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	2022-12-08: How Are Quasiparticles Different From Particles? 06:47: They have energy equal to the planck constant times their frequency.
	2022-10-12: The REAL Possibility of Mapping Alien Planets! 19:23: ... squared divided by 4pi time   the vacuum permittivity the Planck constant times the speed of light. If the fine structure ...
	2022-09-28: Why Is 1/137 One of the Greatest Unsolved Problems In Physics? 00:43: Like the speed of light, the gravitational constant, or Planck’s constant. 02:55: ... the electron, divided by four times pi, the permittivity of free space, Planck's constant and the speed of ... 03:28: ... the speed of light in meters per second, vacuum permittivity and Planck's constant also have their ... 09:57: Try the gravitational or Planck’s constant and you also have to define the kilogram. 11:33: ... the relationship  between mass, distance, and gravitational force, Planck's Constant is the relationship  between the uncertainty in measuring ... 00:43: Like the speed of light, the gravitational constant, or Planck’s constant. 02:55: ... the electron, divided by four times pi, the permittivity of free space, Planck's constant and the speed of ... 03:28: ... the speed of light in meters per second, vacuum permittivity and Planck's constant also have their ... 09:57: Try the gravitational or Planck’s constant and you also have to define the kilogram. 11:33: ... the relationship  between mass, distance, and gravitational force, Planck's Constant is the relationship  between the uncertainty in measuring ... 00:43: Like the speed of light, the gravitational constant, or Planck’s constant. 02:55: ... the electron, divided by four times pi, the permittivity of free space, Planck's constant and the speed of ... 03:28: ... the speed of light in meters per second, vacuum permittivity and Planck's constant also have their ... 09:57: Try the gravitational or Planck’s constant and you also have to define the kilogram. 11:33: ... the relationship  between mass, distance, and gravitational force, Planck's Constant is the relationship  between the uncertainty in measuring position ...
	2022-08-17: What If Dark Energy is a New Quantum Field? 04:47: ... much … -1, the default option. Our most precise measurement comes from Planck satellite data, which mapped the cosmic microwave background. The Planck ... 06:25: ... of the very early universe we get a different number. The latter is from Planck satellite measurements of the cosmic microwave background. The current ... 04:47: ... much … -1, the default option. Our most precise measurement comes from Planck satellite data, which mapped the cosmic microwave background. The Planck team ... 06:25: ... of the very early universe we get a different number. The latter is from Planck satellite measurements of the cosmic microwave background. The current thinking is ... 04:47: ... much … -1, the default option. Our most precise measurement comes from Planck satellite data, which mapped the cosmic microwave background. The Planck team measured w ... 06:25: ... of the very early universe we get a different number. The latter is from Planck satellite measurements of the cosmic microwave background. The current thinking is that one of ... 04:47: ... Planck satellite data, which mapped the cosmic microwave background. The Planck team measured w = −1.028 ± 0.032. So, while this is perfectly consistent with ...
	2022-07-20: What If We Live in a Superdeterministic Universe? 16:56: For example, Planck units, or the energies or masses or decay timescales of common particles and elements.
	2022-06-01: What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality? 08:49: ... in a particle’s position and momentum has to be  greater than the Planck constant divided by ...
	2022-05-04: Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere 10:33: ... with quantum mechanics. There is a smallest measurable length called the Planck length. When space expands, what happens to this smallest ... 10:52: ... it expand too? Well the Planck length stays the same - it’s just defined as a combination of the ... 10:33: ... with quantum mechanics. There is a smallest measurable length called the Planck length. When space expands, what happens to this smallest ... 10:52: ... it expand too? Well the Planck length stays the same - it’s just defined as a combination of the Gravitational ...
	2022-02-10: The Nature of Space and Time AMA 00:03: ... possible size the plank length a smallest possible duration the planck time and we know this because general relativity and quantum ...
	2021-11-17: Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs? 11:07: But if you approach the fuzzball you start to see this surface of stringy material with a thickness of about a Planck length. 12:20: In string theory we have extra compact dimensions - spatial dimensions that are coiled up on the Planck scale so we can’t see them. 11:07: But if you approach the fuzzball you start to see this surface of stringy material with a thickness of about a Planck length. 12:20: In string theory we have extra compact dimensions - spatial dimensions that are coiled up on the Planck scale so we can’t see them. 10:30: The normally Planck-length strings can therefore pile up into fuzzballs with sizes ranging from kilometers to light years.
	2021-07-21: How Magnetism Shapes The Universe 06:45: ... has now been done in incredible detail by the Planck mission, which mapped polarization of the cosmic microwave background - ...
	2021-07-07: Electrons DO NOT Spin 12:13: ... momenta can only be observed as plus or minus a half times the reduced Planck constant,   projected onto whichever direction  you try ...
	2021-06-23: How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy 16:17: OK, and moving on to our  episode on the Planck Length. 16:39: ... one direction - but that would reduce the grid width and hence the Planck length in   that direction, which is also wrong - the ... 16:17: OK, and moving on to our  episode on the Planck Length. 16:39: ... one direction - but that would reduce the grid width and hence the Planck length in   that direction, which is also wrong - the ... 16:20: ... Johnson asks a good one. If space is like a 3-D grid of Planck-length scale, and movement   means flicking from one cell to the ...
	2021-06-16: Can Space Be Infinitely Divided? 00:40: ... on space, let’s zoom back in time to see where the idea of the Planck length even came ... 01:16: ... the final year of the 19th century,  Max Planck ushered in the quantum age by   thinking about hot pokers. He ... 02:21: ... the Planck constant comes the Planck length.   It’s the length you get ... 02:38: ... - or gedankenexperiments as a good German physicist like Max Planck would call ... 05:08: ... you can’t ever physics away. And we hit that uncertainty at the Planck ... 06:39: ... fundamental constants - in fact,   in the exact form as the Planck length  squared divided by the ... 07:10: ... of space. So this is one way of thinking about it - the   Planck length represents the best possible  resolution that any distance ... 07:48: ... about that is that if you try to measure a size smaller than the Planck length,   the warped geometry changes that size to give ... 08:37: ... in that volume. By the time we localize the electron to within one Planck length,   the uncertainty in energy is about equal to ... 09:58: ... stop us measuring distances or sizes smaller than the   Planck length. But now we get to the big question: does that mean that ... 10:55: ... defined by Einstein’s general relativity, and GR breaks down at the Planck scale because   we can’t sensibly define distances. We think ... 01:16: ... on a single  number that appears in his equation - the   Planck constant. It represents the  chunkiness of thermal radiation.   ... 02:21: ... the Planck constant comes the Planck length.   It’s the length you get when you ... 00:40: ... on space, let’s zoom back in time to see where the idea of the Planck length even came ... 05:08: ... you can’t ever physics away. And we hit that uncertainty at the Planck length. ... 07:10: ... of space. So this is one way of thinking about it - the   Planck length represents the best possible  resolution that any distance can be ... 09:58: ... stop us measuring distances or sizes smaller than the   Planck length. But now we get to the big question: does that mean that smaller ... 07:10: ... of space. So this is one way of thinking about it - the   Planck length represents the best possible  resolution that any distance can be ... 06:39: ... fundamental constants - in fact,   in the exact form as the Planck length  squared divided by the ... 02:21: ... the Planck constant comes the Planck length.   It’s the length you get when you combine the gravitational ... 07:48: ... about that is that if you try to measure a size smaller than the Planck length,   the warped geometry changes that size to give 100% uncertainty. ... 08:37: ... in that volume. By the time we localize the electron to within one Planck length,   the uncertainty in energy is about equal to the entire mass-energy ... 09:58: ... What we can   say is that distances are undefined  on the Planck scale. At that scale,   Heisenberg’s principle tells us that ... 10:55: ... defined by Einstein’s general relativity, and GR breaks down at the Planck scale because   we can’t sensibly define distances. We think ... 09:58: ... same way that you get virtual particles on subatomic scales, on the Planck scale you   get virtual spacetime fluctuations, and  even virtual black holes ... 01:16: ... the final year of the 19th century,  Max Planck ushered in the quantum age by   thinking about hot pokers. He found ... 00:00: ... apart. Half the distance 115   times and they’re a single Planck-length apart - 1.6x10^-35 meters. Surely we can keep going - ... 07:48: ... photon has enough effective mass to produce a black hole with a Planck-length event   horizon - so any attempt to measure ... 08:37: ... pair production occurs when you localize its energy to within a Planck-length-diameter ... 04:30: ... photon’s momentum is the Planck  constant divided by its wavelength.   So just replace photon ... 05:08: ... infinite uncertainty in   momentum. But it turns out that the Planck constant defines a new source of quantum   uncertainty that you can’t ... 01:16: ... in quanta - chunks of energy that we now call photons.   Planck’s discovery hinges on a single  number that appears in his equation - ... 02:21: ... the gravitational constant, the speed of light,   and Planck’s constant in just the right way  to give units of length - the ... 01:16: ... in quanta - chunks of energy that we now call photons.   Planck’s discovery hinges on a single  number that appears in his equation - ... 06:39: ... photon - its energy over c^2,   and the energy of a photon is Planck’s  constant times c^2 over the wavelength.   We have this thing ...
	2021-06-09: Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth? 14:14: Last episode was on Planck Relics, those subatomic scale black holes that could be literally everywhere and even explain dark matter. 14:31: Well first of all, Planck relics would be so impossibly tiny that all matter would be like empty space to them. 14:43: The gravitational interaction is weak except right next to the relic - on the scale of Planck lenfths. 14:56: The problem then is that the black hole will immediately Hawking-radiate back down to a Planck relic. 15:05: So Planck relics will stay Planck relics unless you can force feed them at an enormous rate. 15:11: Johanna Mueller never realized that the Planck mass is such a huge thing. 15:16: Two hundredths of a milligram is giant compared to the 1.6x10^-35 meters of the Planck length or the 5x10^-44 seconds of the Planck time. 15:24: But the planck mass defines the mass of a black hole one Planck length in radius, and remember, black holes are massive! 15:32: ... asked whether a region dense in Planck relics would emit high-energy radiation as the relics merged and then ... 16:19: ... time - no self-respecting physics professor can confidently say that a planck relic didn’t eat your homework. It also explains why I don’t have a ... 14:43: The gravitational interaction is weak except right next to the relic - on the scale of Planck lenfths. 15:16: Two hundredths of a milligram is giant compared to the 1.6x10^-35 meters of the Planck length or the 5x10^-44 seconds of the Planck time. 15:24: But the planck mass defines the mass of a black hole one Planck length in radius, and remember, black holes are massive! 15:11: Johanna Mueller never realized that the Planck mass is such a huge thing. 15:24: But the planck mass defines the mass of a black hole one Planck length in radius, and remember, black holes are massive! 14:56: The problem then is that the black hole will immediately Hawking-radiate back down to a Planck relic. 16:19: ... time - no self-respecting physics professor can confidently say that a planck relic didn’t eat your homework. It also explains why I don’t have a funnier ... 14:14: Last episode was on Planck Relics, those subatomic scale black holes that could be literally everywhere and even explain dark matter. 14:31: Well first of all, Planck relics would be so impossibly tiny that all matter would be like empty space to them. 15:05: So Planck relics will stay Planck relics unless you can force feed them at an enormous rate. 15:32: ... asked whether a region dense in Planck relics would emit high-energy radiation as the relics merged and then ... 15:16: Two hundredths of a milligram is giant compared to the 1.6x10^-35 meters of the Planck length or the 5x10^-44 seconds of the Planck time.
	2021-05-25: What If (Tiny) Black Holes Are Everywhere? 00:09: Unless of course Planck relics are a thing - in which case they might be literally everywhere. 01:31: These remnant black holes, or Planck relics, may be everywhere. 01:35: To understand Planck relics we need a quick review of Hawking radiation. 06:31: This would be when the black hole’s mass is around 20 micrograms - what we call the Planck mass. 06:41: Such a black hole would have an event horizon of around 10^-35 meters - the Planck length. 06:59: So might Planck-sized black hole relics, or Planck relics, actually exist? 07:04: ... by saying that we know for sure that general relativity doesn’t work on Planck scales, so even if Planck relics do exist they probably don’t look just ... 07:37: That’s much longer than the current age of the universe, none of these black holes will have become Planck relics. 07:45: For Planck relics to exist now we need a way to make black holes that are much smaller than a star. 09:02: ... explaining Dark Matter, another reason to want Planck relics to be a thing is that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was ... 09:44: What if all the information they eat is trapped forever in the tiny Planck relic? 10:41: If Planck relics account for all of dark matter, are they around us right now? 10:52: Just one Planck relic per 30km cube, and that’s enough to make up most of the mass in the universe. 06:41: Such a black hole would have an event horizon of around 10^-35 meters - the Planck length. 06:31: This would be when the black hole’s mass is around 20 micrograms - what we call the Planck mass. 09:44: What if all the information they eat is trapped forever in the tiny Planck relic? 10:52: Just one Planck relic per 30km cube, and that’s enough to make up most of the mass in the universe. 00:09: Unless of course Planck relics are a thing - in which case they might be literally everywhere. 01:31: These remnant black holes, or Planck relics, may be everywhere. 01:35: To understand Planck relics we need a quick review of Hawking radiation. 06:59: So might Planck-sized black hole relics, or Planck relics, actually exist? 07:04: ... sure that general relativity doesn’t work on Planck scales, so even if Planck relics do exist they probably don’t look just like mini versions of big black ... 07:37: That’s much longer than the current age of the universe, none of these black holes will have become Planck relics. 07:45: For Planck relics to exist now we need a way to make black holes that are much smaller than a star. 09:02: ... explaining Dark Matter, another reason to want Planck relics to be a thing is that they may solve a vexing difficulty that was ... 10:41: If Planck relics account for all of dark matter, are they around us right now? 07:04: ... by saying that we know for sure that general relativity doesn’t work on Planck scales, so even if Planck relics do exist they probably don’t look just like ... 06:59: So might Planck-sized black hole relics, or Planck relics, actually exist?
	2021-05-19: Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 07:35: ... circle of probability, where the area of the circle is proportional to Planck’s constant, satisfying the uncertainty ...
	2021-05-11: How To Know If It's Aliens 18:32: ... your pockets. And, actually, if dark matter is enormous numbers of Planck-mass black holes, perhaps you could actually find your keys AND dark matter ...
	2021-04-13: What If Dark Matter Is Just Black Holes? 11:27: These so-called Planck relics are bad news as dark matter - because they’re essentially undetectable.
	2021-03-16: The NEW Crisis in Cosmology 04:42: ... on the subject to see how our map of the CMB using the   Planck satellite can give us the expansion rate. The Planck team ... 05:52: ... that the nature of dark energy has   changed over time. The Planck team’s Hubble constant assumes that dark energy has had ... 09:17: ... of the Hubble constant. So what do you think - do the supernova and Planck results agree?   Not in the least. The Gaia-based Hubble ... 09:50: ... options that will either to break the   tie between Planck and supernova,  or to confirm that the difference is ... 04:42: ... on the subject to see how our map of the CMB using the   Planck satellite can give us the expansion rate. The Planck team calculated a Hubble ... 05:52: ... that the nature of dark energy has   changed over time. The Planck team’s Hubble constant assumes that dark energy has had a   ... 06:22: ... find out one way or the other   if the difference between the Planck  and supernova results is real.   Most people still think that ... 10:08: ... acoustic oscillations seem   to be coming on the side of the Planck  result - a Hubble constant in the high ...
	2021-01-12: What Happens During a Quantum Jump? 01:22: ... took a lead from the recent success of Max Planck, who in 1901 had managed to explain the colors of light produced by a ...
	2020-08-10: Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream 00:00: ... eric a chance to respond but it sounds like to paraphrase you know max planck it might be yeah let me wait for a few more funerals uh uh for ...
	2020-07-28: What is a Theory of Everything: Livestream 00:00: ... you know if you take the basic uh constants of nature uh you know planck's constant gravitational constant speed of light things like this these ...
	2020-05-11: How Luminiferous Aether Led to Relativity 15:13: ... is infinite, or B) what happened before 10^-43 seconds - the so-called Planck time. At that point inflation seems to give our best picture, and I'm ...
	2020-05-04: How We Know The Universe is Ancient 12:59: ... on analysis of the cosmic microwave background map produced by the Planck satellite we get the relative amounts of matter and dark energy and a ...
	2020-02-03: Are there Infinite Versions of You? 09:14: ... of entropy in any region of space is proportional to the number of tiny Planck areas covering its ...
	2019-12-02: Is The Universe Finite? 01:02: ... we’ll delve into the Nature Astronomy paper that just reported this: Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology by ... 01:19: This is the map of the cosmic microwave background - the CMB - made by the Planck satellite. 01:38: ... speckles from previous satellites, and the initial analysis from the Planck map, pointed to a universe that is infinitely large and geometrically ... 02:02: But more detailed study of the Planck data has started to reveal tensions. 02:06: ... talked about this so-called crisis in cosmology - the Planck team calculate an expansion rate for the universe that does not match ... 02:41: ... the new study, astrophysicists claim to have found clear evidence in the Planck data that the universe is NOT flat, but rather curved inward on ... 05:07: But it turns out that evidence of very slight curvature may have been hiding in the Planck data all along. 05:14: The new study went much deeper into the Planck data than just looking at triangles defined by the biggest blobs. 06:31: ... scientists were able to determine the amount of lensing present in the Planck CMB map - and they found way more than would be expected for an open ... 09:48: ... very subtle systematic issue in the calibration of the Planck data may have led to the unexpected results for both the geometry and ... 09:58: For example, the Planck CMB map required extremely careful subtraction of all other sources of microwave radiation. 10:11: The "official" analysis of the Planck data was extremely careful so any mistake would have to be very subtle. 10:18: ... authors of the new study redid part of the Planck analysis to claim this evidence of positive curvature - which the Planck ... 11:51: The tension between the Planck results and other cosmological measurements seems to be growing. 10:18: ... authors of the new study redid part of the Planck analysis to claim this evidence of positive curvature - which the Planck team had ... 06:31: ... scientists were able to determine the amount of lensing present in the Planck CMB map - and they found way more than would be expected for an open ... 09:58: For example, the Planck CMB map required extremely careful subtraction of all other sources of microwave radiation. 06:31: ... scientists were able to determine the amount of lensing present in the Planck CMB map - and they found way more than would be expected for an open ... 09:58: For example, the Planck CMB map required extremely careful subtraction of all other sources of microwave radiation. 02:02: But more detailed study of the Planck data has started to reveal tensions. 02:41: ... the new study, astrophysicists claim to have found clear evidence in the Planck data that the universe is NOT flat, but rather curved inward on ... 05:07: But it turns out that evidence of very slight curvature may have been hiding in the Planck data all along. 05:14: The new study went much deeper into the Planck data than just looking at triangles defined by the biggest blobs. 09:48: ... very subtle systematic issue in the calibration of the Planck data may have led to the unexpected results for both the geometry and the ... 10:11: The "official" analysis of the Planck data was extremely careful so any mistake would have to be very subtle. 01:02: ... we’ll delve into the Nature Astronomy paper that just reported this: Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology by Eleonora Di ... 01:38: ... speckles from previous satellites, and the initial analysis from the Planck map, pointed to a universe that is infinitely large and geometrically flat, ... 01:19: This is the map of the cosmic microwave background - the CMB - made by the Planck satellite. 02:06: ... talked about this so-called crisis in cosmology - the Planck team calculate an expansion rate for the universe that does not match the ... 10:18: ... Planck analysis to claim this evidence of positive curvature - which the Planck team had themselves decided wasn’t ... 02:06: ... talked about this so-called crisis in cosmology - the Planck team calculate an expansion rate for the universe that does not match the expansion ...
	2019-11-11: Does Life Need a Multiverse to Exist? 00:50: ... are things like the speed of light, the Planck constant, the masses of the elementary particles, and the constants ...
	2019-10-15: Loop Quantum Gravity Explained 10:32: But on the tiniest of scales – the Planck scale - it’s sort of pixelated.
	2019-09-30: How Many Universes Are There? 12:31: This is something like 15 orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck length.
	2019-08-19: What Happened Before the Big Bang? 09:23: A fraction of the Planck energy within a Planck volume.
	2019-03-28: Could the Universe End by Tearing Apart Every Atom? 11:16: ... is still a faint possibility but even at its most extreme from the planck estimate, the big rip would be around 75 billion years ...
	2019-02-20: Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background 01:21: The Planck Satellite's map of the CMB.
	2019-01-24: The Crisis in Cosmology 07:32: ...created by the Planck satellite. 09:18: ...could give the power spectrum observed by Planck. 09:35: ...but the Planck power spectrum is so rich with information, that the Planck team... 09:47: The Planck H0 is 66.9 ± 0.6 kilometers per second per megaparsec,... 10:26: ...revealed it to be in real conflict with the Planck result from a couple of years earlier. 10:57: ...in either the supernova or Planck measurements. 11:08: ...or perhaps gravitational lensing alters the Planck speckles differently to how we thought. 12:30: ...comes from Planck or SHOES. 09:47: The Planck H0 is 66.9 ± 0.6 kilometers per second per megaparsec,... 10:57: ...in either the supernova or Planck measurements. 09:35: ...but the Planck power spectrum is so rich with information, that the Planck team... 10:26: ...revealed it to be in real conflict with the Planck result from a couple of years earlier. 07:32: ...created by the Planck satellite. 11:08: ...or perhaps gravitational lensing alters the Planck speckles differently to how we thought. 09:35: ...but the Planck power spectrum is so rich with information, that the Planck team...
	2018-10-31: Are Virtual Particles A New Layer of Reality? 00:58: For example, Max Planck used a quantization trick to figure out the spectrum of light emitted by hot objects. 12:18: ... in the case of Max Planck discovery of the quantum nature of photons, it turned out that a ... 12:31: ... Planck knew that he was onto something because there was no way to express his ... 12:18: ... in the case of Max Planck discovery of the quantum nature of photons, it turned out that a mathematical ... 12:31: ... Planck knew that he was onto something because there was no way to express his ...
	2018-10-18: What are the Strings in String Theory? 03:58: ... orders of magnitude smaller, shrinking from the size of a proton to the Planck scale, roughly the scale of the difference between the Milky Way galaxy ... 07:51: We have these Planck scale, one-dimensional structures that can be in loops or extended. 09:23: There's no way to even think about the shape of the gravitational field on the Planck scale that doesn't produce a hopeless conflict. 09:37: Its interactions are smeared around that string, handily avoiding the explosion of mathematical infinities you get below the Planck length. 03:58: ... orders of magnitude smaller, shrinking from the size of a proton to the Planck scale, roughly the scale of the difference between the Milky Way galaxy and ... 07:51: We have these Planck scale, one-dimensional structures that can be in loops or extended. 09:23: There's no way to even think about the shape of the gravitational field on the Planck scale that doesn't produce a hopeless conflict. 07:51: We have these Planck scale, one-dimensional structures that can be in loops or extended. 03:58: ... orders of magnitude smaller, shrinking from the size of a proton to the Planck scale, roughly the scale of the difference between the Milky Way galaxy and your living ...
	2018-10-10: Computing a Universe Simulation 03:09: Specifically, it's the number of tiny Planck areas you can fit over that surface area divided by 4. 04:50: Again, the Bekenstein bound is the event horizon surface area in Planck areas with an extra factor of a quarter that Stephen Hawking figured out. 04:58: So our Bekenstein bound hard drive needs to be roughly 4 by 10 to the power of 80 Planck areas, corresponding to 40 billion square meters. 03:09: Specifically, it's the number of tiny Planck areas you can fit over that surface area divided by 4. 04:50: Again, the Bekenstein bound is the event horizon surface area in Planck areas with an extra factor of a quarter that Stephen Hawking figured out. 04:58: So our Bekenstein bound hard drive needs to be roughly 4 by 10 to the power of 80 Planck areas, corresponding to 40 billion square meters.
	2018-10-03: How to Detect Extra Dimensions 14:43: ... relativity and quantum mechanics are both right, then we should have Planck-length virtual black holes popping into and out of ...
	2018-09-20: Quantum Gravity and the Hardest Problem in Physics 05:57: ... turns out that to measure a position to an accuracy better than a Planck length around 10 to the power of negative 35 of a meter, the amount of ... 06:22: So general relativity plus Heisenberg say it's impossible to measure a length smaller than the Planck length. 06:46: Try to measure any time period shorter than 10 to the power of negative 43 seconds, the Planck time, and boom-- black hole. 07:20: So position can be defined to within a Planck length. 07:33: Particles whose positions are defined within a Planck length can spontaneously become black holes. 08:47: But I'll focus on the one that wrongly predicts these crazy fluctuations on the Planck scale. 11:18: Space and time simply cannot behave in the familiar way below the Planck scale. 05:57: ... turns out that to measure a position to an accuracy better than a Planck length around 10 to the power of negative 35 of a meter, the amount of energy ... 06:22: So general relativity plus Heisenberg say it's impossible to measure a length smaller than the Planck length. 07:20: So position can be defined to within a Planck length. 07:33: Particles whose positions are defined within a Planck length can spontaneously become black holes. 08:47: But I'll focus on the one that wrongly predicts these crazy fluctuations on the Planck scale. 11:18: Space and time simply cannot behave in the familiar way below the Planck scale. 06:46: Try to measure any time period shorter than 10 to the power of negative 43 seconds, the Planck time, and boom-- black hole. 12:46: ... as a special thanks, we're sending you a box of chocolate-covered Planck-scale black ...
	2018-09-12: How Much Information is in the Universe? 02:48: ... smallest element is roughly a cube one Planck length on a side, where the Planck length is the smallest meaningful ... 03:07: One bit per Planck volume. 03:28: So how many Planck volumes are there in the universe? 03:31: Well, the radius of the universe is something like 47 billion light years, which is a few times 10 to the power of 61 Planck lengths. 03:39: 4 on 3 pi r cubed, so the universe contains 10 to the power of 183 Planck volumes. 03:47: ... see estimates that the radius of the universe is a mere 10 to the 60 Planck lengths, rather than 10 to the 61, and that its volume is 10 to the ... 04:55: ... us that the information content of any volume isn't the number of these Planck volumes, but rather the number of Planck areas on the ... 05:04: ... has a surface area of 10 to the power of 120 to 10 to the power of 124 Planck areas, depending on whether you're rounding like a cosmologist or an ... 07:25: And for black holes, that entropy is the Bekenstein bound, the number of Planck areas on its event horizon. 07:54: Its event horizon is around 12 billion meters, giving it a surface area of 10 to the power of 90 to 10 to the power of 91 Planck units. 04:55: ... isn't the number of these Planck volumes, but rather the number of Planck areas on the ... 05:04: ... has a surface area of 10 to the power of 120 to 10 to the power of 124 Planck areas, depending on whether you're rounding like a cosmologist or an ... 07:25: And for black holes, that entropy is the Bekenstein bound, the number of Planck areas on its event horizon. 05:04: ... has a surface area of 10 to the power of 120 to 10 to the power of 124 Planck areas, depending on whether you're rounding like a cosmologist or an ... 02:48: ... smallest element is roughly a cube one Planck length on a side, where the Planck length is the smallest meaningful measure of ... 03:31: Well, the radius of the universe is something like 47 billion light years, which is a few times 10 to the power of 61 Planck lengths. 03:47: ... see estimates that the radius of the universe is a mere 10 to the 60 Planck lengths, rather than 10 to the 61, and that its volume is 10 to the power of 180 ... 07:54: Its event horizon is around 12 billion meters, giving it a surface area of 10 to the power of 90 to 10 to the power of 91 Planck units. 03:07: One bit per Planck volume. 03:28: So how many Planck volumes are there in the universe? 03:39: 4 on 3 pi r cubed, so the universe contains 10 to the power of 183 Planck volumes. 04:55: ... us that the information content of any volume isn't the number of these Planck volumes, but rather the number of Planck areas on the ... 08:55: ... if we started to fill up those empty Planck-sized cubes of space throughout the universe until it contained more ...
	2018-09-05: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma 08:22: In fact, the information content is very close to that surface area divided by the number of Planck areas.
	2018-08-23: How Will the Universe End? 11:07: He figures that the most likely minimum black hole mass is the Planck mass of 20 micrograms.
	2018-07-04: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? 09:49: ... analysis of the cosmic microwave background radiation by the Planck satellite shows that the early rates of expansion of the universe is ...
	2018-01-24: The End of the Habitable Zone 11:20: ... should include all particles and their energy distribution should be the Planck distribution, the same distribution as black body radiation from ...
	2017-11-29: Citizen Science + Zero-Point Challenge Answer 07:06: ... you choose that to be the frequency corresponding to a photon with the Planck energy, you get a vacuum energy density of a ridiculously high 10 to the ... 07:49: The frequency of a photon with the Planck energy is the Planck energy divided by the Planck constant, or an insane 3 by 10 to the power of 42 hertz. 07:06: ... you choose that to be the frequency corresponding to a photon with the Planck energy, you get a vacuum energy density of a ridiculously high 10 to the power ... 07:49: The frequency of a photon with the Planck energy is the Planck energy divided by the Planck constant, or an insane 3 by 10 to the power of 42 hertz.
	2017-11-02: The Vacuum Catastrophe 01:55: ... the vacuum state of any fuel oscillation must be half of the tiny Planck constant times the frequency of that ... 03:12: It's where photon energy is equal to the Planck energy, or 10 to the power of 19 giga electron volts. 03:31: ... up the vacuum energy, including virtual photons, all the way up to the Planck energy, we get a finite number-- a very, very large finite ... 07:43: ... of magnitude if we use the electroweak energy cutoff instead of the Planck energy ... 01:55: ... the vacuum state of any fuel oscillation must be half of the tiny Planck constant times the frequency of that ... 03:12: It's where photon energy is equal to the Planck energy, or 10 to the power of 19 giga electron volts. 03:31: ... up the vacuum energy, including virtual photons, all the way up to the Planck energy, we get a finite number-- a very, very large finite ... 07:43: ... of magnitude if we use the electroweak energy cutoff instead of the Planck energy ...
	2017-10-25: The Missing Mass Mystery 09:10: ... both used the latest Planck satellite CMB map in the presumed locations of large-scale structure ...
	2017-10-19: The Nature of Nothing 14:26: ... span a large range, but always have a distribution characterized by the Planck law, basically a lopsided bell ...
	2017-10-11: Absolute Cold 02:23: This is the black-body radiation described by Planck's Law.
	2017-08-02: Dark Flow 06:33: And the strongest challenge came from the team behind the Planck satellite. 06:38: Planck is the latest cosmic microwave background probe, and it's produced a much more detailed map compared to WMAP. 06:44: Analyzing around 1,000 clusters using the new data, the Planck satellite team say that no dark flow is apparent. 06:52: ... team, as well as some other researchers, also redid their work with the Planck data and claim the dark flow is still very ... 06:33: And the strongest challenge came from the team behind the Planck satellite. 06:44: Analyzing around 1,000 clusters using the new data, the Planck satellite team say that no dark flow is apparent.
	2017-07-19: The Real Star Wars 14:51: ... to infinity sounds a lot like the ultraviolet catastrophe of the pre-Max Planck description of black body ...
	2017-06-28: The First Quantum Field Theory 04:08: This is exactly how light behaves, as was first realized by Max Planck and proved by Einstein. 04:51: Quantum physics may have started with Planck's discovery of the quantum nature of light.
	2017-06-21: Anti-Matter and Quantum Relativity 00:50: By the late 1920s, Einstein and Planck had already shown that light is a particle, as well as a wave. 05:55: It contains the marks of both quantum mechanics, in the Planck constant, and relativity, in the speed of light. 12:40: ... bluer than the rest method." Detailed statistical analysis of the entire Planck CMB map pointed to that region as being a significant ... 05:55: It contains the marks of both quantum mechanics, in the Planck constant, and relativity, in the speed of light.
	2017-01-11: The EM Drive: Fact or Fantasy? 07:28: To exchange momentum with virtual particles over a distance longer than a Planck length, those particles need to become real.
	2016-08-03: Can We Survive the Destruction of the Earth? ft. Neal Stephenson 12:49: ... given that this is 100 times smaller than the Planck length for anything within a human's mass, getting double-slit ...
	2016-07-27: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality 02:13: ... effect but his clue came from the quantized energy levels of Max Planck's black-body radiation ...
	2016-07-06: Juno to Reveal Jupiter's Violent Past 10:28: We recently talked about the origin of quantum theory with Max Planck's derivation of an equation to describe the black body spectrum.
	2016-06-22: Planck's Constant and The Origin of Quantum Mechanics 00:03: ... episode is supported by "The Great Courses Plus." The Planck constant defines the size scale at which the familiar physics of our ... 00:23: In fact, you can see the effect of this quantum behavior and even measure the Planck constant just by observing the color of sunlight. 01:45: The tiny Planck constant, at 6.63 by 10 to the minus 34 joule seconds, sets the scale of this quantum blurriness. 02:04: In fact, the Planck constant appears in essentially all equations that describe quantum phenomena. 02:26: It also sets the size of the Planck length, which is, hypothetically, the length below which the concept of length loses meaning. 02:36: It may define the scale of quantum reality, but the influence of the Planck constant can be seen even on our scale. 02:49: If the Planck constant were 25% smaller, the sun would be violet, all else being equal. 07:02: German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck resolved the catastrophe almost by accident. 07:48: That number became the Planck constant. 07:58: It allowed Planck to equipartition energy in a way that solved the ultraviolet catastrophe. 08:11: Planck's new equation described the shape of the blackbody spectrum exactly, across all frequencies of light. 08:18: It became Planck's law. 08:21: Now Max Planck didn't originally think that these quantized energy levels were real. 08:40: In that case, the Planck constant would have canceled out in the final equation, but it didn't. 08:47: The Planck constant is firmly entrenched in the Planck blackbody law. 08:55: Now the actual value of the Planck constant still had to be measured. 08:59: ... it was possible to do this just by varying the constant until the Planck law matched the observed ... 09:10: ... once you know the Planck law and an object's temperature, you can calculate the Planck constant ... 09:23: As usual, it took Albert Einstein to fully understand the physics behind Planck's strange quantized vibrations. 09:52: ... Planck's discovery was the clue Einstein needed to hypothesize the existence of ... 10:13: It got him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, shortly following Planck's Nobel of 1918. 10:27: And that little number that Max Planck came up with in his moment of desperation-- the Planck constant-- remains at the heart of all things quantum. 10:38: ... defining the shape of the blackbody spectrum, the Planck constant can be read in the color of the sun and the stars, in the ... 08:47: The Planck constant is firmly entrenched in the Planck blackbody law. 00:03: ... episode is supported by "The Great Courses Plus." The Planck constant defines the size scale at which the familiar physics of our macroscopic ... 00:23: In fact, you can see the effect of this quantum behavior and even measure the Planck constant just by observing the color of sunlight. 01:45: The tiny Planck constant, at 6.63 by 10 to the minus 34 joule seconds, sets the scale of this quantum blurriness. 02:04: In fact, the Planck constant appears in essentially all equations that describe quantum phenomena. 02:36: It may define the scale of quantum reality, but the influence of the Planck constant can be seen even on our scale. 02:49: If the Planck constant were 25% smaller, the sun would be violet, all else being equal. 07:48: That number became the Planck constant. 08:40: In that case, the Planck constant would have canceled out in the final equation, but it didn't. 08:47: The Planck constant is firmly entrenched in the Planck blackbody law. 08:55: Now the actual value of the Planck constant still had to be measured. 09:10: ... know the Planck law and an object's temperature, you can calculate the Planck constant just by finding the brightest part of an object's heat glow, for ... 09:52: ... of energy equal to the now familiar frequency of the wave times the Planck constant. ... 10:27: And that little number that Max Planck came up with in his moment of desperation-- the Planck constant-- remains at the heart of all things quantum. 10:38: ... defining the shape of the blackbody spectrum, the Planck constant can be read in the color of the sun and the stars, in the brightness of ... 02:04: In fact, the Planck constant appears in essentially all equations that describe quantum phenomena. 00:03: ... episode is supported by "The Great Courses Plus." The Planck constant defines the size scale at which the familiar physics of our macroscopic reality ... 10:27: And that little number that Max Planck came up with in his moment of desperation-- the Planck constant-- remains at the heart of all things quantum. 08:21: Now Max Planck didn't originally think that these quantized energy levels were real. 08:59: ... it was possible to do this just by varying the constant until the Planck law matched the observed ... 09:10: ... once you know the Planck law and an object's temperature, you can calculate the Planck constant just ... 08:59: ... it was possible to do this just by varying the constant until the Planck law matched the observed ... 02:26: It also sets the size of the Planck length, which is, hypothetically, the length below which the concept of length loses meaning. 07:02: German physicist Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck resolved the catastrophe almost by accident. 08:11: Planck's new equation described the shape of the blackbody spectrum exactly, across all frequencies of light. 08:18: It became Planck's law. 09:23: As usual, it took Albert Einstein to fully understand the physics behind Planck's strange quantized vibrations. 09:52: ... Planck's discovery was the clue Einstein needed to hypothesize the existence of ... 10:13: It got him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, shortly following Planck's Nobel of 1918. 09:52: ... Planck's discovery was the clue Einstein needed to hypothesize the existence of the ... 08:18: It became Planck's law. 10:13: It got him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, shortly following Planck's Nobel of 1918. 09:23: As usual, it took Albert Einstein to fully understand the physics behind Planck's strange quantized vibrations.
	2016-06-01: Is Quantum Tunneling Faster than Light? 02:33: In fact, it's the minuscule Planck constant divided by momentum. 02:37: ... de Broglie wavelengths a couple of orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck ... 02:33: In fact, it's the minuscule Planck constant divided by momentum. 02:37: ... de Broglie wavelengths a couple of orders of magnitude smaller than the Planck length. ...
	2016-03-02: What’s Wrong With the Big Bang Theory? 04:15: That's the Planck length.
	2016-02-03: Will Mars or Venus Kill You First? 10:11: For one thing, we don't have a theory of quantum gravity to get us into the Planck era.
	2016-01-27: The Origin of Matter and Time 07:36: Even the Planck scale realm.
	2016-01-06: The True Nature of Matter and Mass 09:19: ... time, because the interchange happens on time scales shorter than the Planck ...
	2015-12-09: How to Build a Black Hole 09:29: But what happens to these as the star approaches an infinitesimal point, the Planck scale?
	2015-10-28: Is The Alcubierre Warp Drive Possible? 08:36: ... I doubt that Max Planck and Schrodinger and Bohr imagined that this crazy theory would lead to ...
	2015-09-23: Does Dark Matter BREAK Physics? 08:21: The time interval that encompasses all future everything approaches zero, or at least the Planck time.
	2015-05-27: Habitable Exoplanets Debunked! 10:09: ... of the SI kilogram in terms of fundamental constants of nature, like Planck's constant and the speed of ...
	2015-03-11: What Will Destroy Planet Earth? 05:29: ... ESA's Planck satellite measured, among other things, a few properties of this ... 05:43: ... on Planck's 2014 data, sometime between 100 billion and a few trillion years from ... 06:07: ... Ripless future is also within Planck's margin of error and The Big Rip scenario has other issues that make a ... 06:15: ... if Planck's best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your ... 05:29: ... ESA's Planck satellite measured, among other things, a few properties of this mysterious dark ... 05:43: ... on Planck's 2014 data, sometime between 100 billion and a few trillion years from ... 06:07: ... Ripless future is also within Planck's margin of error and The Big Rip scenario has other issues that make a ... 06:15: ... if Planck's best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your ... 05:43: ... on Planck's 2014 data, sometime between 100 billion and a few trillion years from now, ... 06:15: ... if Planck's best-fit numbers do stand up to further experiments, I mean, having your atoms ... 06:07: ... Ripless future is also within Planck's margin of error and The Big Rip scenario has other issues that make a lot of ...

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