happens If A Black Hole Hits Earth? 04:26: ... horizon - its surface of no-return - would be around the size of an atom. And it would be moving fast when it hit the earth - it must have fallen ... 05:13: ... a large asteroid. That gives it an event horizon the size of a hydrogen atom. At interstellar speeds it spends around a minute passing through the ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 09:25: ... as the neutron star’s gravitational field is so intense that atomic nuclei are crushed into a soup of neutrons, a star collapsing into a ...
	2021-10-13: New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light 00:32: It describes how quantum particles are able to move across seemingly impenetrable barriers - for example, when atomic nuclei decay. 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force. 02:16: Fortunately for the stability of atoms, nucleons mostly remain trapped. 11:02: In this experiment, they fired ultracold rubidium atoms at a laser field that was spread out over a small area. 11:10: That field was strong enough to deflect the atoms completely, and so provided an insurmountable barrier. 00:32: It describes how quantum particles are able to move across seemingly impenetrable barriers - for example, when atomic nuclei decay. 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force. 00:32: It describes how quantum particles are able to move across seemingly impenetrable barriers - for example, when atomic nuclei decay. 02:03: For example, the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus are held in the potential barrier of the strong nuclear force. 02:16: Fortunately for the stability of atoms, nucleons mostly remain trapped. 11:02: In this experiment, they fired ultracold rubidium atoms at a laser field that was spread out over a small area. 11:10: That field was strong enough to deflect the atoms completely, and so provided an insurmountable barrier. 02:16: Fortunately for the stability of atoms, nucleons mostly remain trapped.
	2021-10-05: Why Magnetic Monopoles SHOULD Exist 01:43: In a ferromagnet, the field is the sum of the countless tiny aligned dipole fields of electrons in the magnet’s atoms. 15:16: ... notes that energy levels in atoms can actually hold 2 electrons, not one, because it’s possible to have ... 15:29: ... trying to represent separate quantum states, not energy levels in an atom. ... 01:43: In a ferromagnet, the field is the sum of the countless tiny aligned dipole fields of electrons in the magnet’s atoms. 15:16: ... notes that energy levels in atoms can actually hold 2 electrons, not one, because it’s possible to have ...
	2021-09-21: How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible 01:44: ... state, which is why electrons can’t occupy the same energy states in atoms. Without this, electrons in multi-electron atoms would all fall into the ... 08:00: ... some observable - for example, the location of the electron around the atom. Psi is really the so-called “probability ... 08:37: ... let’s put our electron in an atom - in the ground state. And add a second electron to the first excited ... 10:32: ... g and f - if you like for the ground and first excited state of the atom, but this works for any two possible wavefunctions - two possible quantum ... 08:37: ... let’s put our electron in an atom - in the ground state. And add a second electron to the first excited ... 08:00: ... some observable - for example, the location of the electron around the atom. Psi is really the so-called “probability ... 01:44: ... state, which is why electrons can’t occupy the same energy states in atoms. Without this, electrons in multi-electron atoms would all fall into the ...
	2021-09-15: Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe 03:07: ... the neutron star’s atmosphere  is not made of atoms, rather it's a plasma,   in which atoms have been stripped ... 04:39: ... weird because we normally think of crystals as lattices of atoms connected by electron bonds.   But the stuff below our feet is ... 03:07: ... the neutron star’s atmosphere  is not made of atoms, rather it's a plasma,   in which atoms have been stripped ... 04:39: ... weird because we normally think of crystals as lattices of atoms connected by electron bonds.   But the stuff below our feet is ...
	2021-09-07: First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole 04:57: This gas starts to glow in a different way - not from heat, but from the motion of electrons between their atomic energy levels. 05:04: ... disk so that it shines bright in very specific colors depending on what atoms are ... 09:51: The intense radiation in this region strips almost all atoms of their electrons. 04:57: This gas starts to glow in a different way - not from heat, but from the motion of electrons between their atomic energy levels. 05:04: ... disk so that it shines bright in very specific colors depending on what atoms are ... 09:51: The intense radiation in this region strips almost all atoms of their electrons.
	2021-08-18: How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe 00:21: ... were a bit different,   none of the familiar structures from atoms  to galaxies - would be possible. In fact,   for most possible ...
	2021-08-03: How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology 03:19: ... workup. For example, it gives us spectral lines. When electrons in an atom move between orbitals, they emit or absorb light with very specific ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic ... 15:19: ... only that. Electromagnetism is responsible for the strong bonds between atoms in a solid - so the fact that the wall doesn’t fall apart is due to ... 06:51: ... where the higher the energy, the closer the electron is to escaping the atom. Electrons are bound to the white dwarf by gravity, but they still have discrete ... 03:19: ... absorb light with very specific wavelengths. That tells us what kind of atoms are in the object, but also a lot more. In the case of Zee the ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic ... 15:19: ... only that. Electromagnetism is responsible for the strong bonds between atoms in a solid - so the fact that the wall doesn’t fall apart is due to ... 06:51: ... atoms, electrons are held in place by the coulomb force - electrostatic attraction to the ...
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 11:08: Electrons and atomic nuclei can be accelerated in this magnetic field to high energies - into what we call cosmic rays.
	2021-07-13: Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds? 12:07: Splitting happens when phase relations are scrambled due to interactions - and that’s - the entire universe doesn’t split with every atomic wiggle.
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 02:25: ... of photons emitted when electrons jump between energy levels  in atoms. Peiter Zeeman, working under the great Hendrik Lorenz in the ... 05:15: ... in 1921 and performed by Walther Gerlach a year later. In it silver atoms are fired through a magnetic field with a gradient - in this example ... 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment. 05:37: ... means the external magnetic field induces a  force on the atoms that depends on the direction that these little magnetic moments are ... 06:10: ... might expect a blur of points where the  silver atoms hit the detector screen - some deflected up or down by the maximum, but ... 06:31: Let’s keep going. What if we remove the screen and bring the beam of atoms back together. 06:36: ... no force whatsoever. But if we put our detector screen we see that the atoms again land in two spots - now also oriented ... 02:25: ... of photons emitted when electrons jump between energy levels  in atoms. Peiter Zeeman, working under the great Hendrik Lorenz in the ... 05:15: ... in 1921 and performed by Walther Gerlach a year later. In it silver atoms are fired through a magnetic field with a gradient - in this example ... 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment. 05:37: ... means the external magnetic field induces a  force on the atoms that depends on the direction that these little magnetic moments are ... 06:10: ... might expect a blur of points where the  silver atoms hit the detector screen - some deflected up or down by the maximum, but ... 06:31: Let’s keep going. What if we remove the screen and bring the beam of atoms back together. 06:36: ... no force whatsoever. But if we put our detector screen we see that the atoms again land in two spots - now also oriented ... 05:31: A lone electron in the outer shell of the silver atoms grants the atom a magnetic moment. 06:10: ... might expect a blur of points where the  silver atoms hit the detector screen - some deflected up or down by the maximum, but ... 02:25: ... of photons emitted when electrons jump between energy levels  in atoms. Peiter Zeeman, working under the great Hendrik Lorenz in the Netherlands, ...
	2021-06-16: Can Space Be Infinitely Divided? 00:00: ... gets them to within a cell’s width.   33 to within a single atom, 50 and they’re a proton’s width apart. Half the distance ...
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 15:32: ... so small that they would never, ever merge - even if they got within an atomic nucleus width ...
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 05:05: A red hot poker glows because it has an enormous number of iron atoms, vibrating with every possible energy. 05:18: But if you zoom in on a single iron atom - it can’t emit every wavelength of light. 05:05: A red hot poker glows because it has an enormous number of iron atoms, vibrating with every possible energy.
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 10:03: ... have demonstrated this same principle in other systems like entangled atomic clocks, which may one day massively enhance the precision of our GPS ...
	2021-04-13: What If Dark Matter Is Just Black Holes? 02:02: In other words, most of the physical universe needs to be vast swarms of black holes that outweigh all the atoms in the universe by a factor of four.
	2021-03-23: Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect 01:27: ... predicts that certain quantum events - like the electrons moving between atomic energy levels, or the decay of atomic nuclei, can be frozen through the ... 01:50: ... - like how an electron can only occupy certain energy states in an atom. ... 05:17: This has actually been tested for electron transitions in atoms - and I’ll tell you about the experiments in a minute. 05:55: To recap - we have a collection of laser-cooled atoms in an electromagnetic trap. 06:18: Next they flash the atoms with a laser whose frequency matches the energy difference between state 1 and a new state, state 3. 06:25: ... the energy as a new photon that the researchers can detect - so the atoms glow during these laser ... 06:38: On the other hand, if the atom is in state 2 during the pulse, it would not absorb a photon and the atom would stay dark. 07:15: To test this, the researchers start the atoms all in state one, and then hit them with a series of very rapid laser pulses. 07:32: ... faster the chain of pulses, the more likely that atoms remained in state 1 - which they could check with one final pulse to see ... 07:47: ... observation of the quantum Zeno effect, including various studies of atomic energy levels, as well as the freezing of quantum tunneling - the same ... 08:41: In this case, hitting the atoms with a laser pulse. 09:21: ... to achieve a true quantum Zeno-like freezing you’d need to hit the atom with many, many photons - and that was certainly not a “subtle” ... 01:27: ... predicts that certain quantum events - like the electrons moving between atomic energy levels, or the decay of atomic nuclei, can be frozen through the ... 07:47: ... observation of the quantum Zeno effect, including various studies of atomic energy levels, as well as the freezing of quantum tunneling - the same ... 01:27: ... predicts that certain quantum events - like the electrons moving between atomic energy levels, or the decay of atomic nuclei, can be frozen through the simple ... 07:47: ... observation of the quantum Zeno effect, including various studies of atomic energy levels, as well as the freezing of quantum tunneling - the same ... 01:27: ... predicts that certain quantum events - like the electrons moving between atomic energy levels, or the decay of atomic nuclei, can be frozen through the simple act of ... 07:47: ... observation of the quantum Zeno effect, including various studies of atomic energy levels, as well as the freezing of quantum tunneling - the same phenomenon that ... 01:27: ... like the electrons moving between atomic energy levels, or the decay of atomic nuclei, can be frozen through the simple act of ... 05:17: This has actually been tested for electron transitions in atoms - and I’ll tell you about the experiments in a minute. 05:55: To recap - we have a collection of laser-cooled atoms in an electromagnetic trap. 06:18: Next they flash the atoms with a laser whose frequency matches the energy difference between state 1 and a new state, state 3. 06:25: ... the energy as a new photon that the researchers can detect - so the atoms glow during these laser ... 07:15: To test this, the researchers start the atoms all in state one, and then hit them with a series of very rapid laser pulses. 07:32: ... faster the chain of pulses, the more likely that atoms remained in state 1 - which they could check with one final pulse to see ... 08:41: In this case, hitting the atoms with a laser pulse. 05:17: This has actually been tested for electron transitions in atoms - and I’ll tell you about the experiments in a minute. 06:25: ... the energy as a new photon that the researchers can detect - so the atoms glow during these laser ... 07:32: ... faster the chain of pulses, the more likely that atoms remained in state 1 - which they could check with one final pulse to see if the ...
	2021-03-09: How Does Gravity Affect Light? 03:56: ... - be it an electric charge pulsing up and down a radio antenna, or an atom vibrating back and forth in a glowing light filament due to its ...
	2021-02-24: Does Time Cause Gravity? 03:36: Each atom, each subatomic particle trying to tick at its own rate.
	2021-02-17: Gravitational Wave Background Discovered? 00:00: ... wave coming from here towards the earth here causes the largest atomic offsets for pulsars within this structure now a single pulsar isn't ...
	2021-01-19: Can We Break the Universe? 13:20: Regarding the experiment which showed that quantum jumps could be predicted, tracked, and even reversed in an artificial atom. 13:27: David Robinson and Drakinite asked the same question: how can we be sure that the artificial atom is really a useful analogy to a real atom. 14:01: But I take your point - can we really be sure that the same underlying complexity exists in real atoms?
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to ... 00:45: The idea has become so ingrained into how we think about atoms that few think to question the notion. 01:37: ... placed a similar restriction on atoms - he required that electron energy levels were quantized - could only ... 01:56: ... result was the Bohr model of the atom - the very first attempt at a quantum theory, and it very neatly ... 05:19: An atomic electron could then be considered a superposition of multiple vibrational modes. 05:49: As he put it, “we never experiment with just one electron or atom. 05:54: ... never seen a single photon produced by a single quantum jump in a single atom. ... 06:16: By the 80s we’d learned how to trap and cool a single atom with lasers. 06:21: And in 1986, almost simultaneously, three different teams observed quantum jumps in such an atom. 06:28: ... single atom - in this case mercury or barium - is bathed in a laser beam with a ... 06:59: In the 1986 experiments, the electron in the trapped atom jumped between levels something like 100 million times per second. 07:06: The individual photons emitted in this process couldn’t be seen - instead the single atom just glowed, or fluoresced. 07:33: So, we have our atom happily fluorescing in the original laser beam. 07:43: Suddenly the atom goes dark - the fluorescence stops, because the electron is stuck in level 3 and no longer available to cycle between 1 and 2. 08:39: Now this isn’t with an actual atom, but rather a sort of “artificial atom made of two superconducting circuits. 08:48: The 3 different energy levels of this artificial atom corresponded to the number of electromagnetic quanta of energy stored in the circuits. 09:09: They then placed these artificial atoms inside a microwave cavity - analogous to the laser, which could cause the “atom” to transition between states. 01:56: ... result was the Bohr model of the atom - the very first attempt at a quantum theory, and it very neatly explained ... 06:28: ... single atom - in this case mercury or barium - is bathed in a laser beam with a ... 08:48: The 3 different energy levels of this artificial atom corresponded to the number of electromagnetic quanta of energy stored in the circuits. 07:33: So, we have our atom happily fluorescing in the original laser beam. 06:59: In the 1986 experiments, the electron in the trapped atom jumped between levels something like 100 million times per second. 05:19: An atomic electron could then be considered a superposition of multiple vibrational modes. 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to ... 00:45: The idea has become so ingrained into how we think about atoms that few think to question the notion. 01:37: ... placed a similar restriction on atoms - he required that electron energy levels were quantized - could only ... 09:09: They then placed these artificial atoms inside a microwave cavity - analogous to the laser, which could cause the “atom” to transition between states. 01:37: ... placed a similar restriction on atoms - he required that electron energy levels were quantized - could only have ... 09:09: They then placed these artificial atoms inside a microwave cavity - analogous to the laser, which could cause the “atom” to transition between states. 00:36: ... comes from the idea that electrons in atoms jump randomly and instantaneously from one orbit or energy level to another, ...
	2020-12-22: Navigating with Quantum Entanglement 00:08: ... physicist Erwin Schrödinger suggested that “incredibly small groups of atoms, much too small to display exact statistical laws, do play a dominating ... 05:38: ... named Klaus Schulten was studying “radical pairs.” A radical is any atom or molecule with a lone electron in an outermost or valence ... 00:08: ... physicist Erwin Schrödinger suggested that “incredibly small groups of atoms, much too small to display exact statistical laws, do play a dominating ...
	2020-12-15: The Supernova At The End of Time 03:43: ... theoretical state of ultra-dense matter - degenerate matter - in which atoms are stripped of their electrons, and then those electrons are crammed so ... 07:10: In regular crystals, atoms or molecules are bonded into a lattice by sharing their electrons. 07:16: In a white dwarf, the nuclei can never recapture their electrons to become atoms again. 03:43: ... theoretical state of ultra-dense matter - degenerate matter - in which atoms are stripped of their electrons, and then those electrons are crammed so ... 07:10: In regular crystals, atoms or molecules are bonded into a lattice by sharing their electrons. 07:16: In a white dwarf, the nuclei can never recapture their electrons to become atoms again.
	2020-11-11: Can Free Will be Saved in a Deterministic Universe? 11:56: A red apple is made of atoms, but atoms possess neither redness nor appleness. 12:06: ... deny meaningfulness to the concept of free will just because the brain's atoms don't have free ... 12:31: You don't choose the mechanical behavior of your brain's atoms or the electrical potential that triggers each firing neuron. 11:56: A red apple is made of atoms, but atoms possess neither redness nor appleness. 12:06: ... deny meaningfulness to the concept of free will just because the brain's atoms don't have free ... 12:31: You don't choose the mechanical behavior of your brain's atoms or the electrical potential that triggers each firing neuron. 12:06: ... deny meaningfulness to the concept of free will just because the brain's atoms don't have free ... 11:56: A red apple is made of atoms, but atoms possess neither redness nor appleness.
	2020-10-20: Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics? 09:12: ... separate from each other when you shift from simple systems like an atom to complex systems, like a ...
	2020-10-05: Venus May Have Life! 05:41: So phosphine is a tetrahedtron - pyramid or d-4 - shaped molecule with one phosphorus and 3 hydrogen atoms. 06:00: It can form anywhere that you might have free phosphorus and hydrogen atoms. 05:41: So phosphine is a tetrahedtron - pyramid or d-4 - shaped molecule with one phosphorus and 3 hydrogen atoms. 06:00: It can form anywhere that you might have free phosphorus and hydrogen atoms.
	2020-09-21: Could Life Evolve Inside Stars? 00:58: One of the most bizarre proposals for life not as we know it doesn’t even use atoms. 07:34: ... detail, except to say that it might be catalyzed by interactions with atomic nuclei in the ... 00:58: One of the most bizarre proposals for life not as we know it doesn’t even use atoms.
	2020-09-08: The Truth About Beauty in Physics 13:50: Basically, why do we see specific wavelengths missing from starlight due to electrons absorbing those wavelengths in atoms? 14:22: ... the atoms in question are between us and a source of light that's bright at all ... 13:50: Basically, why do we see specific wavelengths missing from starlight due to electrons absorbing those wavelengths in atoms? 14:22: ... the atoms in question are between us and a source of light that's bright at all ...
	2020-09-01: How Do We Know What Stars Are Made Of? 03:56: One of the most severe is that the Sun is full of free electrons - electrons that were stripped from their atoms due to the intense heat. 04:42: As temperature drops, it becomes possible for some electrons to be captured by nuclei to form atoms. 04:49: And if free electrons are good at stopping photons in their tracks, these atoms are even better. 04:54: An atom can absorb a photon if doing so would cause one of its electrons to jump up to a higher energy level. 05:48: ... going to take some serious advances in understanding how both stars and atoms work Fortunately help was at ... 06:38: In energetic environments like the Sun, electrons are regularly kicked free from their atoms. 06:43: The atoms are ionized. 09:05: Her results suggested that hydrogen was by far the most common atom in the sun, followed closely by helium. 09:29: ... not real” - that it was likely the result of not understanding the atomic theory of hydrogen and helium well ... 03:56: One of the most severe is that the Sun is full of free electrons - electrons that were stripped from their atoms due to the intense heat. 04:42: As temperature drops, it becomes possible for some electrons to be captured by nuclei to form atoms. 04:49: And if free electrons are good at stopping photons in their tracks, these atoms are even better. 05:48: ... going to take some serious advances in understanding how both stars and atoms work Fortunately help was at ... 06:38: In energetic environments like the Sun, electrons are regularly kicked free from their atoms. 06:43: The atoms are ionized. 05:48: ... going to take some serious advances in understanding how both stars and atoms work Fortunately help was at ...
	2020-08-24: Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model? 17:04: Well space isn’t really empty - there’s an average density of one atom per cubic meter, so technically sound is possible.
	2020-08-17: How Stars Destroy Each Other 05:05: ... remnant core now contracts to the point that atomic nuclei are no longer distinct - instead they meld together, protons and ...
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... as the idea of taking say water and quantizing it to get a theory of atoms it just it doesn't get you what what you want namely a more ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... measured wavelengths of light coming out of all sorts of different atoms all right and it just hit me that all those numbers can now be ...
	2020-07-08: Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing? 06:00: ... the stuff around for long. And that’s particularly true of anti-matter atoms, which are electrically neutral and so are hard to even store using ... 06:27: ... an idea of the effort involved, take the simplest type of anti-matter atom: anti-hydrogen. It consists of just a single anti-proton plus a positron, ... 09:19: ... shift in the laser frequency necessary to stimulate a transition in the atoms. Scientists measure this frequency, then compare to the corresponding ... 10:56: ... in Earth’s gravitational field should be exactly the same as for an atom, but scientists want to test this. They’ve even designed the contraption ... 06:27: ... an idea of the effort involved, take the simplest type of anti-matter atom: anti-hydrogen. It consists of just a single anti-proton plus a positron, instead of the ... 06:00: ... the stuff around for long. And that’s particularly true of anti-matter atoms, which are electrically neutral and so are hard to even store using ... 06:27: ... like a whole gram of the stuff to do CPT experiments. A handful of atoms is enough, and so the cost of doing these experiments is many orders of ... 09:19: ... shift in the laser frequency necessary to stimulate a transition in the atoms. Scientists measure this frequency, then compare to the corresponding ...
	2020-06-30: Dissolving an Event Horizon 13:11: ... of this interpretation of conformal cyclic cosmology: the space between atoms in one aeon would be infinite from the point of view of observers from ...
	2020-06-22: Building Black Holes in a Lab 09:59: When the laser pushes on the gas, the rubidium atoms want to move out of the way of the beam. 10:04: Here, the edge of the laser acts as the event horizon—the rubidium atoms don’t have enough energy to jump back up over the waterfall. 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the ... 09:59: When the laser pushes on the gas, the rubidium atoms want to move out of the way of the beam. 10:04: Here, the edge of the laser acts as the event horizon—the rubidium atoms don’t have enough energy to jump back up over the waterfall. 10:13: ... as with real black holes, some atoms do escape as Hawking radiation. Here you can measure not just the ... 10:04: Here, the edge of the laser acts as the event horizon—the rubidium atoms don’t have enough energy to jump back up over the waterfall.
	2020-06-15: What Happens After the Universe Ends? 02:17: It makes a big difference whether every atom in the universe is right next to each other or a billion light years apart.
	2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient 03:24: ... idea that the world began in a state that he referred to as a “primeval atom.” Think of it this way - if the universe is expanding now, then in the ...
	2020-04-14: Was the Milky Way a Quasar? 03:56: It goes like this: atomic nuclei - mostly lone protons - can get accelerated to extreme energies, typically in supernovae or other cataclysmic events.
	2020-04-07: How We Know The Earth Is Ancient 06:36: ... of radioactivity a year later, would open up a new world within the atom – and yield new tools for probing vast stretches of ... 07:17: ... out the age of chunks of the Earth through radiometric dating. Unstable atomic nuclei decay into lighter nuclei by splitting or by ejecting particles. ... 09:33: ... you CAN be sure. Some crystals like zircon tend to incorporate uranium atoms into their crystal structure when forming, while at the same time ... 07:17: ... out the age of chunks of the Earth through radiometric dating. Unstable atomic nuclei decay into lighter nuclei by splitting or by ejecting particles. ... 09:33: ... you CAN be sure. Some crystals like zircon tend to incorporate uranium atoms into their crystal structure when forming, while at the same time ...
	2020-03-16: How Do Quantum States Manifest In The Classical World? 00:20: ... a vial of deadly poison that’s released on the radioactive decay of an atom. ... 00:44: ... mechanics tells us that the atom’s wavefunction can be in a superposition of states - simultaneously ... 01:48: ... properties we think of as fundamental - for example the arrangement of atoms that define a living or dead cat - aren’t properties of the atoms. ... 07:09: This “apparatus” is as subtle as possible: just a single atom with a very special property. 07:15: ... the electron passes close to the atom, the atom flips between two states. The nature of those two states ... 07:37: ... so, we put this atom along the up path of our device, and we start it out in the off state. ... 08:44: ... which would instantaneously influence the combined state of the atom and the electron. Or we could measure the atom’s state, which would ... 09:19: See, the entangled atom now holds information about the electron’s left-right spin. 09:28: ... the electron’s up-down status, now it’s hidden in a superposition of the atom’s on-off status. Essentially, phase information got transfered from the ... 09:56: ... so our atomic measurement device doesn’t “collapse the wavefunction.” It doesn't ... 10:14: ... a chain of quantum systems between that original atom and the pointer. Information spreads along this chain as these systems ... 07:15: ... the electron passes close to the atom, the atom flips between two states. The nature of those two states doesn’t matter as ... 07:37: ... up path it flips the atom to the on state. If it takes the down path the atom remains in the off state. We should be able to just look at the atom to learn ... 09:56: ... so our atomic measurement device doesn’t “collapse the wavefunction.” It doesn't ... 00:44: ... mechanics tells us that the atom’s wavefunction can be in a superposition of states - simultaneously ... 01:48: ... properties we think of as fundamental - for example the arrangement of atoms that define a living or dead cat - aren’t properties of the atoms. ... 07:37: ... state of: electron up, atom on AND electron down, atom off. The atom’s state is now correlated with the electron’s state and the two are ... 08:44: ... the combined state of the atom and the electron. Or we could measure the atom’s state, which would influence the electron and positron. The measurement ... 09:28: ... the electron’s up-down status, now it’s hidden in a superposition of the atom’s on-off status. Essentially, phase information got transfered from the ... 07:37: ... state of: electron up, atom on AND electron down, atom off. The atom’s state is now correlated with the electron’s state and the two are entangled. ... 08:44: ... the combined state of the atom and the electron. Or we could measure the atom’s state, which would influence the electron and positron. The measurement hasn't ... 00:44: ... mechanics tells us that the atom’s wavefunction can be in a superposition of states - simultaneously decayed or not ...
	2020-03-03: Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat? 02:25: As a refresher: a cat is in an opaque box with a vial of deadly poison, which is released on the radioactive decay of an atom. 02:33: ... a certain period of time - that means the quantum wavefunction of the atom splits equally - the atom is simultaneously decayed and not decayed ... 03:32: ... instead of a vial of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any ... 03:41: Let’s be specific - there are 100 polonium-212 atoms, with half-life 300 microseconds - so each atom has a 50% chance of decaying in that time. 04:05: ... bad I guess - that chance that any one atom does NOT decay in that 300 microseconds is 50-50, but the chance that ... 03:32: ... instead of a vial of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any of them ... 02:33: ... a certain period of time - that means the quantum wavefunction of the atom splits equally - the atom is simultaneously decayed and not decayed until we ... 03:32: ... of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any of them ... 03:41: Let’s be specific - there are 100 polonium-212 atoms, with half-life 300 microseconds - so each atom has a 50% chance of decaying in that time. 04:05: ... in that 300 microseconds is 50-50, but the chance that none of the 100 atoms decay is basically ... 03:32: ... of poison attached to one radioactive atom, connect the vial to many atoms - so that the poison is released if any of them ... 04:05: ... in that 300 microseconds is 50-50, but the chance that none of the 100 atoms decay is basically ...
	2020-02-18: Does Consciousness Influence Quantum Mechanics? 00:36: The rules governing the tiny quantum world of atoms and photons seem alien. 05:34: But all of these things are made of atoms - the “von Neumann chain” from detector to mind is a chain of quantum objects. 00:36: The rules governing the tiny quantum world of atoms and photons seem alien. 05:34: But all of these things are made of atoms - the “von Neumann chain” from detector to mind is a chain of quantum objects.
	2020-01-27: Hacking the Nature of Reality 00:24: ... - rather than trying to map the detailed inner workings of the invisible atomic structure - the traditional reductionist approach - he sought a model ... 02:07: They remained reductionists, and the quest continued for a detailed, mechanical description of the hidden inner workings of atoms and of the universe. 03:10: But problems returned when we started to peer into the atomic nucleus. 03:14: At the beginning of the 1960s the atom was understood as fuzzy, quantum electron orbits surrounding a nucleus of protons and neutrons. 03:40: ... were scattering experiments - particles were shot into atomic nuclei, and the internal structure was probed by the way those or other ... 04:10: ... to understand a scattering experiment - like those used to probe the atomic nucleus - not by modeling all the cogs and wheels of the field theory of ... 05:12: In standard use, the S-matrix can be calculated if you understand the forces in the interaction region - for example, in the nucleus of an atom. 05:43: ... in the 40s, but the approach came into its own 20 years later when the atomic nucleus refused to give up its ... 00:24: ... - rather than trying to map the detailed inner workings of the invisible atomic structure - the traditional reductionist approach - he sought a model ... 03:10: But problems returned when we started to peer into the atomic nucleus. 03:40: ... were scattering experiments - particles were shot into atomic nuclei, and the internal structure was probed by the way those or other ... 04:10: ... to understand a scattering experiment - like those used to probe the atomic nucleus - not by modeling all the cogs and wheels of the field theory of ... 05:43: ... in the 40s, but the approach came into its own 20 years later when the atomic nucleus refused to give up its ... 03:40: ... were scattering experiments - particles were shot into atomic nuclei, and the internal structure was probed by the way those or other ... 03:10: But problems returned when we started to peer into the atomic nucleus. 04:10: ... to understand a scattering experiment - like those used to probe the atomic nucleus - not by modeling all the cogs and wheels of the field theory of the ... 05:43: ... in the 40s, but the approach came into its own 20 years later when the atomic nucleus refused to give up its ... 04:10: ... to understand a scattering experiment - like those used to probe the atomic nucleus - not by modeling all the cogs and wheels of the field theory of the ... 05:43: ... in the 40s, but the approach came into its own 20 years later when the atomic nucleus refused to give up its ... 00:24: ... - rather than trying to map the detailed inner workings of the invisible atomic structure - the traditional reductionist approach - he sought a model that ignored ... 02:07: They remained reductionists, and the quest continued for a detailed, mechanical description of the hidden inner workings of atoms and of the universe.
	2020-01-06: How To Detect a Neutrino 03:52: ... has only a *tiny* possibility of interacting with any particular argon atom, ♪ ♪ so what we do is we shoot 10 trillion neutrinos per second through ... 04:24: ... to exchange energy between the neutrino and, say the nucleus of an atom. ... 04:37: ♪ ♪ just long enough to exchange energy between the neutrino and, say the nucleus of an atom. 05:26: ♪ ♪ In order for a neutrino to interact with an atomic nucleus ♪ ♪ it needs to pass so close that it's essentially inside the nucleus. 05:47: ♪ ♪ Those particles then travel through the liquid argon knocking electrons free from atoms. 05:26: ♪ ♪ In order for a neutrino to interact with an atomic nucleus ♪ ♪ it needs to pass so close that it's essentially inside the nucleus. 05:47: ♪ ♪ Those particles then travel through the liquid argon knocking electrons free from atoms.
	2019-12-02: Is The Universe Finite? 06:41: See, gravitational lensing is caused by mass - both dark matter and atoms.
	2019-11-18: Can You Observe a Typical Universe? 14:56: ... to form, and have some building blocks - whether or not they look like atoms as we know ...
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 04:02: In our universe, quarks tend to stick together to form protons and neutrons, which stick together and attract electrons to form atoms. 04:10: ... periodic table is filled with different elements - different atom types - which interact with each other according to their complex ... 07:05: The stability of atoms and the rate of fusion in stars and in the early universe depends on the balance between electromagnetism and the strong force. 04:10: ... periodic table is filled with different elements - different atom types - which interact with each other according to their complex electron ... 04:02: In our universe, quarks tend to stick together to form protons and neutrons, which stick together and attract electrons to form atoms. 07:05: The stability of atoms and the rate of fusion in stars and in the early universe depends on the balance between electromagnetism and the strong force.
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 00:16: ... grail of physics is to connect our understanding of the tiny scales of atoms and subatomic particles with that of the vast scales of planets, ...
	2019-10-07: Black Hole Harmonics 09:53: ... doesn’t matter what fell in to make the black hole – atoms, photons, dark matter, monkeys – all that information should be lost, ...
	2019-09-30: How Many Universes Are There? 10:26: And of course there are vastly more of those slightly younger universes – more than all the atoms in all the universes that are one second older.
	2019-09-03: Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing? 03:26: But Earth’s interior is not intrinsically magnetic – its too hot for the iron atoms in the core to spontaneously align.
	2019-07-15: The Quantum Internet 09:27: ... from storing entangled photon quantum states in a cloud of caesium atoms, a kind of quantum atomic disk drive, or the spin-state of a single ... 10:57: ... distributed quantum computers, as well as achieve new levels of atomic clock synchronization and extreme precision in our interferometric ... 11:38: austin holbrook says we need to do a better job of breaking the common misconception that nuclear power plants can explode like Atom bombs. 11:50: It's really, really hard to even make a critical mass of fissile material explode like an atom bomb - it's a very precise engineering feat. 11:38: austin holbrook says we need to do a better job of breaking the common misconception that nuclear power plants can explode like Atom bombs. 09:27: ... atomic disk drive, or the spin-state of a single electron in a nitrogen atom embedded in diamond ... 10:57: ... distributed quantum computers, as well as achieve new levels of atomic clock synchronization and extreme precision in our interferometric ... 09:27: ... photon quantum states in a cloud of caesium atoms, a kind of quantum atomic disk drive, or the spin-state of a single electron in a nitrogen atom ...
	2019-07-01: Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy 00:00: ... power in the 1950s at least according to Luis Strauss chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission That promise has not yet come to pass but with some ... 02:49: ... to split Resulting in an explosive release of energy. That would be an atomic bomb But if you can regulate the process, make sure that each nucleus ... 15:29: ... can master We should think very carefully about whether the power of the atom is necessary to survive and thrive Into the next technological stage and ... 00:00: ... power in the 1950s at least according to Luis Strauss chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission That promise has not yet come to pass but with some ... 02:49: ... to split Resulting in an explosive release of energy. That would be an atomic bomb But if you can regulate the process, make sure that each nucleus ... 00:00: ... power in the 1950s at least according to Luis Strauss chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission That promise has not yet come to pass but with some ...
	2019-06-20: The Quasar from The Beginning of Time 04:20: ... its own artificial guide star by shooting lasers to twinkle off sodium atoms at 90km height, right off the edge of ...
	2019-06-06: The Alchemy of Neutron Star Collisions 00:00: ... words: "We are star stuff", refers to a mind-blowing idea that most atomic nuclei in our bodies were created in the nuclear furnaces and explosive ... 02:47: ... they are composed almost entirely of neutrons a density similar to the atomic nucleus they also have a thin crust of iron densities are so high in ... 12:15: ... was transparent before recombination when electrons were free of their atoms and so could block the paths of photons then it was transparent during ... 13:02: ... let's figure it out the density of the universe is roughly one hydrogen atom per square meter the universe is now around 1,100 times larger than it ... 00:00: ... words: "We are star stuff", refers to a mind-blowing idea that most atomic nuclei in our bodies were created in the nuclear furnaces and explosive ... 02:47: ... they are composed almost entirely of neutrons a density similar to the atomic nucleus they also have a thin crust of iron densities are so high in ... 00:00: ... words: "We are star stuff", refers to a mind-blowing idea that most atomic nuclei in our bodies were created in the nuclear furnaces and explosive deaths ... 02:47: ... they are composed almost entirely of neutrons a density similar to the atomic nucleus they also have a thin crust of iron densities are so high in fact that ... 12:15: ... was transparent before recombination when electrons were free of their atoms and so could block the paths of photons then it was transparent during ... 13:02: ... then so can I do this in my head there would have been 1,100 hydrogen atoms per square meter that's still incredibly diffuse but it's enough to stop ... 12:15: ... then it was transparent during the dark ages because electrons bound in atoms don't block most of the light then after the universe was re-ionized, why ...
	2019-05-16: The Cosmic Dark Ages 00:24: ... For the hundred million years or so between the formation of the first atom and the formation of the first star there were no light sources in the ... 01:34: ... Prior to recombination, the universe was filled with hydrogen and helium atoms stripped of their electrons - in other words, ionized - in the searing ... 02:19: ... by two things: the absence of new sources of light and the fog of atomic and molecular hydrogen and helium that filled the ... 02:52: ... energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons once again. They also died quickly, and their violent ... 05:13: ... happened to exactly match an electron energy transition in the hydrogen atom was in danger of being absorbed. Two specific photons were in particular ... 09:21: ... of reionization ends. Then, with electrons detached once more from their atoms, there can be no lyman-alpha transitions. The rest of the quasar’s UV ... 02:19: ... by two things: the absence of new sources of light and the fog of atomic and molecular hydrogen and helium that filled the ... 01:34: ... Prior to recombination, the universe was filled with hydrogen and helium atoms stripped of their electrons - in other words, ionized - in the searing ... 02:52: ... energetic UV radiation into the surrounding gas and began stripping atoms of their electrons once again. They also died quickly, and their violent ... 09:21: ... of reionization ends. Then, with electrons detached once more from their atoms, there can be no lyman-alpha transitions. The rest of the quasar’s UV ... 01:34: ... cooled down enough for nuclei to recapture their electrons and the first atoms formed. The universe became transparent for the first time, and we see the light ...
	2019-05-01: The Real Science of the EHT Black Hole 04:45: It can do this because the telescopes are synchronized with atomic clocks.
	2019-04-24: No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter? 00:03: ... of the relative amount of dark matter in the early universe compared to atoms once again roughly consistent with what we measure from other methods ...
	2019-04-03: The Edge of an Infinite Universe 17:37: ... between the destruction of planet sized things and the destruction of atom sized things where you have the destruction of people-sized ...
	2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom? 10:03: ... disruption, it will overcome all chemical bonds then the forces binding atoms together, then nucleons, and then presumably anything smaller. In its ...
	2019-03-20: Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger? 12:15: ... inside galaxies, inside planetary systems, and eventually even inside atoms. ...
	2019-03-13: Will You Travel to Space? 13:27: ... points out that atoms are perpetual motion machines, and there are hydrogen atoms that have ... 13:36: Well, I guess you could call the atom the best possible perpetual motion machine of the Third Kind. 13:27: ... points out that atoms are perpetual motion machines, and there are hydrogen atoms that have ...
	2019-03-06: The Impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machines 14:43: Recombination happened when the universe became cool enough nuclei capture electrons to form the first atoms.
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 02:05: ... Regular matter, what we call baryons was in plasma form with the simple atomic nuclei stripped of their electrons in that extreme heat in this plasma ... 12:34: ... constitute only about 5% of the mass and energy that's all of the atoms in all of the stars in all of the galaxies basically everything you can ... 02:05: ... Regular matter, what we call baryons was in plasma form with the simple atomic nuclei stripped of their electrons in that extreme heat in this plasma ... 12:34: ... constitute only about 5% of the mass and energy that's all of the atoms in all of the stars in all of the galaxies basically everything you can ...
	2019-02-07: Sound Waves from the Beginning of Time 01:46: ... forged in the first minutes after the Big Bang, and still so hot that no atoms could form, and electrons buzzed free of their ... 05:11: At this temperature, electrons could finally be captured by nuclei and the first true atoms formed. 05:26: ... were able to interact with any frequency of light, electrons bound into atoms are restricted to only those specific frequencies corresponding to the ... 01:46: ... forged in the first minutes after the Big Bang, and still so hot that no atoms could form, and electrons buzzed free of their ... 05:11: At this temperature, electrons could finally be captured by nuclei and the first true atoms formed. 05:26: ... were able to interact with any frequency of light, electrons bound into atoms are restricted to only those specific frequencies corresponding to the ... 05:11: At this temperature, electrons could finally be captured by nuclei and the first true atoms formed.
	2019-01-16: Our Antimatter, Mirrored, Time-Reversed Universe 01:48: ... an array of cobalt-60 atoms in a magnetic field, the cobalt nuclei have angular momenta that will ... 02:02: ... captured electron. In our reflected clock we need to replace the cobalt atoms with their parity inverted counterparts but now the decay electrons ... 03:02: ... means how does this work in our Antion on a clock well antimatter atoms have negatively charged nuclei which means their nuclear magnetic fields ... 10:54: ... clock will work just fine but as well as ticking backwards every atom every subatomic particle needs to tick backwards also so we've ... 17:15: ... generation of physicists. We blasted through several reality layers from atoms to quantum fields in the past hundred years or so but maybe the next ... 01:48: ... an array of cobalt-60 atoms in a magnetic field, the cobalt nuclei have angular momenta that will ... 02:02: ... captured electron. In our reflected clock we need to replace the cobalt atoms with their parity inverted counterparts but now the decay electrons ... 03:02: ... means how does this work in our Antion on a clock well antimatter atoms have negatively charged nuclei which means their nuclear magnetic fields ... 17:15: ... generation of physicists. We blasted through several reality layers from atoms to quantum fields in the past hundred years or so but maybe the next ...
	2018-12-12: Quantum Physics in a Mirror Universe 00:02: ... should decay in the same way we tested this using the cobalt-60 atom the nucleus of this radioactive isotope of cobalt decays via the weak ...
	2018-12-06: Did Life on Earth Come from Space? 00:37: ... interstellar space is thick with energetic cosmic rays near light speed atomic nuclei as well as x-rays and gamma rays endospores are somewhat ...
	2018-11-14: Supersymmetric Particle Found? 03:52: ... are all expected to blast high energy particles like electrons and atomic nuclei into the ... 05:36: We detect neutrinos because very, very rarely one will interact with an atomic nucleus and produce a shower of particles. 03:52: ... are all expected to blast high energy particles like electrons and atomic nuclei into the ... 05:36: We detect neutrinos because very, very rarely one will interact with an atomic nucleus and produce a shower of particles. 03:52: ... are all expected to blast high energy particles like electrons and atomic nuclei into the ... 05:36: We detect neutrinos because very, very rarely one will interact with an atomic nucleus and produce a shower of particles.
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 06:48: Niels Bohr came up with the first quantum model for electron orbits by thinking of them as ring-like standing waves around the hydrogen atom.
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 01:04: ... by a simple set of rules, leading to oscillations, elementary particles, atoms, and ultimately to all of the emergent laws of physics, physical ... 04:33: So there is something like 10 to the power of 80 hydrogen atoms in the universe. 05:40: ... stars in the universe and with the storage capacity to register every atom in the universe, not exactly portable, but you'd never need to defrag ... 05:55: ... want to include photons, neutrinos, dark matter, et cetera, and not just atoms, you need to scale up the surface area by a factor of 10 billion and the ... 01:04: ... by a simple set of rules, leading to oscillations, elementary particles, atoms, and ultimately to all of the emergent laws of physics, physical ... 04:33: So there is something like 10 to the power of 80 hydrogen atoms in the universe. 05:55: ... want to include photons, neutrinos, dark matter, et cetera, and not just atoms, you need to scale up the surface area by a factor of 10 billion and the ...
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 00:27: ... 100 trillion years, the last star in the universe will expand, the final atoms of hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf before slowly ... 10:03: In the end of this scenario, every atom in the universe must fuse or decay into iron, the most stable element on the periodic table. 00:27: ... 100 trillion years, the last star in the universe will expand, the final atoms of hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf before slowly ...
	2018-08-15: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction 01:13: ... particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you know, allows you to ... 03:21: It mostly comes from the summed dipole magnetic fields of individual electrons in the outer shells of its atoms. 04:27: Electrons in atoms feel the magnetic fields produced by their own orbits around the atom. 01:13: ... particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you know, allows you to ... 03:21: It mostly comes from the summed dipole magnetic fields of individual electrons in the outer shells of its atoms. 04:27: Electrons in atoms feel the magnetic fields produced by their own orbits around the atom. 01:13: ... particles to give us the electromagnetic force, which binds electrons to atoms, atoms to molecules, and therefore, you know, allows you to ... 04:27: Electrons in atoms feel the magnetic fields produced by their own orbits around the atom.
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 01:22: ... neutrinos by watching for the rare interaction between a neutrino and an atomic nucleus in some huge volume of matter, an entire glacier in the IceCube ... 13:33: I heard this one guy, he started out memorizing pi to impress chicks, ended up inventing the atomic bomb. 01:22: ... neutrinos by watching for the rare interaction between a neutrino and an atomic nucleus in some huge volume of matter, an entire glacier in the IceCube ... 13:33: I heard this one guy, he started out memorizing pi to impress chicks, ended up inventing the atomic bomb. 01:22: ... neutrinos by watching for the rare interaction between a neutrino and an atomic nucleus in some huge volume of matter, an entire glacier in the IceCube ...
	2018-05-23: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed 05:36: ... given potential could mean the wave function of an electron moving in an atom's electric field, or it could mean the wave function of the entire ...
	2018-04-18: Using Stars to See Gravitational Waves 05:41: ... star processes, resulting in a sequence of flashes more regular than an atomic ... 07:05: ... the expansion and contraction of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its ... 05:41: ... star processes, resulting in a sequence of flashes more regular than an atomic ... 07:05: ... the expansion and contraction of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its ... 05:41: ... star processes, resulting in a sequence of flashes more regular than an atomic clock. ... 07:05: ... the expansion and contraction of space while the rod resists due to the atomic forces between its ...
	2018-03-21: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars 01:12: That light was the leftover heat glow from before those first hydrogen atoms formed.
	2018-02-21: The Death of the Sun 09:57: ... a measure of the energy bound into the system, whether the system be an atomic nucleus or a planet, and whatever that type of energy ...
	2018-01-31: Kronos: Devourer Of Worlds 03:49: Stellar spectra are thick, with sharp emission and absorption features that result from electron transitions in atoms in the star's atmosphere.
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 06:44: ... will be broken into hydrogen and oxygen and the light hydrogen atoms will be lost to ...
	2017-11-08: Zero-Point Energy Demystified 00:19: [MUSIC PLAYING] It seems pretty crazy that space itself might contain a higher density of energy than the nucleus of the atom.
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 02:35: But really, baryonic matter refers to atomic matter. 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. 05:59: Well, our best guess is that it's in the form of a very diffuse plasma, atoms stripped of their electrons in between the galaxies. 02:35: But really, baryonic matter refers to atomic matter. 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. 05:59: Well, our best guess is that it's in the form of a very diffuse plasma, atoms stripped of their electrons in between the galaxies. 03:44: It's the light released at the moment the first atoms formed nearly 400,000 years after the Big Bang. 05:59: Well, our best guess is that it's in the form of a very diffuse plasma, atoms stripped of their electrons in between the galaxies.
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 02:41: In each quantum state, so each combination of particle properties, there is a ladder of energy levels, a bit like electron orbitals in an atom. 07:10: ... electron orbitals that comprise the second energy level of the hydrogen atom. ... 13:32: ... of meta particles as fermions because the elementary particles that form atoms are all spin-half fermions, so electrons and quarks, while the ...
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 01:37: You get more heat causes electrons than any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state. 02:07: They can only occupy certain energy levels of vibration or motion, much like the discrete electron orbitals in an atom. 01:37: You get more heat causes electrons than any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state.
	2017-09-28: Are the Fundamental Constants Changing? 02:41: And the second is defined in terms of a particular frequency of light emitted by the cesium-133 atom. 04:18: ... parameter was through its effect on the fine grain structure of atomic energy levels, which is where the constant gets its ... 04:34: Electron energy levels-- or orbitals in atoms-- are quantized, meaning only certain levels are allowed. 05:08: This splitting is due to the fact that each atomic energy level can host two electrons. 05:31: These same electrons are also orbiting the atomic nucleus, and that motion generates its own magnetic field. 09:26: We're also trying to develop atomic clocks accurate enough to track changes in Alpha in real time. 10:50: ... generations of telescopes, more refined cosmological models, and better atomic clocks will also help scientists shave down those experimental errors ... 13:58: But that's because the distance between atoms is similar to x-ray wavelengths. 04:18: ... parameter was through its effect on the fine grain structure of atomic energy levels, which is where the constant gets its ... 05:08: This splitting is due to the fact that each atomic energy level can host two electrons. 05:31: These same electrons are also orbiting the atomic nucleus, and that motion generates its own magnetic field. 09:26: We're also trying to develop atomic clocks accurate enough to track changes in Alpha in real time. 10:50: ... generations of telescopes, more refined cosmological models, and better atomic clocks will also help scientists shave down those experimental errors ... 09:26: We're also trying to develop atomic clocks accurate enough to track changes in Alpha in real time. 10:50: ... generations of telescopes, more refined cosmological models, and better atomic clocks will also help scientists shave down those experimental errors little by ... 09:26: We're also trying to develop atomic clocks accurate enough to track changes in Alpha in real time. 04:18: ... parameter was through its effect on the fine grain structure of atomic energy levels, which is where the constant gets its ... 05:08: This splitting is due to the fact that each atomic energy level can host two electrons. 04:18: ... parameter was through its effect on the fine grain structure of atomic energy levels, which is where the constant gets its ... 05:31: These same electrons are also orbiting the atomic nucleus, and that motion generates its own magnetic field. 04:34: Electron energy levels-- or orbitals in atoms-- are quantized, meaning only certain levels are allowed. 13:58: But that's because the distance between atoms is similar to x-ray wavelengths.
	2017-09-20: The Future of Space Telescopes 12:33: During that collapse, the core looks more and more like a neutron star, basically a giant ball of neutrons with the density of an atomic nucleus.
	2017-09-13: Neutron Stars Collide in New LIGO Signal? 02:22: They are mostly composed of neutrons at the density of an atomic nucleus and are held up by a quantum mechanical force called degeneracy pressure.
	2017-07-19: The Real Star Wars 04:28: It included much-expanded surface launch anti-ballistic missile ABM networks, but also, get this, an atomic bomb-powered x-ray laser satellite.
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 09:40: ... scientists to predict, with incredible precision, the tiny difference in atomic electron energy levels due to electron spins-- spins interacting with ...
	2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity 03:06: Pauli realized that to explain electron energy levels in atoms, those electrons must obey a rule that we call the Pauli exclusion principle. 03:24: In the case of electrons in atoms, it suggests that we should only find one electron per atomic orbital, if we count each orbital as a quantum state. 03:53: ... would allow two separate electrons, one up, one down, to occupy the same atomic energy level, without occupying the same quantum state and therefore ... 03:24: In the case of electrons in atoms, it suggests that we should only find one electron per atomic orbital, if we count each orbital as a quantum state. 03:53: ... would allow two separate electrons, one up, one down, to occupy the same atomic energy level, without occupying the same quantum state and therefore ... 03:24: In the case of electrons in atoms, it suggests that we should only find one electron per atomic orbital, if we count each orbital as a quantum state. 03:06: Pauli realized that to explain electron energy levels in atoms, those electrons must obey a rule that we call the Pauli exclusion principle. 03:24: In the case of electrons in atoms, it suggests that we should only find one electron per atomic orbital, if we count each orbital as a quantum state.
	2017-06-07: Supervoids vs Colliding Universes! 01:37: It's the light that was released at the moment that the first atoms formed 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
	2017-05-31: The Fate of the First Stars 08:27: They pumped out ultraviolet radiation, which began the work of energizing, of ionizing, the atomic and molecular hydrogen that filled the universe.
	2017-05-03: Are We Living in an Ancestor Simulation? ft. Neil deGrasse Tyson 03:43: Let's avoid the idea that the entire universe is simulated, right down to every atom, electron, or vibrating quantum field. 13:19: Well, these particles are usually single atomic nuclei. 03:43: Let's avoid the idea that the entire universe is simulated, right down to every atom, electron, or vibrating quantum field. 13:19: Well, these particles are usually single atomic nuclei.
	2017-04-19: The Oh My God Particle 00:25: ... October 15th, 1991, a single atomic nucleus travelling at 99.99999999999999999999951% of the speed of light ... 01:21: That single atomic nucleus carried as much kinetic energy as a good sized stone thrown at your head at 50 miles an hour. 01:48: High energy particles, electrons, and small atomic nuclei, as well as gamma rays, are ejected when heavier radioactive elements decay. 05:06: Most of them are single protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. 00:25: ... October 15th, 1991, a single atomic nucleus travelling at 99.99999999999999999999951% of the speed of light ... 01:21: That single atomic nucleus carried as much kinetic energy as a good sized stone thrown at your head at 50 miles an hour. 01:48: High energy particles, electrons, and small atomic nuclei, as well as gamma rays, are ejected when heavier radioactive elements decay. 00:25: ... October 15th, 1991, a single atomic nucleus travelling at 99.99999999999999999999951% of the speed of light crashed ... 01:21: That single atomic nucleus carried as much kinetic energy as a good sized stone thrown at your head at 50 miles an hour. 00:25: ... October 15th, 1991, a single atomic nucleus travelling at 99.99999999999999999999951% of the speed of light crashed through our ... 05:06: Most of them are single protons, the nuclei of hydrogen atoms.
	2017-03-15: Time Crystals! 02:21: In solid matter, that would be the vibrational buzz of its constituent atoms. 04:03: Set up a chain of ions, so electrically charged atoms. 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons. 04:13: Spins in nearby atoms like to line up with each other due to interacting magnetic fields. 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal. 02:21: In solid matter, that would be the vibrational buzz of its constituent atoms. 04:03: Set up a chain of ions, so electrically charged atoms. 04:07: These atoms have spin values, quantum mechanical angular momenta from their electrons. 04:13: Spins in nearby atoms like to line up with each other due to interacting magnetic fields. 05:54: The analogous phase diagram for time crystals plots interaction strength between atoms versus imperfection in the spin-flip driving signal.
	2017-02-02: The Geometry of Causality 13:30: ... atoms, orbiting at around 10 times the Schwarzschild shield radius, undergo an ...
	2017-01-25: Why Quasars are so Awesome 00:37: Pulsars-- city-size atoms that beam deathrays through the galaxy.
	2017-01-11: The EM Drive: Fact or Fantasy? 08:05: ... certain quantum observables, like the energy levels of the hydrogen atom. ...
	2016-11-30: Pilot Wave Theory and Quantum Realism 13:27: However, this doesn't work when there are only a small number of quarks, say in the typical atomic nucleus.
	2016-11-16: Strange Stars 05:10: Quark matter made of these quark types would need to be confined by incredible pressures to maintain stability outside the atomic nucleus. 05:58: ... in the universe, more stable even than iron, which is the most stable atomic ... 05:10: Quark matter made of these quark types would need to be confined by incredible pressures to maintain stability outside the atomic nucleus. 05:58: ... in the universe, more stable even than iron, which is the most stable atomic ... 05:10: Quark matter made of these quark types would need to be confined by incredible pressures to maintain stability outside the atomic nucleus. 05:58: ... in the universe, more stable even than iron, which is the most stable atomic nucleus. ...
	2016-10-12: Black Holes from the Dawn of Time 02:35: It's thought that these fluctuations originally formed when the entire observable universe was smaller than a single atom.
	2016-09-07: Is There a Fifth Fundamental Force? + Quantum Eraser Answer 00:21: ... was something slightly weird about how a bunch of beryllium atoms were acting, that told physicists that for a tiny fraction of a second ... 00:37: Atomic nuclei have energy levels, just like their electron shells do. 00:54: One thing that comes out of a pile of beryllium-8 atoms is a lot of electron-positron pairs. 03:11: ... energies produced in the LHC, like the megaelectronvolt transitions of atomic nuclear energy ... 00:37: Atomic nuclei have energy levels, just like their electron shells do. 03:11: ... energies produced in the LHC, like the megaelectronvolt transitions of atomic nuclear energy ... 00:37: Atomic nuclei have energy levels, just like their electron shells do. 00:21: ... was something slightly weird about how a bunch of beryllium atoms were acting, that told physicists that for a tiny fraction of a second ... 00:54: One thing that comes out of a pile of beryllium-8 atoms is a lot of electron-positron pairs.
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 04:56: This crazy effect has even been observed with whole atoms, even whole molecules. 05:02: ... buckyballs, are gigantic spherical molecules of 60 carbon atoms and have been observed to produce double-slit interference under special ... 04:56: This crazy effect has even been observed with whole atoms, even whole molecules. 05:02: ... buckyballs, are gigantic spherical molecules of 60 carbon atoms and have been observed to produce double-slit interference under special ...
	2016-07-20: The Future of Gravitational Waves 05:41: ... and two neutrons-- would tunnel out of the nucleus of a polonium-212 atom, causing the atom's radioactive ...
	2016-06-29: Nuclear Physics Challenge 00:37: For example, a particle bound within an atomic nucleus may spontaneously find itself outside the nucleus, where the binding force no longer holds it. 02:27: ... radius relationship, which relates the radius of the nucleus to the atomic mass ... 00:37: For example, a particle bound within an atomic nucleus may spontaneously find itself outside the nucleus, where the binding force no longer holds it. 02:27: ... radius relationship, which relates the radius of the nucleus to the atomic mass ... 00:37: For example, a particle bound within an atomic nucleus may spontaneously find itself outside the nucleus, where the binding force no longer holds it.
	2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light? 03:09: But these bundles also exist as parts of heavier atomic nuclei.
	2016-05-04: Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed? 03:51: ... of an advanced meta-material-- a nano-fabricated sheet only hundreds of atoms ...
	2016-04-20: Why the Universe Needs Dark Energy 09:31: So the universe is only expanding on the largest scales, not at all inside atoms, inside humans, the Earth-- even inside the Milky Way.
	2016-04-06: We Are Star Stuff 00:00: ... PLAYING] Carl Sagan said that we are "starstuff." Most of the atoms in our body were forged in violent stellar alchemy and spread through ... 01:04: ... when those elementary particles start interacting to form nuclei, atoms, and molecules-- chemistry-- they result in levels of complexity that are ... 01:43: Atoms and their interplay. 02:37: ... up to 60% water, H2O, which makes you around 40% hydrogen by number of atoms, but only around 6% by ... 00:00: ... PLAYING] Carl Sagan said that we are "starstuff." Most of the atoms in our body were forged in violent stellar alchemy and spread through ... 01:04: ... when those elementary particles start interacting to form nuclei, atoms, and molecules-- chemistry-- they result in levels of complexity that are ... 01:43: Atoms and their interplay. 02:37: ... up to 60% water, H2O, which makes you around 40% hydrogen by number of atoms, but only around 6% by ...
	2016-03-30: Pulsar Starquakes Make Fast Radio Bursts? + Challenge Winners! 03:18: At this time, the universe was full of plasma, atomic nuclei, and free electrons.
	2016-03-09: Cosmic Microwave Background Challenge 00:37: Free electrons were captured by protons to form the very first atoms. 03:01: ... for those electrons to be captured by protons to form the first hydrogen atoms in an event called ... 00:37: Free electrons were captured by protons to form the very first atoms. 03:01: ... for those electrons to be captured by protons to form the first hydrogen atoms in an event called ...
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 01:25: Now, remember, when the universe was younger than 400,000 years, it was too hot for atoms to exist. 02:49: ... force and the strong nuclear force-- that's the force that holds atomic nuclei together-- also become unified into one ... 05:22: But at 400,000 years, it's cooled down just enough to form the very first atoms, and in the process, release the cosmic background radiation. 10:06: ... would not be stretched by expansion because the bonds between and within atoms are vastly stronger than any degree of expansion on the scale of any ... 02:49: ... force and the strong nuclear force-- that's the force that holds atomic nuclei together-- also become unified into one ... 01:25: Now, remember, when the universe was younger than 400,000 years, it was too hot for atoms to exist. 05:22: But at 400,000 years, it's cooled down just enough to form the very first atoms, and in the process, release the cosmic background radiation. 10:06: ... would not be stretched by expansion because the bonds between and within atoms are vastly stronger than any degree of expansion on the scale of any ...
	2016-02-24: Why the Big Bang Definitely Happened 03:51: ... the entire universe slipped from plasma to gas as the first hydrogen atoms ...
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 04:43: The steady bombardment by high-speed atomic nuclei smashing through our bodies will certainly damaged cells and DNA.
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 06:28: ... we can take even for the most elementary components of the atom, in which the familiar electrons and quarks are composites of massless ... 06:42: In this analogy, those clock ticks become interactions between the internal parts of our atoms and nucleons.
	2016-01-13: When Time Breaks Down 01:11: ... rotating gears are comprised of atoms vibrating in metal lattices, bound by electrons flickering in their ... 01:33: Down to the atoms and nuclei, yes. 01:36: The most accurate clocks in the world are atomic clocks, which can drift by less than a billionth of a second each day. 01:43: All of the atoms in such a clock feel the same length of a second. 02:09: Those electrons and quarks bounce around at such high speeds inside the atom that they experience time very differently to the atom itself. 02:29: Time happens for the atom in a way that it doesn't for the atom's parts. 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored ... 06:11: And from the last two episodes, we know that atoms and their nucleons are all kind of like photon boxes. 06:22: Quarks and electrons confined first by their coupling with the Higgs field, and then by the forces binding them into atoms. 06:29: So as an atom races past you at high speed, you would see all its internal bits ticking slower, just like the photon clock. 06:38: ... in an atom, that ticking corresponds to interactions between its component particles ... 06:52: ... of these interactions, this ticking, represents the rate at which the atom will change from one arrangement, one state, to the next-- the rate at ... 07:30: Atoms feel time in their internal evolution similar to our own perception of the changing patterns in our brains. 06:52: ... from one arrangement, one state, to the next-- the rate at which an atom evolves. ... 06:29: So as an atom races past you at high speed, you would see all its internal bits ticking slower, just like the photon clock. 01:36: The most accurate clocks in the world are atomic clocks, which can drift by less than a billionth of a second each day. 01:11: ... rotating gears are comprised of atoms vibrating in metal lattices, bound by electrons flickering in their ... 01:33: Down to the atoms and nuclei, yes. 01:43: All of the atoms in such a clock feel the same length of a second. 02:29: Time happens for the atom in a way that it doesn't for the atom's parts. 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored ... 06:11: And from the last two episodes, we know that atoms and their nucleons are all kind of like photon boxes. 06:22: Quarks and electrons confined first by their coupling with the Higgs field, and then by the forces binding them into atoms. 07:30: Atoms feel time in their internal evolution similar to our own perception of the changing patterns in our brains. 02:29: Time happens for the atom in a way that it doesn't for the atom's parts. 02:46: ... the last episode, we compared the nucleons of atoms-- protons and neutrons-- to the imaginary photon box, a massless mirrored box ... 01:11: ... rotating gears are comprised of atoms vibrating in metal lattices, bound by electrons flickering in their orbits, ...
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 00:54: ... equation, E equals Mc squared, and showed that most of the mass of atoms comes from the kinetic and binding energy of the quarks that make up ... 04:36: Photons in the photon box, but even in the spring, the density wave is ultimately communicated by electromagnetic interactions between the atoms. 10:33: The ramifications-- we wouldn't have atoms without a nonzero Higgs field. 00:54: ... equation, E equals Mc squared, and showed that most of the mass of atoms comes from the kinetic and binding energy of the quarks that make up ... 04:36: Photons in the photon box, but even in the spring, the density wave is ultimately communicated by electromagnetic interactions between the atoms. 10:33: The ramifications-- we wouldn't have atoms without a nonzero Higgs field.
	2015-12-16: The Higgs Mechanism Explained 00:14: ... of the mass in your body, in fact, the mass of anything that's made of atoms, doesn't come from the mass of the elementary ... 00:28: The electrons, and the quarks that comprise protons and neutrons, do seem to have intrinsic mass, but this is only run 1% of the mass of the atom. 00:36: Most of the atom's mass is the confined kinetic and binding energy of those quarks. 00:53: In the case of the constituents of the atom, it comes from the Higgs field. 02:14: The basic QFT equations of all the components of the atom leave them massless. 00:14: ... of the mass in your body, in fact, the mass of anything that's made of atoms, doesn't come from the mass of the elementary ... 00:36: Most of the atom's mass is the confined kinetic and binding energy of those quarks. 00:14: ... of the mass in your body, in fact, the mass of anything that's made of atoms, doesn't come from the mass of the elementary ... 00:36: Most of the atom's mass is the confined kinetic and binding energy of those quarks.
	2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole 02:17: ... size of a city, with a mass of at least 1.4 suns and the density of an atomic ...
	2015-11-18: 5 Ways to Stop a Killer Asteroid 09:45: ... everything we've seen in this universe, the arrangement of atoms into molecules and molecular structures, via chemical bonds, seems to be ...
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 07:14: ... the unthinkably rare collisions between a dark matter particle and an atomic ...
	2015-08-19: Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen? 01:29: ... Atomic clocks in high-altitude orbit will get ahead of clocks on the ground by ...
	2015-07-08: The Leap Second Explained 00:41: ... 1967, we redefined the SI second again based on atomic clocks since they're more stable, but the atomic clock second was ... 01:16: The atomic clock second just inherited this discrepancy. 00:41: ... 1967, we redefined the SI second again based on atomic clocks since they're more stable, but the atomic clock second was ... 01:16: The atomic clock second just inherited this discrepancy. 00:41: ... second again based on atomic clocks since they're more stable, but the atomic clock second was calibrated to agree with the ephemeris ... 01:16: The atomic clock second just inherited this discrepancy. 00:41: ... 1967, we redefined the SI second again based on atomic clocks since they're more stable, but the atomic clock second was calibrated to ...
	2015-07-02: Can a Circle Be a Straight Line? 09:40: ... since those discrepancies are measurable with atomic clocks, this has to be taken into account when you calibrate time ...
	2015-06-24: The Calendar, Australia & White Christmas 05:17: ... we'll just reckon time in atomic clock seconds or something like the Stargate system on "Star Trek," ...
	2015-05-27: Habitable Exoplanets Debunked! 04:05: Since different atoms and molecules emit or absorb particular wavelengths of light only, the spectrum tells you a lot about atmospheric composition.
	2015-05-20: The Real Meaning of E=mc² 00:02: A hydrogen atom has less mass than the combined masses of the proton and the electron that make it up. 01:25: Imagine two windup watches that are identical atom for atom except that one of them is fully wound up and running, but the other one has stopped. 01:42: ... parts of that watch that heats them up ever so slightly so that its atoms start jiggling a little ... 05:21: ... at the top of the episode, I stated that the mass of a hydrogen atom is less than the combined masses of the electron and the proton that ... 05:48: So the potential energy of the electron and proton in a hydrogen atom is negative. 05:58: ... m equals E over c squared also comes out negative, and a hydrogen atom weighs less than the combined masses of its ... 06:12: ... fact, barring weird circumstances, all atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the ... 06:22: ... oxygen molecule weighs less than two oxygen atoms because the combined kinetic and potential energies of those atoms once ... 05:58: ... m equals E over c squared also comes out negative, and a hydrogen atom weighs less than the combined masses of its ... 01:42: ... parts of that watch that heats them up ever so slightly so that its atoms start jiggling a little ... 06:12: ... fact, barring weird circumstances, all atoms on the periodic table weigh less than the combined masses of the ... 06:22: ... oxygen molecule weighs less than two oxygen atoms because the combined kinetic and potential energies of those atoms once ... 01:42: ... parts of that watch that heats them up ever so slightly so that its atoms start jiggling a little ...
	2015-04-29: What's the Most Realistic Artificial Gravity in Sci-Fi? 06:02: So anything made out of ordinary atoms would be ripped apart.
	2015-04-01: Is the Moon in Majora’s Mask a Black Hole? 09:17: Finally, Paul Ansel emailed me a calculation working out how much energy it would take to break Earth apart atom by atom.
	2015-03-25: Cosmic Microwave Background Explained 01:03: ... microwave background, or CNB, was the process that formed the first atoms in the universe almost 13 and 1/2 billion years ... 03:06: At this temperature, it's too hot for electrons and protons to even coalesce into atoms, let alone stars, planets or galaxies. 03:22: ... because there were no neutral atoms yet, the light the plasma emitted just couldn't travel very far before ... 03:51: Now as this plasma cooled, its temperature eventually dropped below the 3,000 or so degree mark, where neutral atoms could finally form. 05:01: And all those atoms from that plasma? 01:03: ... microwave background, or CNB, was the process that formed the first atoms in the universe almost 13 and 1/2 billion years ... 03:06: At this temperature, it's too hot for electrons and protons to even coalesce into atoms, let alone stars, planets or galaxies. 03:22: ... because there were no neutral atoms yet, the light the plasma emitted just couldn't travel very far before ... 03:51: Now as this plasma cooled, its temperature eventually dropped below the 3,000 or so degree mark, where neutral atoms could finally form. 05:01: And all those atoms from that plasma?
	2015-03-18: Can A Starfox Barrel Roll Work In Space? 07:41: ... the possibility that advanced nanobots might disassembled the planet atom by atom-- and protons decay-- that maybe protons are unstable, and in ... 09:25: ... just need to know how much energy there is in interatomic bonds, per atom on Earth, and multiply that by an estimate of the number of atoms on ...
	2015-03-11: What Will Destroy Planet Earth? 05:54: ... everything in a universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ... 06:15: ... best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your atoms disassembled by space itself would be a pretty epic way to ... 05:54: ... everything in a universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ... 06:15: ... best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your atoms disassembled by space itself would be a pretty epic way to ... 05:54: ... everything in a universe is ripped apart by stretching space-- atoms, nuclei, individual protons, ...

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